31/07/55 1 Group 8 Department of water resource engineering Faculty of engineering Kasetsart university D3 What is Earthquake? An earthquake is the sudden, rapid shaking or rolling of the Earth. Earthquakes happen when rocks break or slip along fault lines in the Earth’s crust, releasing energy that causes the ground to move. Earth Large plates include. • The Africa: the continent of Africa as a continent. • Antarctic Plate, covering Antarctica is a continent. • Australian Plate, covering Australia (To pages linked to India, about 50-55 million years ago) was the continents. • Eurasian plate, covering Asia and Europe as a continent . • North American plate, covering North America and northeastern Siberia, is inserted continent. • South American plate, a sheet covering North America. • The Pacific: the Pacific Ocean. As the ocean. • There are also smaller than the plate, including the Indian, the S series, the Caribbean, in the Juan de Fu, in a nice car, the Philippines and the Scotia. plates Thailand WU1
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31/07/55
1
Group 8
Department of water resource engineering Faculty of engineering Kasetsart university
D3
What is Earthquake?
An earthquake is the
sudden, rapid shaking or
rolling of the Earth.
Earthquakes happen
when rocks break or slip
along fault lines in the
Earth’s crust, releasing
energy that causes the ground to move.
Earth Large plates include.
• The Africa: the continent of Africa as a continent. • Antarctic Plate, covering Antarctica is a continent. • Australian Plate, covering Australia (To pages linked to
India, about 50-55 million years ago) was the continents. • Eurasian plate, covering Asia and Europe as a continent.
• North American plate, covering North America and northeastern Siberia, is inserted continent.
• South American plate, a sheet covering North America. • The Pacific: the Pacific Ocean. As the ocean. • There are also smaller than the plate, including the
Indian, the S series, the Caribbean, in the Juan de Fu, in a nice car, the Philippines and the Scotia.
plates
Thailand
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แผนดนไหวในภมภาคเอเซยตะวนออกเฉยงใต
http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/gsn/maps
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What Causes Earthquake
The sudden slip at the fault causes
the earthquake a violent shaking of the
Earth when large elastic strain energy
released spreads out through seismic
waves that travel through the body and along the surface of the Earth.
WHAT IS A FAULT? Earthquakes occur on faults. A fault is a thin zone of crushed rock between two blocks of rock , and can be any length, from centimeters to thousands of kilometers. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth. The slip direction can also be at any angle. We classify these into two basic cases: strike slip and dip-slip motion.
Three factors primarily determine what you feel in
an earthquake. These are:
1) magnitude
2) distance from the fault 3) local soil conditions
MAGNITUDE
When scientists refer to a “Great“ earthquake, they do not mean the
earthquake was fabulous, they mean it was
huge. Informally, earthquakes are classified
according to their magnitude
size: under 5 small
5 - 6 moderate 6 - 7 large 7 - 7.8 major 7.8 or above great
Intensity Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual
shaking at a location during an earthquake, and is
assigned as Roman Capital Numerals. There are
many intensity scales. Two commonly used ones are
the Modified Marcella Intensity (MMI) Scale and the
MSK
Scale. Both scales are quite similar and range
from I- (least perceptive) to XII- (most severe). The
intensity scales are
based on three features of shaking.
• perception by people and animals,
• performance of buildings, and • changes to natural surroundings.
How the Ground Shakes?
Seismic Waves Large strain energy released during an
earthquake travels as seismic waves in all
directions through the Earth’s layers, reflecting
and refracting at each interface. These waves
are of two types -body waves and surface
waves; the latter are restricted to near the
Earth’s surface Body waves consist of Primary
Waves (P-waves)
and Secondary Waves (S-waves), and surface
waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
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Seismic Waves Equation
Primary wave equation
Secondary wave equation
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Primary wave equation
Primary wave equation Secondary wave equation
Secondary wave equation Focal Pont
The point on the fault where slip starts is
the Focus or Hypocenter, and the point
vertically above this on the surface of the
Earth is the Epicenter. The depth of focus from
the epicenter, called as Focal Depth, is an
important parameter in determining the
damaging
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What are the Seismic effects on structures?
How Building Twist during the Earthquake?
Hazard Vulnerability in Gujarat
100% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes 11 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity MSK VIIXmore)-Kachchh Area
9 % of Land liable to severe earthquake(Intensity MSK V-VIII)Banaskantha, jam nagar,Surendranagar 79.2 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity MSK III-VI)
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The formula to calculate earthquakes.
Standards used to design buildings to resist earthquakes (Design Code) is an American UBC Code (Uniform Building Code), which are many ways to calculate earthquakes. But how convenient and widely used in building work is to Lateral Load Analysis or Base Shear Analysis by converting seismic (Dynamic Load) in the form of shear forces acting at the base of the building Static Load, which can be obtained from formula
Design Code
V = Z I K C S Wd
V= Total base shear Z = Seismic zoning factor
I = Occupancy important factor (1.0 - 1.5) K = Frame factor C = Coefficient that depends on the period
(Period), the swing of the building. S = Soil factor (1.0 - 1.5) Wd = Total dead loads of structure WT = Total dead loads and live loads of structure a = Base shear coefficient
power fault or Active Fault current is as follows.
Chang san fault. The length of the
channel, about 130 kilometers from Mae
Chan to the east. The Mae Chan. It cuts
across the south of the district County to the
east along the north side of Chiang Khong Navy ships. Mae Chan fault length of about 130 km
from the years 2521 and> 3 on the Richter
scale occurred along the fault is 10 times / 3
times the size of> 4.5 on the Richter scale was
only on September 1, 2521 are> 4.9 on the Richter scale.
power fault or Active Fault current is as follows.
Mae Tha fault. Is curved along the Mae Wang River. And the river in Mae Tha, Chiang Mai and Lamphun. The total length is about 55 kilometers of intensive studies in the year 2521, there were several small earthquakes.