Francisco Bassano Riccardo Pago/o April 7, 2015 Enhanced Oil Recovery: Engineering ideas for ge9ng the most out of proven oil reserves Kern River, California (US)
FranciscoBassano
RiccardoPago/o
April7,2015
EnhancedOilRecovery:Engineeringideasforge9ngthemostoutofprovenoilreserves
KernRiver,California(US)
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)1/18
• WhatisEORandhowdoesitwork?
• Whatparameters(reservoirandsurface)mustbetakenintoaccountbeforeapplyingEOR?
• OverviewofthefourmainEORmethods:
! Gasflooding! ChemicalinjecPon! SteaminjecPon! Microbialenhancedoilrecovery(MEOR)
• Fieldcaseexamples
Aims
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)2/18
! Enhancedoilrecovery(EOR)methodsprovideaddiPonalenergytoimprovetherecoveryoftheremainingoilreserves
! Mechanicalform,byinjecPngafluidwhichdisplacesthosealreadyinplace
! TheefficiencyofanEORmethodwilldependon:
a) thereservoircharacterisPcsb) thenatureofthedisplacingand
displacedfluids
c) thearrangementofproducPonandinjecPonwells
hVps://ugmsc.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/eor-enhanced-oil-recovery/
Water or gas injection
Natural Flow Artificial Lift
Primary
Secondary
Pressure maintenance
Chemical
Surfactant Polymer Caustic
WhatisEOR?
InjectedCO2meetstrappedoil
CO2andoilmix
OilexpandsandmovestowardsproducPonwell
Drivewater CO2 water CO2
MiscibleZone
OilBank
InjecPonwell
ProducPonwell
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)3/18
InjecPonofHCornon-HCcomponents,usuallyvapors(gasphase)atatmosphericT-P
SupercriPcalfluidsatreservoirT-P"liquid-likeproperPes
HC:! methane! propane
Non-HC:! carbondioxide(CO2)! nitrogen(N)! hydrogensulfide(H2S)! sulfurdioxide(SO2)
GasFlooding
hVp://energy.gov/fe/science-innovaPon/oil-gas-research/enhanced-oil-recovery
Masstransferofcomponentsbetweentheflowinggasandoilphases"increaseswhengas-oilbecomemoremiscible(mix)duetoIFTreducPonbetweenthefluids
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)4/18
Subsurfaceheterogeneity"Permeabilitycontrastleadstoapoorsweepefficiency(highcapillarypressure)
WestTexasSanAndresdolomite(misciblefloodpilot)
! Primary+Secondaryrecovery(waterflood)≈50%OOIP
! TerParyrecovery≈19.6%OOIP,asaresultofgoodWAGmanagementandtheuseofH2Sinthegas
! TotalRFforthepilotisexpectedtobearound70%OOIP,wellabovetheaverageformostfields
Steinetal.(1992).SlaughterestateunitCO2flood:comparisonbetweenpilotandfield-scaleperformance
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)5/18
CO2(supercriPcalphase):highdensity&viscosity,solessgravitysegrega?onandviscousfingering
WhyinjectCO2asfoams?"thepresenceofthinfoamfilmsimprovebothaerialandverPcalsweepefficienciesbyreducinggasmobility
CO2-foamSAGprocesscomparedtowater-floodingandCO2-waterWAGprocess(EMUunit,Texas)
HoefnerandEvans(1995).CO2foam:resultsfromfourdevelopmentalfieldtrials
CO2-FoamInjec]onintheRangelyWeberSandUnit,NWColorado
! OOIPinthefield:1.6BBO/~332MMBO(21%OOIP)iniPallyproducedfrom1ryR.
