Early settlers disliked EnglandEarly settlers disliked England America’s isolation and distanceAmerica’s isolation and distance Weakened England’s authorityWeakened.

•Early settlers disliked EnglandEarly settlers disliked England•America’s isolation and distance America’s isolation and distance •Weakened England’s authority Weakened England’s authority

•Produced rugged and independent peopleProduced rugged and independent people•Allowed Colonies to govern themselves Allowed Colonies to govern themselves

(made their own laws and taxes)(made their own laws and taxes)•Produced a new civilization and cultureProduced a new civilization and culture

“American”“American”

•Early settlers disliked EnglandEarly settlers disliked England•America’s isolation and distance America’s isolation and distance •Weakened England’s authority Weakened England’s authority

•Produced rugged and independent peopleProduced rugged and independent people•Allowed Colonies to govern themselves Allowed Colonies to govern themselves

(made their own laws and taxes)(made their own laws and taxes)•Produced a new civilization and cultureProduced a new civilization and culture

“American”“American”

Revolution in Thought1607 to 1763

Revolution in Thought1607 to 1763

•No Taxation without Representation•Colonial blood shed by British

•Battle of Lexington and Concord•Declaration of Independence

•War and Separation from Great Britain•Writing of the US Constitution

•The New Nation

•No Taxation without Representation•Colonial blood shed by British

•Battle of Lexington and Concord•Declaration of Independence

•War and Separation from Great Britain•Writing of the US Constitution

•The New Nation

Revolution in Action1763 to 1789

Revolution in Action1763 to 1789

Mercantilism: is an economic policy…Wealth is power, key to

wealth is export more than import

European countries competed for world power and needed colonies

to provide necessary raw materials.

Colonies’ role: provide raw materials (so mother country does

not have to import from other nations) and markets for exports

Favorable balance of trade for England

• European nations relied on strong central governments to enforce

mercantile doctrines

• Americans helped British maintain naval supremacy by providing

ships, ships’ stores, sailors, trade (enumerated commodities)

• Americans provide profitable market for English manufactured

goods

• Americans discouraged from buying these goods from other

countries

• Most famous of laws to enforce mercantilism were the Navigation Laws (1650)– Restricted trade to English

vessels (no Dutch)

• Additional laws: Goods bound for colonies had to go to England first for duties

• Colonists also not allowed to manufacture certain products to not compete with British

Was it reasonable for England to pass laws

such as these to control Colonial

trade?

It was difficult for Great Britain to

enforce these laws because of the

distance.

Colonists broke the law and smuggled and

traded with other countries.

The Navigation Acts 1650

No country could trade with the No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods were colonies unless the goods were

shipped in either colonial or shipped in either colonial or English ships.English ships.

All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least three-quarters English or colonial

The colonies could export certain products only to England

Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English port.

Advantages of mercantilism• VA/MD tobacco farmers guaranteed

monopoly on English market.• Rights of Englishmen, but some self-

government, no taxes to support army/navy to protect them

• Until 1763, Navigation Laws were not a burden because laxly enforced (salutary neglect)

• Merchants disregarded or evaded restrictions, some got rich by smuggling (e.g. John Hancock)

• Average American better off economically than average English

Disadvantages of mercantilism• Mercantilism stifled economic initiative

due to lack of freedom• South favored due to Tobacco, sugar

and rice• Parliament set up a Board of Trade

with Admiralty Courts. Took away the right of trial by jury and were considered guilty until proven innocent.

• Most important, mercantilism was insulting: colonies felt they were being milked like cows, kept in economic adolescence

• British failed to see an emerging nation

Enumerated CommoditiesEnumerated Commodities•Lumber•Tobacco•Rice•Indigo•Furs

To England

Manufactured GoodsManufactured Goods

•Furniture•Clothing•Colonials hadnot factories.

From England to Colonies

•Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763Colonists were not allowed into the Northwest Territory

•Colonists defied order— American DreamAmerican Dream

•Writs of AssistanceWrits of Assistance---1763---unrestricted British search warrants to stop Colonial smuggling……

•Continued to smuggle

•Quartering ActQuartering Act---1763---Colonists were to house and feed British soldiers.

•Colonial resentment-why are soldiers here?

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765

•Tax on legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, etc.•A direct tax which went to the British government.

•Paid for debt and British troops in the Colonies.•Colonists hated the Stamp Tax = “taxation without representation”

•British tax collectors were tarred and feathered…..•Stamp Act protests led by the Sons of Liberty…..

