Early Colonization and Development of the United States.

Unit OneEarly Colonization and Development of the

United States.

12

3

4

𝟓

6

78

9⑩

⑪

⑫

⑬

Thirteen Original Colonies

Outside of Native Americans there had been little to no exploration of the United States.

Spain (1) and France (2) had dominated the early exploration, but Great Britain (3) came on strong with developments in Naval technology.

The French inhabited the first colony in Quebec. The French primarily used the colony for fur trading. The colony was settled along the St. Lawrence River which gave it access to trade.

Who inhabited it first?

New colony was to benefit England (mercantilism)1. Place to send petty criminals2. Allow England to build overseas bases (protection and trade)3. Provide a market for English manufactured goods and a place to get raw materials (profit)4. Plant the Protestant faith in the Americas (control Catholicism)

5. Religious freedom

The First English Colonies….

Founded by Sir Walter RaleighClaimed land between the 34th and 45th parallels for England (North Carolina to Maine)

Named region Virginia (for England's virgin queen)

1585 - 1st colony began at Roanoke Island Roanoke and Croatoan Indians lived nearby

and provided help at 1st Colonist treated Indians with disrespect

(conflicts ended in violence) Indians stopped helping and the Colonists

almost starved to death Left after a year

ROANOKE, Virginia……

John White leads a 2nd attempt, English artist convinces Raleigh to back him

People carry their families and invest own money

White had to return home for supplies1. His granddaughter "Virginia Dare" was the 1st English child born in America

Had to wait a couple of years to return because of the Spanish Armada

Everyone had disappeared when he returned 1. Only two signs CRO carved on a tree and

the word CROATOAN on a door No one knows what happened to the colonists Called the “Lost Colony”

ROANOKE FAILS – TRY AGAIN….

Jamestown is the first successful English colony.

It was created by a joint stock company called the Virginia Company. This was a joint-stock company which meant it was owned by investors.

Early reasons for the colony were to make money for both settlers and Virginia Company.

Jamestown 1607

Jamestown faced many problems at the beginning.◦ Not used to hard work.◦ Wanted to search for gold, not farm.◦ The colony was in a swampy area(lots of

disease).

Due to the lack of hard work and new environment, Jamestown went through a period of famine and starvation. This period is known as the Starving Time

Jamestown Cont.

The English came from a very extensive governing society.

The Native Americans had a tribal confederation(loose alliance) that was led by a Chief (colonists looked down on Natives)

Chief Powhatan is the leader of the Native Americans during the English settlement.

At first conflict breaks out, but the English have better weapon technology and force the Natives into a peace treaty.

English and Native American Relations

The British settlers improve relations, and without the Natives they would not have survived the first winter.

The British still looked down on the Natives, and saw them as unequal.

In 1608, Captain John Smith took control of the colonies. “He who shall not work, shall not eat.”

By 1610, colony was in bad shape until Lord De La Warr arrived and imposed military regime.

By 1625 the original 8,000 was down to 1,200.

English/Native Relations Cont.

The colonists had began to raid Native food supplies and relations began to collapse.

The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 with a peace settlement and the marriage of John Rolfe to Pocahontas.

Relations would again become tense with the Second Anglo-Powhatan War(1644-1646), and left John Rolfe dead.

The role of Pocahontas

Due to tensions with Native Americans, farmers who lived on the Western side of the colony face harsh relations with the Natives.

The farmers asked for protection from the Royal Governor, but received none.

Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy Virginia farmer, gathered a group of farmers, servants, and slaves and attacked the Natives. The Royal Governor condemned his actions.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Once condemned, Bacon gathered his followers and they began an attack on Jamestown itself. They burned the colony to the ground.

The rebellion stopped when Bacon died suddenly from illness.

His uprising showed that colonists expected a government that served more than just a wealthy few and that they were unhappy with shortages of land

Bacon’s Rebellion

“a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain . . .”

To what is he referring?

King James I

When John Rolfe came to the colonies he helped to restructure the agricultural economy with the founding of one product: Tobacco (Brown Gold).

With a large cash crop this helped change the economic structure of the colonies.

This would eventually be one of the major things that helps save the colony.

Role of Tobacco

In order to come to the colony you must be able to do one of two things: 1)Pay your own way over. 2)Work off what you owe when you get here.

Indentured Servants were people who could not afford the trip over, but were able to work it off once they got there (after 7 years, earned freedom and became small landowners).

