Earth and Space Part 1 – History of Astronomy. Ancient Astronomers - Egyptians Created myths to explain the heavens Had “sun gods” and “moon gods” Built.

Earth and SpacePart 1 – History of Astronomy

Ancient Astronomers - Egyptians• Created myths to explain the heavens• Had “sun gods” and “moon gods”• Built temples and pyramids with astronomical

orientation.

Ancient Astronomers – The Maya

• Designed temples and pyramids so the Sun, Moon, stars and planets would be visible from the top or through certain windows at important times of the year.

• Used the solar cycles to form a calendar.

• Arranged battles and leadership transitions to align with the “gods” in the heavens.

Ancient Astronomers – The Chinese

• Studied Rocketry• Documented “guest stars” (nebulae, comets)• Documented an “exploding star” in what we

now know as the crab nebula

Ancient Astronomers - Stonehenge

• Constructed between 3100 and 2000 BCE on England’s Salisbury Plain

• The alignment of the “heelstone” is with the location of the sun on the summer solstace (June 21)

• May have been used to keep track of the solar-lunar eclipse cycles.

Ancient Astronomers – The Greek• Greeks mapped and

named constellations (Orion, Aries, Andromeda, Virgo, etc.)

• Developed mythology around the characters in the stars – common for all civilizations, though the Greek are best known to us.

• http://www.wwu.edu/skywise/greekmyth.html

Starter 4/30/13

1. Which civilization was famous for documenting “guest stars?”

2. What is an example of a “guest star?”

3. If I wanted to visit Stonehenge, where would I go on vacation?

4. Name one constellation.

Ancient Astronomers – The Greek

• Ptolemy – believed in a “geocentric” universe (the universe revolves around the Earth.)

Ancient Astronomers – The Greek

• The belief continued for many years, backed up by religious scholars – even with the rise of Christianity.

Ancient Astronomers – Copernicus (1473-1543)

• Polish astronomer that proposed a helicentric view of the universe – that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun

Ancient Astronomers – Copernicus (1473-1543)

• Views were rejected by the Catholic Church, and he didn’t have the tools necessary to prove his theories

• 50 years later, Galileo was able to prove Copernicus’s theory of a heliocentric solar system.

Ancient Astronomers – Galileo Galilei(1564-1642)

• Patented a 10x telescope• Found that the surface of the moon is cratered• Discovered satellites orbiting Jupiter (moons)

Ancient Astronomers – Galileo Galilei(1564-1642)

• His defense of Copernicus’s heliocentric idea prompted an Inquisition from the Catholic church.

• For his beliefs, he was sentenced to house arrest in Florence.

• Galileo was eventually pardoned by the Catholic church in 1992, while his namesake spacecraft headed toward Jupiter.

Ancient Astronomers – Isaac Newton(1642-1727)

• Came up with three laws of motion• Created the study of calculus, which was used

to calculate planetary orbits.

Then a bunch of other stuff…• 18th Century, William Herschel discovered Uranus• Early in the 19th Century Adams (English) & LeVerrier (French) independently calculated that there

must be another planet beyond Uranus. First observed in 1846 by Hohan Galle, it was named Neptune

• 1930 Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto. • 1910 Harlow Shapley estimated the size of the Milky Way. • W. H.Pickering and Annie J. Cannon calculated the surface temperatures of the stars. • Einstein (1905) developed the Theory of Special Relativity, based upon the idea that light travels at

the same speed in all frames of reference. • Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin & Henry Norris Russell determined the composition of stars. • 1924 Edwin Hubble established that the Andromeda nebula and other "spiral nebulae" are star

systems like the Milky Way at great distances. • 1929 Hubble & Milton Humason discovered that the Universe is expanding. • 1938 Hans Bethe determined that the Sun's energy comes from thermonuclear fusion reactions. • 1940s Karl Jansky observed that the nucleus of the Milky Way and other celestial objects are strong

sources of Radio Waves in 1931. Radio Astronomy becomes an active field in the late 1940s. • 1948 George Gamov developed the Hot Big Bang Theory of the origin of the Universe. • 1960s X-ray & Infrared astronomy • 1965 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson from Bell Laboratories discovered the cosmic microwave

background radiation remnant of the Big Bang. • 1968 Jocelyn Bell (Burnell) & Anthony Hewish discovered Pulsars

Earth and SpacePart 2 – Leaving Earth

The Space Race

• Interest in space started during World War II and following, during the Cold War, as a means of defense and leadership in technology.

Sputnik• The Soviets were the first to

launch an object into space on October 4, 1957

• About the size of a beach ball, named Sputnik

• Caught Americans off-guard• Worried this could be used

to take nuclear bombs above the U.S.

NASA

• NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) began in 1958 – the beginning of the “Space Race” with the Soviet Union.

Mercury Missions

• 1958-1963 – Six manned missions• Goals:– To orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth– To investigate man's ability to function in space– To recover both man and spacecraft safely.

Mercury’s Success

• Alan B. Shephard – First man in space• John Glenn – First man to orbit Earth

Gemini Missions• 2-man missions• 1962-64: 10 manned flights• Goals:

– To subject man and equipment to space flight up to two weeks in duration. – To rendezvous and dock with orbiting vehicles and to maneuver the docked combination by using the

target vehicle's propulsion system; – To perfect methods of entering the atmosphere and landing at a

preselected point on land. – To gain additional information concerning the effects of

weightlessness on crew members and to record the physiological reactions of crew members during long duration flights.

John F Kennedy’s Challenge

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwFvJog2dMw

Apollo Missions – To The Moon!

• Apollo missions began in 1961 and continued for 11 years.