The 13 Colonies were The 13 Colonies were represented under the represented under the principle of principle of “virtual” “virtual” representation.representation.

It did not matter if the It did not matter if the Colonists did not elect Colonists did not elect members from each members from each colony to represent colony to represent them in the British them in the British Parliament.Parliament.

Not all citizens in Not all citizens in Britain were Britain were represented either.represented either.

The British Parliament The British Parliament pledged to represent pledged to represent every person in Britain every person in Britain and the empireand the empire

Americans resented “virtual” representation.

Colonists governed themselves since the early settlers.

They had direct representation by electing colonial assembly members to represent their interests.

Colonists were not opposed to paying taxes because the Colonies taxed their citizens.

If the British Parliament was to tax them, they should be able to elect a representative from their colony to represent their interests in Parliament.

Virtual RepresentationVirtual Representation Actual RepresentationActual Representation

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

If you have the power to tax, you have the power to take all their wealth from them.

If there is no check upon the people who posses the “power to tax” then they have the

power to destroy.

Colonists wanted an “actual” representative elected from them to address their concerns to

Parliament.

The Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy

If a politician wants to have power he needs votes of the people that elect him.

He has to live among those people so he will not use his power to destroy them,

Or, the people may in turn vote him out of power or worse destroy him.

Man’s nature is greedy. Therefore, he cannot be trusted with unchecked power.

Absolute power corrupts, absolutely.

The Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765- 1765

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – – began in began in NYC:NYC:Samuel Samuel Adams Adams

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – 1765– 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act – – 17661766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

“If our trade be taxed, why not our lands, or produce, in short, everything we possess? They

tax us without having legal representation.” Samuel Adams

•Sons of Liberty was a secret society formed in protest of

British rule. •They had a large role in the

repeal of the Stamp Act and the Boston Tea Party.

•9 original members which included the leaders Samuel

Adams and Paul RevereSamuel AdamsSamuel Adams

Paul Revere

Boycotts: Colonists refused to trade or buy British goods until Stamp Act was repealed.

Protests: Led by the Sons of Liberty up and down the colonies from 1765 to 1766.

Committees of Correspondence: Colonies kept in contact with one another and described British actions through letters exchanged by carriers on horseback.

Britishlaws

Stamp Act Protests: 1765 to 1766

•Between 1765 to 1766, the Sons of Liberty led over 40 protests up and down the

colonial coastline.•Most of the protests are

located in the Middle Colonies up through the New England Colonies.

•Successful in forcing the British Parliament to repeal

the Stamp Act.

Costs of Costs of Colonial ResistanceColonial Resistance

Costs of Costs of Colonial ResistanceColonial Resistance

Britishlaws

•Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765

•Parliament repeals Stamp Act.

Declaratory Act, 1766Declaratory Act, 1766•declared Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures. 

•Townshend ActsTownshend Acts, 1767, 1767------Another series of revenue measures which taxed items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint.

•Colonial outrage and boycotts

•Tea Act, East India CompanyTea Act, East India Company---The Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the trade in tea, made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3 cents/pound.

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.

A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Crisis: Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770 1767-1770

Townshend Duties Crisis: Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770 1767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the

LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to the Colonial Response to the Townshend DutiesTownshend Duties

Colonial Response to the Colonial Response to the Townshend DutiesTownshend Duties

Tar and Feathering

1768—1770, British soldiers arrived in Boston, MA to maintain order and enforce the taxes the colonists were asked to pay after the French and Indian.

The people of Boston resented the British soldiers and considered them a foreign presence.

1770

High tensions between British and Bostonians over enforcing British

policies.

March 1770, the British shed Colonial blood for

first time blood.

The relationship between the Colonies and England

would never improve

Used as propaganda to convince people of the

colonial cause.

Boston Mass.

The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)

Boston Mass.

•The 5 Colonists killed at the Boston Massacre would become martyrs for the Colonial cause

•They would be buried in the same cemeteries as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams.

•British soldiers were tried in court and 2 were found guilty of manslaughter.

Committees Committees of Correspondenceof Correspondence

PurposePurpose warn neighboring warn neighboring coloniescolonies about incidents with Br. about incidents with Br.

broaden the resistance broaden the resistance movement. movement.

Tea Act Tea Act (1773)(1773) British East India Co.:British East India Co.:

Monopoly on Br. tea Monopoly on Br. tea imports.imports.

Many members of Many members of Parl. held shares.Parl. held shares.

