Early Arabic glass weights and stamps. A supplement / by George C. Miles

8/20/2019 Early Arabic glass weights and stamps. A supplement / by George C. Miles

1/68

:

TICSOCIETY

REET

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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N

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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

PLATES BY MERIDEN GRAVURE COMPANYMERIDEN, CONNECTICUT

PRINTED IN GERMANY BY J.J. AUGUSTIN, GLUCKSTADT

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NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS

Number 120

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NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS

is devoted to essays and treatises on subjects relating

to coins, paper money, medals and decorations.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

HERBERTE. IvEs, ChairmanALFRED R. BELLINGER

AGNES BALDWIN BRETT

THOMAS O. MABBOTT

SAwYER MCA. MossER, Editor

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IGHTSANDSTAMPS:

lyArabic GlassWeightsand

heAmericanNumismaticSociety

funpublishedweightsandstamps

eriod dealtwithinthatvolume.

ceswereac uiredfromananti ue

me totheMuseumasthegenerous

der,whoseearlierbenefactionsto

rdedin theProceedings.2Inad-

rchasedfromCairoelevenother

agencyofDr. HaroldW.Glidden.

.MarcelJ ungfleisch,aresidentof

matist.Theseadditionstothe

f sufficientimportancetowarrant

ementto EarlyArabicGlass

thermore,theoccasionofthe

sanopportunityto describea

ercollectionsthat havecometo

heseincludefivespecimensinthe

Archaeology,Toronto,whichthe

Mr.GerardBrett,has kindly

Monographs, No. 111( New York , 1948 . A brie f

e contentsofthepresentvolumehasappear-

minandVinegarforHiccups,A NoteonPhar-

, inA rchaeo logy, V o l. 4, no . 1(Spring1951 ,

canNumismaticSociety,1947,pp.15-17 1948,

weights,notrelevanthere,wereincludedin

gif t.

AG.

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andStamps

publish 4andonew eightinthe

htsandmeasuresinthe Historical

tySchoolof Medicine.5Pro-

ofHunterCollegehasbeen

aminehisco llection, andafew

meofhis pieces.Finally,onering-

henundeciphered,isreconsidered

ersimilaronesare brieflydis-

usobservationsandcorrections,

catalogue,derivepartlyfromthe

ersandcorrespondents,and

inganduse ofthebook.

resentcataloguea verycon-

hasbeendevotedto observations

bstancesnamedonthevessel

hestudyof theseob ectsneglectedin

41, a measureofsugar ) thecom-

ylongdigressionon thehistory

c aneintoEgypt,whichitis

terest tothegeneralreader.

ththeindicatedcontentsof the

poseanentirelynewe planationof

i.e.,thatthevesselsto whichthey

bydruggistsas measuringcupsand

ticals— andpp.49-53atthe endof

tha discussionofthisideaand of

collectionnot meritingfulldescriptionsare

vetothankMr.F.H.Armstrongfor sendingme

cglasspiecesin theTorontoMuseum.

mostlyFatimid,glasspiecesin thatcollectionhas

r abriefsummaryofthecontents oftheStree-

heReportof theHistoricalLibrary,ig^ 8—ig4g

ofMedicine , p. 16. IamgratefultoDr. John

eE.Stantonfor theircooperationinputting

mydisposalfor study.

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andStamps 3

arearrangedin thesameorderas

1-32are inchronologicalse-

be longtounidentif iedof ficia ls nos.

epertinentreferencestoEAGare

safterthefirst occurrenceofthe

lassweightsand stampsaredis-

andthesameabbreviationsforcited

ed inEAG,pp.159-160.New

whichthereis agoodlynumber,

withthecommentaryonthe

thevesselstamps,arecitedin full

d thereafterareabbreviatedin

m.6

ysincerethank stoMr. G. L. Whittrock of the

nandtoMiss Eli abethHall,Librarianofthe

indlyguidancein myuseofthemodernbotani-

friendDr. ArchibaldMalloch,formerlyLibrarian

ofMedicine,whoread throughtheentire

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Sulaymanb.' Abdal-Malik,

D.

f Allah,

heBe-

a.27mm.3.91grm.

calLibrary,Yale

ne.

onlyglassweightorstamp

liph Sulaymanthathascometo

sualepithet oftheCaliphs.The

edtobe thatofadinar,but there

bablydueto wear.Cf.EAG,

hb.Z ayd,FinanceDirector,

D.,InterimGovernor,102

EA G, pp. 72-73.

d.

m.

rchasef romC airo , 1949 .