! Waterflood(1958)added789MMBO(50%OOIP)
! As3ryR.,amiscibleCO2floodona1:1WAG(Oct1986)"~9.2MMBOofincremental(throughJune1989)
Frost&Sullivan
1
ChemicalInjec]on• Polymerso synthePc"hydrolyzedpolyacrilamyde(HPAM)o bio-polymer"xanthan
• Surfactantso organiccompounds"HCchains
• Mixtureso Polymerflooding
o Surfactant-Polymerflooding
o Alkalineflooding
o Alkaline-Polymerflooding
o Alkaline-Surfactantflooding
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)6/18
Revenue%bychemicalflooding-USandEU
hVp://www.chemanager-online.com/en/topics/chemicals-distribuPon/enhanced-oil-recovery-chemicals-market-trends
We/ability
• AdropofoilonH20–wetsurface"θ≈0°
oil=non-wenngfluid,H20=wenngfluid
• Oil–wetsurface"θ≈180°
oil=wenngfluid,H20=non-wenngfluid
• Oil/H20/wetsurface"0°<θ<180°
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)7/18
hVp://www.ramehart.com/glossary.htm
Balanceofforcesbetweenliquidsonasolidsurface
hVp://www.slb.com
θ≈180°θ=arccos[(γsv-γsl)/γlv]
Solidsurface
Solidsurface
Waterwet
hVp://www.eor-alliance.com/soluPons/foam/Oil Brine(water) Rockgrains
Water-wet Oil-wetMixed-wet
0°<θ<180°
Shengetal.(2013).EnhancedOilRecoveryFieldCaseStudies
ShearratevsHPAMsolu]onviscosity
Oilrecoveryvsoilviscosity
Chemicaleffects
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)8/18
• 1stphase:27wellsinstalled.H20treatmentplant≈80km3/day,polymertreatment+H20≈17,5km3/day.ProducPon=+8kb/day
• 2ndphase:added19wells,opPmizaPonofmin.capitalexpenditure
• 3rdphase:currentlyworkingonthefeasibilitystudy
PDO–MarmulPolymerProject
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)9/18 hVp://www.Porco.com/Po/products/asp-sp.htm hVp://www.2b1stconsulPng.com
PetroleumDevelopmentOman(PDO)-$1billioninvestmentinchemicalEOR
Alkali-surfactant-polymer(ASP/AP)
Marmul
OMAN
0 600
km
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)10/18
! ReducPonofoilviscosity(highertemperature)
! Increasedreservoirpressure(energy)! PhysicaldisplacementofoilinasimilarmannertoWF
• SteamFlooding(SF)
• CyclicSteamInjecPon(CSI)
• Steamassistedgravitydrainage(SAGD)
SteamInjec]on
Mainmechanisms: www.ogj.com/
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)12/18
• oilgravitydegree:12API• oilviscosity:700-1200cp• reservoirdepth:915m
Bachaquero,WesternVenezuela
1. SteaminjecPon"daystoweeks
2. Wellisshutin/soak" days
3. WellreturnstoproducPon" weekstomonths
ReservoirparametersforbothSFandCSI:! RelaPvelyhighΦandKvalues(~>0.2and>100-200mD)! Shallowdepths(nothigherthan~1,000m)! Preferablynoaquiferorgascap! Lowshalecontent
BachaqueroField,WesternVenezuela
• RF:16.2%• 776wells• 1600steamcycles
CyclicSteamInjec]on(CSI)
! UninterruptedverPcalpermeabilityisamust
! UnderstandingofthedistribuPonofsedimentaryfacies
! RFcanbeashighas70%-80%ofOOIPinsuitablereservoirs
• Provenoilreserveshaveincreasedto179BBO
• RaisedCanada'soilreservestothe3rdhighestintheworld(azerVenezuelaandSaudiArabia)
• Asof2011,theoilsandsreservesstandataround169BBO
www.energy.alberta.ca
Steamassistedgravitydrainage(SAGD)
SAGDDevelopmentofAlbertaoilsands-Canada
EORmethodusedforproducingheavycrudeoiland
bitumen,whichflowdowntotheproducPonwellviagravity
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)13/18