Because the colony was so far from Great Britain they adopted a concept called Salutary Neglect. This meant the colonists could govern themselves outside of a few restrictions.

Government and Structure in Jamestown

The first official legislature was known as the House of Burgesses.

The legislature was directly elected by the people.

Only white male property owners were allowed to vote, and mainly wealthy white males were elected.

This helped lay a foundation for representative government ideas.

Government and Structure Cont.

King James I removed the charter (written document of rights) in Jamestown(1624), however the House of Burgesses still met just not as an official governing body.

In 1639 the colonial governor re-established the House of Burgesses.

King James I Removes Charter

In this style of government, the people must elect the officials to represent them.

During this time period rich white males were the primary officials elected.

The House of Burgesses is much like our House of Representatives and Senate today. We elect Reps. and Senators to represent us in Government.

The Basics of a Representative Government

Slavery was a slow concept that started in the colonies.

With less reliance on indentured servants, there was a major need for cheap/free labor.

Indentured servants competed for land The English saw Africa as its major source

for slaves. In 1619 the first African is seen in the Jamestown colony.

Slavery in the Colonies

Many Africans did not come over as slaves, but as indentured servants. Some Africans even owned land and slaves of their own.

With the mass production of crops like tobacco slaves became very important, and helped establish the plantation system.

The plantation system is based on large scale farms that mass produce for one reason: to make a profit.

Slavery cont.

Create a “pictogram” for Jamestown including the following topics: (use pictures to describe the topics, no words)◦ Reasons for settling◦ Religion◦ Social structure◦ Government◦ Economy◦ Problems◦ Relations with natives

Pictogram

The New England Colony

Was settled out of religious dissent (disagreement with the Anglican Church)

In 1620 some 102 individuals, including about fifty Pilgrims seeking religious freedom, set sail from England to America.

Some of the Pilgrims were Separatists, and wanted to start their own church outside of the Anglican church.

This group originally intended to land in Virginia, but due to a storm ended up in Plymouth near Cape Cod Bay.

New England Development

Forty-one men signed the Mayflower Compact. This document pledged loyalty to King James I of England and established their own government.

It set up an elected legislature that was put in place for the people, by the people. They wanted to be ruled by a local government, not England.

This group also elected the first two governors, John Carver and William Bradford.

Mayflower Compact

In the Plymouth colony in order to make decisions they held Town Meetings.

In these town meetings, all citizens could come and voice their opinions.

This was a form of representative government.

However, church leaders often enforced the will of God over the will of the people.

Town Meetings

Another religious group that wanted freedom were the Puritans (believed in pure biblical teaching). They formed a joint-stock co.

The Massachusetts Bay Company had been granted a charter by King Charles I to settle north of the Plymouth colony.

The Plymouth Colony had been absorbed into this new colony.

John Winthrop, the leader of the company, saw this as an opportunity to create a new “puritan society”.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Originally in order to participate in govt., known as the General Court, you had to be a “freeman” (stockholder), white, and own land.

Religious values changed it - you now had to be a member of the church in order to participate in government.

When the number of officials in government became too large they developed a two house legislature that was much like Parliament in Great Britain. This body would make legislative decisions.

In 1684 the colony lost its charter because it broke the Navigation Acts (which restricted trade) set up by England.

Government in Massachusetts Colony

1691, King Charles I took over the colony and forced it to become a royal colony.

The crown established a new representative legislature and abolished the requirement that every member must be a member of the church.

Massachusetts Bay Colony(Royal)

Because of the strict restrictions the Puritan church placed on people, many began to rebel.

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson (Anne was kicked out) both left the Massachusetts colony because they disagreed with the teachings in the Puritan Church. Both play a key role in the development of Rhode Island.

Religious Dissent/Creation of new colonies

Thomas Hooker also disagreed with the Puritan Church, and left Mass. in 1636 to found Connecticut.

He and his followers also established the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, which stated the government’s power came only from the “free consent of the people” and set limits on what the government could do.

Principals from this document would also find their way into the U.S. Constitution.

Lord Baltimore was granted a charter to create a colony for Catholics (Maryland). This showed the cultural diversity of the Mid-Atlantic colonies.

Religious Dissent Cont.

Puritans had little tolerance for other beliefs but agreed to this.

It granted half membership to children and grandchildren of members, regardless of any “conversion experience” (true faith).

This person became a member only if they were baptized, and they did not receive certain privileges (i.e. voting).