J ourna lo f theWaltersA rtGallery, II, p. 75, foot-

piecesissuedin thenamesofUmayyadCaliphs.

onofcerta inpiecestoYa idIistobere ected

8. ToEttinghausen slistshouldbeaddedthoseof

I I ( n o . 3 b el o w a n d Hi s ha m ,i n L E m ir D a f ar

iesmusulmanesetpo idsenverre in dits , Melanges

rR eneDussaud, I( Paris, 1939 , pp. 399—400.

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andStamps

s weight,whichisintactand

ostdirhems anddirhemweights,

eoreticallegalstandard.Cf.EAG,

edbyPetrie weighs2.86grams.

dullahb.al-Habhab,FinanceDirec-

-734A.D.[ EAG,pp.75-80.

hisofficial,witha different

C o llegeco llection( Petrie , no . 99 .

undredthsofagrambeneaththe

p.4-5.

arterq isto fo liveo il. ' Ubaydullah

eder, Sept. , 1949 .

o fw oad- leaves( ? ) . ' Ubaydullah

baydullahibn

ar,full

.


rdered

bhabthe

woad-

asure .


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andStamps

cewhichthis vesselwasdesigned

hsome reserve.Thefifthlineof

d attherightand itisdifficultto

facedletterthereornot.Whenthe

tsthereappearstobe theoutline

alettermissing,theonly possibility

vinguswasmah( orwusmah,or

aves, thechief sourceof indigodyein

derntimes.Woad,orIsatis

ferae,waswellknownto the

ntfromwhichindigo,ornil, was

mesconfusedwiththedye itself.

dSobhy,thedescriptionof wasmah

a. 1160A . D. isnotidentica lw iththat

rides MateriaMedica possibly

ownas Isatislusitanica.Whilethe

aceuticalcompilersusuallywrote

withthe dye,usedprincipally

na,itmaybethat Arabdruggists

aginedmedicinalpropertiesofthe

the Greeks.Fore ample,Dios-

ad-leavesasa plasterforulcers

tinant.Woad-leavescontainthe

enrubbedgiveoffa penetrating

thereasonfor theirearlymedicinal

Eli abethissa idtohaveforbidden

auseshedislikedits odor.The

seknowntotheBritainsin pre-

e icon, I8, pp. 3053-4 Do y , Supplementau

805 AhmedIssaBey,Dictionnairedesnomsdes

, A ngla isetA rabe( C a iro, 1930 , pp. 98, 101

Gunther, p. 228 . Ihaveusedthere-edit ionof

n,RobertT.Gunther,TheGreekHerbal of

34 theauthoritativeedit ionisthato fMa Well-

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andStamps

ollectionthereis afragmentary

ameof' Ubaydullahb.al-Habhab,

edstamp,apparentlyaone-half

nmeasure . Hafsb. a l-Walid P ,

ctoratvarioustimes

H. = 727and746A . D. [ EA G,

[ V l I n th e na me o f Al la h: o rd er o f th e ( » ) a y A mi r Ha fs b . al -W al id ? )


lypreservedandthefragmen-

nscertain.

arterq isto fo liveo il. TheCaliph

.= 720-724A.D. orYa idIII

. .

6-14.Al-Ghafi i,M.MeyerhofandG.P.Sobhy,

TheBookofSimpleDrugs ofAhmadibnMuham-

oriusA bu l-F arag( B arhebraeus , TheEgyptian

cine,Publicationno.4( Cairo,1932-1940 ,

bna l-Bay tar, K itdba l- ami l i-muf radata l-adw iyah

L. Leclerc, inNoticesete tra itsdesmanuscrits

na le(vo ls. X X III1, X X V 1, X X V I1, 1877-1883 ,

pp.413-414.RenoMuschler,AManualFloraof

I, p. 428 M. Grieve, A ModernHerbal( New York ,

mentioningtheuseofwoadleavesasaplasterapplied

andasan ointmentforulcers,inflammations,

g .Fortheuse ofindigodyebythe Arabscf.

samica , X III-X IV , p. 117 indigo inPersiaand

oldLaufer,Sino-Iranica( FieldMuseumof

ogicalSeries,vol.X V,no.3,Chicago,1919 ,

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htsandStamps

Allah,

eBelievers:

iveo il, full

Archaeology( 948.226.25 .9

Petrieno.86,onwhich itis

nameis Ya id andnot Walld .

ameoftheprefect( whichun-

helast line,whichasonthe

enislargelyobliterated ,itis

epiecemoree actly. Ire ectthe

ntoYa ldI( 60-64A .H. = 680-

ctthat Petrieassignedhisno.86,

somewhatsimilarpieceinthe

thatCaliph.Casanova sargument11

uetpiecemustbelongtoYa ld

ofthenameofthe FinanceDirector

readye pressedtheviewthat

sanovato ' U bahb. ' A mir

ected, 12anditnow appearstomethat

softheCaliphYa ldareknown13

d.Wehavenodefinitelydatable

or vesselstampearlierthanthose

Malik ( 65-86A . H. = 685-705A . D. . 14

from theBrummerCollectionandissaidto

otnote1.