MicrobialEnhancedOilRecovery
Shengetal.(2013).EnhancedOilRecoveryFieldCaseStudies
Coresamplesfromtestproduc]onwell
MicrobialInjec]onScheme
• Geotogasuterranea• Geotogapetraea• Petrotogamiotherma
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)14/18
2,00µm
2,00µm
hVp://theenergycollecPve.com
GuoqiangLietal.,(2014).MicrobialAbundanceandCommunityComposi?onInfluenceProduc?onPerformanceinaLow-TemperaturePetroleumReservoir
Karamayoilfield,China
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)15/18
Selec]vepluggingandIFTreduc]on
Produc]onimprovementduetoMEOR-UpperShaunavonsandreservoir(P.ofSaskatchewan,Canada)
! oilproducPon:350%increase
! water-cut:8%decrease
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)
Conclusions# MainmechanismsofEORmethodsfocusonabeVerdisplacement(sweepefficiency)oftheoiltowardsproducPonwells,andtheyarebasedon:
! reducPonofoilviscosity! reducPonofIFTbetweenfluidsformiscibleresults
! reducPonofgravitysegregaPonandfingeringTheulPmategoalbeingincreasingoilproduc]onand/orreducingwater-cuts
# Inordertobesuccessfullyapplied,adetailedgeological-petrophysical(orevenmicrobial)characteriza]onofthefieldmustbeinplace,aswellasrelevantinformaPonontheexisPngfluidsinthereservoir
# SomeEORmethodsreallystandout,namelygasflooding(e.g.WAGusingCO2)andsteaminjecPon(SFandSAGD)" MatureoilfieldsaroundtheworldcanreachRFashighas70%OOIP
# EORprocessesplayamajorroleinrevitalizingmatureoilfieldsbyextendingtheirservicelifeorevengeneraPngnewoilreserves,suchasintheoutstandingcaseoftheAlbertaoilsandsinCanada
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)17/18
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)
References
18/18
Chourio,G.,Bracho,J.,Mohtad,M.,2011.EvaluaPonandApplicaPonoftheExtendedCyclicSteamInjecPonasaNewConceptforBachaquero-01ReservoirinWestVenezuela.SPE148083-MS.
Davey,M.E.,Wood,W.A.,Key,R.,Nakamura,K.,Stahl,D.A.,1993.IsolaPonofThreespeciesofGeotogaandPetrotoga:TwoNewGenera,RepresenPngaNewLineageintheBacterialLineofDescentDistantlyRelatedtothe“Thermotogales”.System.Appl.Microbiol.16,191-200(1993).
GuoqiangLi,Pei-KeGao,Hui-MeiTian,Xue-ChengDai,Yan-SenWang,andQing-FengCui,2014.MicrobialAbundanceandCommunityComposi?onInfluenceProduc?onPerformanceinaLow-TemperaturePetroleumReservoir.EnvironmentalScience&Technology.04/2014;48(9).DOI:10.1021/es500239w.
Hoefner,M.L.,Evans,E.M.,Buckles,J.J.,Jones,T.A.,1995.CO2foam:resultsfromfourdevelopmentalfieldtrials.SPEReserv.Eng.10(4),273281.
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Taber,J.J.,MarPn,F.D.,Seright,R.S.,1997.EORscreeningcriteriarevisited—part2:applicaPonsandimpactofoilprices.SPERE12(3),199-206.
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h/p://www.chemanager-online.com/en/topics/chemicals-distribu]on/enhanced-oil-recovery-chemicals-market-trends-PiegraphfromFrost&Sullivan
h/p://www.ogj.cougmsc.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/eor-enhanced-oil-recovery/-AAPGUniversitasGadjahMada–StudentChapter.GeologicalEngineeringDept.GadjahMadaUniversityJl.
h/p://www.2b1stconsul]ng.com
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h/p://www.ramehart.com/glossary.htm
h/p://www.slb.com
EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)