Half-Way Covenant

Many religious officials hoped this would draw in the younger groups to the colony.

They feared the younger groups would enjoy outside influences and continue secular ways.

Some strict Puritans saw the Half-Way Covenant as a sinful compromise, and as a disgrace to the church.

Many believed this led to the Salem Witch Trials.

Effect of Half-Way Covenant

Examining a witch

In 1692 several young girls claim they have been possessed by the devil.

The girls accuse several townspeople of being witches.

Colonial authorities begin a “witch hunt”, and condemn many of these people to death.

Salem Witch Trials

Extreme religious faith Stress from a growing

population Bad relations with

natives Troubles (loss of

charter, smallpox) Few opportunities for

women and girls to participate in Puritan society

Although literacy was highly valued in Puritan society, generally only boys attended school.

Girls were trained for “womanly” duties at home.

Yale and Harvard: of the earliest colleges

Causes of the Salem Witch Trials

In New England the relations between settlers and Natives was, at first, good. The Natives taught them to grow corn and other crops.

Eventually fights and skirmishes break out among the groups.

In 1675 a Native American leader known as “King Philip”, or Metacom united Native Americans in New England in an unsuccessful attempt to drive out English settlers.

King Philip’s War

King Philip killed almost 2000 colonists. King Philip was cornered in a cave in Rhode

Island, and was shot through the heart. The major result of the war was that

the English colonists gained firmer control over New England.

This sets up a scene for a major conflict in the future (French and Indian War).

Result of King Philip’s War

Which factor directly affected the settlement of New England in the 1600s?

a. Religious persecution in Great Britainb. The opportunity to cultivate tobaccoc. Growing conflicts with southern farmersd. The chance to participate in the slave

trade

EOCT Question

Development of the Middle Colonies

Were the most culturally diverse Depended on small farming and commerce,

shipping Had large cities (New York, Philadelphia) Slaves were fewer and worked in shops and

cities as well as farms Thrived in fur trade and had economic

relationship w/ Natives like the Iroquois

Characteristics

Originally settled by the Dutch “New Netherland”

Established a trading post along the Hudson River and named it “New Amsterdam”

It’s location allowed for much diversity of language and religion

King Charles II noticed the success of New Netherlands and declared the entire area under control of his brother, the Duke of York. It was immediately renamed New York.

“New Amsterdam” to “New York”

Rhode Island – Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, became haven for those who believed in separation of church and state

Connecticut – Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Other Middle Colonies

In 1681 William Penn secured a large track of land from King Charles II and founded Pennsylvania.

Penn was a Quaker, so this became a haven for Quakers.

Pennsylvania was an area that was considered to be very peaceful. Quakers practiced equality, pacifism, dealt fairly w/ Natives, religious tolerance.

William Penn

Other religious groups were attracted to Pennsylvania (Lutherans, Presbyterians, Mennonites)

Social Order: Upper class

“aristocracy”– merchants

Middle – craftsmen, retailers, businessmen

Lower – sailors, unskilled workers, artisans

Diversity

Southern Colonies… The southern colonies

were developed for economic reasons (except Maryland). Large plantations were built there and created a divide in southern society between gentry and poorer class. They were worked by cheap labor. These plantations turned out turpentine, indigo, and tobacco.

Last of the original 13 colonies was Georgia. In 1733 the king gave land to a man named

James Oglethorpe. The king planned this colony as a place to

get rid of people in England he did not want. The colony was to protect the other colonies from the French and Spanish to the south and west.

The first settlement was Savannah. Georgia was named in honor of King George of England.

GEORGIA………ON MY MIND

French Owned Quebec

North of the New England Colonies lied Quebec.

The French founded this colony to set up a fur trade w/ Natives and it provided good military position.

While maintaining this colony the French also explored the Mississippi River and named this vast territory Louisiana after King Louis XIV.

Later the United States will gain control of this area through the Louisiana purchase.

Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec “New France”

With Quebec the French influenced colonists and Natives to embrace Catholicism and ally against the English.

Later, these two groups fight against the English colonist in the French and Indian War.

Quebec’s Impact on English

Transatlantic Trade, Mercantilism

Columbian Exchange began with Columbus, global transfer of living things (new plants, animals, diseases)

The Atlantic Slave Trade est. by Portugal in the 1500’s involved shipping slaves from Africa to the Americas.