• Cost $25.4 billion – the largest non-military technological endeavor by the U.S.

Apollo 8

• First to go to the moon – December 24-25 1968

• Orbited and came back• Famous for the astronauts reading from the

book of Genesis as circling the moon.• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEmn0ua

QCYc

Apollo 11

• First lunar landing• “One small step for man, one giant leap for

mankind.” –Neil Armstrong (first man on the moon)

• Second man on the moon- Buzz Aldrin• Michael Collins – third man on mission (stayed

in main shuttle.)

Unmanned Missions• 1958-2011 – Explorer Program – sends the

first satellite• 1958-1978 – Pioneer Program – Explores the

outer planets

Unmanned Missions

• 1960-1964 – Echo Project – Communications Satellites

• 1962-1963 – Telstar Project – For commercial communications satellites

Unmanned Missions• 1962-1963 – Mariner Program – Sent robotic

probes to Mars, Mercury, and Venus• 1966-1968 – Surveyor Program – explored the

options for soft landings on the moon

Unmanned Missions• 1974-1976 - Helios

Probes – Studied solar processes

• 1975 – Viking Program – Two probes sent to Mars

Unmanned Missions

• 1977 – Voyager – 2 probes exploring the far reaches of the solar system

• 1989 – Galileo – Studies Jupiter and its moons

Unmanned Missions

• 1990 – Hubble Space Telescope – • 1991 – Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite –

studies the layers of the atmosphere, including the ozone

Unmanned Missions

• 1996 – Mars Global Surveyor – uses high resolution cameras to study Mars’s surface

• 1996 – Mars Pathfinder – Robotic rover used to study the surface

Unmanned Missions

• 2003 – Mars Exploration Rovers – robotic space mission using 2 rovers to explore the surface– Spirit and

Opportunity

Unmanned Missions

• 2006 – New Horizons Probe – sent to explore Pluto and its moons

• 2011 – Mars Curiosity Rover - will search for evidence of past or present life – Just landed in August 2012

Earth and SpacePart 3 – The Solar System

The Solar System: The Sun

• Formed 4.6 billion years ago• 109 times bigger than Earth• Made mostly of hydrogen and helium • Consists of hot plasma and magnetic fields• Undergoes thermonuclear fusion • Energy travels to Earth in Electromagnetic

Waves

The Solar System: The Sun

• About 93 million miles from Earth – That distance is used as a standard unit of measurement in astronomy (astronomical unit or AU)

• Takes light 8 min 19 sec to reach Earth from the Sun

• Considered a “yellow dwarf” type star

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JdWlSF195Y • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLkGSV9WDMA

The Solar System: Mercury

• Closest to the sun – the sun would appear 3 times bigger

• No atmosphere – temperatures range from 800F in the daytime to -280F at night.

• 1 Mercury year = 88 Earth days• 1 Mercury day = 53 Earth days (rotates very

slowly!)• Cratered surface

The Solar System: Venus• Covered by a thick atmosphere• Mostly CO2 and Sulfuric Acid• Very hot surface; high atmospheric pressure• 1 year = 225 Earth Days• 1 day = 117 Earth Days• Probes needed to study surface – clouds too

thick• Any probes that land are quickly destroyed by

the high temperatures.

The Solar System: Mars

• Cold and with very little atmosphere• Volcanoes – Olympus Mons is largest in solar

system• Dust storms• Large equatorial canyon - Valles Marineris • Polar ice caps – grow and shrink with climate• Evidence of past flooding – perhaps small

oceans. Where did water go?

The Solar System: Mars

• 1 year = 687 Earth days• 1 day = 24 hours 37 minutes• Temperature range from -125F to 23F• 141,633,260 miles from the sun• 2 moons

The Solar System: Jupiter

• Atmosphere of hydrogen and helium – may have turned into a star if bigger

• 4 large moons with distinct characteristics– Io is volcanically active– Europa may have a liquid ocean beneath the

frozen crust– Ganymede is the only moon known to have its

own magnetic field– Castillo may also have water beneath the crust

The Solar System: Jupiter

• Total of 49 moons; most small• Clouds made of ammonia• “stripes” are belts of strong east-west winds• Great Red Spot is strong storm that has been

observed over 300 years• 1 year = 4331 Earth days• 1 day = 9 hours 56 minutes• 483,682,810 miles from the sun

The Solar System: Saturn

• Mostly hydrogen and helium• Yellow/gold bands come from fast winds and

rising heat• Ring system extends hundreds of thousands of

kilometers from the surface – made mostly of water and ice

• 52 moons – Titan is the largest

The Solar System: Saturn

• 885,904,700 miles from the sun• 1 year = 10,759 Earth days• 1 day = 10 hours 39 minutes

The Solar System: Uranus

• Made mostly of hydrogen and helium with some ammonia and methane

• Blue/green color comes from the methane• Direction of rotation is tipped over – possibly

from a collision with a large body early in its history

• 27 known moons• 11 known rings

The Solar System: Uranus

• 1,783,939,400 miles from the sun• 1 year = 30,687 Earth days• 1 day = 17 hrs 15 minutes

The Solar System: Neptune

• Like Uranus, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium

• Blue in color due to methane• 6 rings; 13 known moons (largest is Triton)• Thin atmosphere growing slightly warmer• Large storms swirling• Has layers of liquid – have observed geysers• Very center core may be solid

The Solar System: Neptune

• 2,795,084,800 miles from the Sun• 1 year = 60,190 Earth days• 1 day = 16 hours 7 minutes

Planet Song

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI5nBUidKqo

The Solar System: Dwarf Planets

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqX2YdnwtRc