Permitted the Co. to Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to sell tea directly to cols. without col. cols. without col. middlemen middlemen (cheaper tea!)(cheaper tea!)

North expected the North expected the cols. to eagerly choose cols. to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.the cheaper tea.

Tea Act, East India Company

•Made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea and forced the colonies to pay the

tea tax of 3 cents/pound. •The Colonists had to buy tea from the East

India Tea Company----gave them a monopolymonopoly•Colonists claimed it was “taxation without “taxation without

representation”representation”•Sons of LibertySons of Liberty protested against the Tea ActTea Act in

Dec. 1773 by dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor

Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party (1775)(1775)

•To the British, the Boston Tea Party represented a crucial change

in the relationship with the Colonies, an act of defiance.

•The Colonists refusal to buy tea from the British and dumping it overboard was a “gesture” to the

British that the colonists were done with taxation.

The Coercive or The Coercive or Intolerable Acts Intolerable Acts (1774)(1774)

Lord NorthLord North

1.1. Port Bill Port Bill

2.2. Government Government ActAct

4.4. Administration Administration ofof Justice Act Justice Act

3.3. New Quartering New Quartering Act Act

Closed the port of Boston from Colonial trade and placed Massachusetts under martial law until

Colonists paid for the tea.

Colonists referred to these as the “Intolerable

Acts”

Exports & Imports: 1768-1783

The Intolerable Act closed the port of Boston from Colonial

trade and placed

Massachusetts under martial

law.

The Quebec Act The Quebec Act (1774)(1774)

First Continental First Continental CongressCongress(1774)(1774)

55 delegates from 12 55 delegates from 12 coloniescolonies

AgendaAgenda How How to respond to to respond to the Coercive the Coercive Acts & the Acts & the Quebec Act?Quebec Act?

1 vote per colony 1 vote per colony represented.represented.

•Moderates argue with Radicals whether or not to go to war.•Representatives send a document “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” in 1774 to King George and Parliament•In the meantime, Congress ordered militias to prepare for war.

DOI-2

•Colonies send their representatives to

Philadelphia to form a Congress in response to the Intolerable Acts

in 1774•Main goal was to try

and negotiate with King George and

Parliament

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry(1736-1799)(1736-1799) Revolutionary War Revolutionary War orator, radical and orator, radical and

statesman. In a statesman. In a speech urging armed speech urging armed resistance against the resistance against the British. Speech was British. Speech was given in March of given in March of

1775.1775.

There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the

plains of Boston! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it,

sir, let it come.

It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace -- but there is no

peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the

north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms!

Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle?

What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty

God!         

I know not what course others may take but as for me:

““Give me liberty or give Give me liberty or give me death”.me death”.

1770

•After the Boston Tea Party the British send more troops to enforce the Intolerable Acts.

•Colonial militias prepare for war.

The British Are The British Are Coming Coming . . .. . .

Paul ReverePaul Revere & & William DawesWilliam Dawes make make their midnight ride to warn the their midnight ride to warn the

MinutemenMinutemen of approaching British of approaching British soldiers.soldiers.

•British searching for stolen weapons–

“search and seizure”

•Stopped at Lexington and encountered 56

Minutemen

•Minutemen stood up for what they believed

was their land

SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD

•British Captain Pitcarin orders

Minutemen off the green.

•Response by the Minutemen, “this is

our green”

•Controversy over who fired the first

shot•8 Americans killed.

•British didn’t find any weapons and continued to Concord

The Shot Heard The Shot Heard ’’Round the WorldRound the World!!

LexingtonLexington & & ConcordConcord – April – April 19,177519,1775

Americans

•90 dead wounded or capturedBritish

•250 dead, wounded, or captured

•Minutemen engage British troops at Concord

Bridge.

•British find some weapons at Concord.

•British return to Boston, 5,000 Minutemen attack

British troops.

PopulationPopulation

ManufacturingManufacturing

MoneyMoney

ArmyArmy

LeadersLeaders

GeographyGeography

NavyNavy

Will to FightWill to Fight

Approximately 12 million

Highly developed

Richest country in the world

Large, well trained army plus Hessians

Few officers capable of leading

Strange land---difficult to re-supply troops

Naval world power

Trained soldiers---but no heart

Approximately 3 million and 1/3 loyal to England.

Practically none

No $$$ to support the war

Volunteers, poorly equipped

Dedicated officers plus foreign leaders

Familiar land, easy access to supplies

No navy

Defending homeland---will to fight

Factors Great Britain United States