The Middle Passage is the direct route from Africa to the America’s in the slave trade. It was called this because it was the middle leg of the Triangular trade route (btw. 3 points Europe, Africa, and the Americas)

Triangular Trade Route: This was the route taken by ships in slave trading. The ships would leave the America’s carrying goods to be traded in England. England would then send goods/weapons to battling tribal groups in Africa. The battling tribal groups would trade people/prisoners for the weapons. The slaves would then be brought back to the United States.

The Atlantic Slave Trade/Middle Passage/Triangular Trade

Many of the trade ships were not built to house the number of slaves brought to the Americas.

Slaves would be packed onto ships so tight that many suffocated, or were crushed.

Many slaves also died (about 2 out of 10) of disease before they could make it to the Americas.

It’s said that the people in the colonial port cities could smell the slave ships arriving before they could see them.

Conditions on Trade Ships

Slaves tried to “make the best” of their captivity

Communities were rich with music, dance, oral traditions, pottery-making, arts, crafts, skills

Africans brought with them the culture of their various tribes

African American Culture

British laws affecting the colonies were part of an economic policy called Mercantilism-an idea that the colonies existed for the financial good of the mother country (exports > imports).

The Navigation Acts: attempted to control the trans-Atlantic trade of British and colonial goods (sell certain goods only to England who would then trade to other countries, taxed the goods colonies sold to other countries)

By 1808 the Triangular trade had slowed especially within the slave trade. Many Northern states had already outlawed slavery.

Mercantilism

Between 1607 and 1732, thirteen diverse colonies were established along America’s eastern coast.

The British Parliament granted rights and privileges to the charter colonies which were granted a charter to establish government

Proprietary Colonies: individuals or groups granted land for development.

Royal Colonies: governed directly by the King through appointed royal governor.

Types of Colonies

Colonies during 1607-1732 were characterized by their different sources of food and income.

New England had poor farm land and harsh weather conditions making it hard to grow crops. Fishing, shipbuilding, and trade became major industries.

The Mid-Atlantic colonies (New York to Maryland) had great soil and weather conditions making it ideal for growing crops. This became know as the bread basket for this time period. Shipping was also a large industry for New York and Pennsylvania.

The Southern Colonies such as Virginia and North Carolina became dotted with tobacco farms. In South Carolina and Georgia rice and Indigo were the main plants (cash crops, staple crops (provide bulk of income), and plantations)

Colonial Differences

Most colonial governments were broken into three categories.

The Legislature: This was an extension of what was the British Parliament, and based decisions on common law.

The Council: These were members that were appointed by the colonial governor. Usually a governor would reappoint when elected.

The Assembly: This was the group that actually took decisions and turned them into legislation.

Colonial Differences

The Enlightenment

A scientific revolution that swept across Europe in the late 17th and early 18th century based on new ways of thinking and reason.

Many new ideas in science, math, and on government also branched out of this time period.

John Locke’s theory on natural rights stated that government should be a social contract with the people. Locke also believed that people had the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

The Enlightenment

Benjamin Franklin came from a poor working class family. Franklin had the notion that if he worked hard he could improve himself (individualism)

And rise in society - Social Mobility: the ability to move from one social status to another.

Franklin would be one of the greatest minds in the 18th century. He helped develop the lightening rod, and many ideas used in American Government.

Benjamin Franklin and Social Mobility

Published Poor Richard’s Almanac (satire & wisdom)

“A penny saved is a penny earned”

Organized Firefighting Club in Philadelphia

Bifocal glasses Odometer Idea for Daylight

Savings Time

Franklin’s Ideas

The Great Awakening

During the 1730’s the colonies experienced what was known as the First Great Awakening.

This was a religious movement that featured passionate preaching from evangelists like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield and encouraged religious diversification.

Many strict religious groups felt the colonies had forsaken God for “dead religion”, and called people back to “sincere Christian commitment”.

Whitefield and Edwards would travel around and preach in tents to groups that would come and listen. Some churches felt the preaching was too emotional and offensive. This is the same concept as a tent revival, and is very similar to evangelical Southern Baptist preachers.

These preachers also stressed the concept of divine inspiration and communion.

“New birth” characterized by weeping and fainting

The Great Awakening

This is where many branches of Protestant churches developed (Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist).

Increased church attendance Encouraged people to think for

themselves Puritan and Anglican churches

are no longer the majority In response to Half-Way

Covenant Led to freedom of religion and

separation of church and state Led to creation of new colleges

(Princeton, Brown) to teach “new light” ministers

Effects of Great Awakening