, a nd D a f a r Ab d -a l - a d er , D e u u n it e s po n de r al e s

, B ery tus, II( 1935 , pp. 139-140.

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andStamps

rubah.Al-Qasim b.' Ubaydullah,

A.H.= 734-742A.D.[ EAG,

he sinofthewordfals. Thelast

nemighte pectwafi,butthe

online6cannotbereadfa , andthe

mallforalif.Hencewa nseems

scase thez aisreversed.A

positionof theletters,withthe

sw aw it istobeadmittedthatit

onthe lastline . Thepiece is

ncludingthe weight,5.83grams,

ne-Poolereadwafiwithout

nos.112-114,twoofwhichweigh

weightis veryclosetothetrue

rubahpieces( 5. 841grams andto

edon1 kharrubah= .1968grams.15

publishedbyJ ungfleisch,16also

baydullahbutwithdifferentlegends

ablr,weighed environ 5.80grams.

t,one-halfratiofmeat,dated

0 - 74 1 ( ? ) A . D. A l -Q a s i m b . ' U b a yd u l-

fwhat

Ubaydullah:

rty

oeder, Sept. , 1949 .

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andStamps

ommanded

dthe

of meat,

lah, atthe

,

done

•

Thick ness: 19mm.


ng-weightispreserved,the

topsurfaceofappro imatelythe

mp.Theunderside ofthepiece

thsurfaceoftheinsideofthe ring

ctured.Thepieceistoofragmen-

iningtheweightof themeatrati.

lines,whichmighthaveadded

geoftheprefectswhoservedunder

ah,areimperfectlyengraved,im-

efirstnameofthe prefectis

tisprobablythe samenameas

ve ly read Da ud onEA Gnos. 34

adirhemweight , Da ud is

owedbythesame lettersasthose

EAG no.34,andwhichI nowread

gespeciallytheUniversityCollege

I amcertainthatmytentative

far online7ofEA Gno. 34isw rong.

singhere,but three seems

no. 117andpossibleo iEA Gno. 34,

kelythat123A.H.is thedate

ate waswithinal-Q asimb.

andthedatesofhisk nownprefectsdo

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andStamps

yman( if suchbehisname appears

thewrittenhistories.

dated119A . H. = 737A . D. Al-Qasim

ect, Muslimb. a l- A raf . [EA G,

uarterq ist, dated119A . H. = 737

0.

ommanded

eredthe

asimb.

dsofMus-

neteenand

ungf le isch, March, 1949 .

ommanded

eredthe

rterq ist, a l-

h, atthehands

earnineteen

ungf le isch, March, 1949 .

onfirmune uivocallythereading

t, Muslim( orMusa llam b. a l- A ra f ,

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andStamps

ree pressedinEAG,pp.88-89.

ungfleischwaskindenoughtopoint

dclearon specimenshehadseen,

natedthesetwoconfirmatory

recannow benodoubtwhatever

anengraver serror. M. J ungfle isch

nsiderserrorsofthissort tobean

distinguishtheworkof different

whichI finditdifficultto agree.

uarter( q ist ) , dated122A . H. =

b. ' Ubaydullah prefect, Safw an

betterpreserved.


onthisspecimenmightberead, ason

annotsay thatthesecondletter

dof the line isdef inite ly za . F urther-

o fPetrie , no. 109( aratiw eight , w hich

hich obviouslybearsthesame

eryclearlythatthere isafourth

rhaps0y^ > foro y^ > ? How ever,

eofanumberof specimensonwhich

of thefathercerta inly isnot Q utay-

eninEA Gno. 36( cf . thecommentonpp.

sntpiece( asonPetrie , no .109 Shabbah

closerto theidentificationof

ecting twenty and onehundred

ttheendof thene tto lastline.

ht. ' Isab. abl- A ta , F inance

1A.H.= 743-745,745-749

. abl-Ya id. [ EA G, pp. 89-94.

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andStamps

ommanded

ered' Isab.

nbe reconstructedbecauseof

ciationof ' Isab. abl- A taand

cf.EAG,p.93 ,isprobablysimilarto

uarterq isto fo liveo il. Ya idd. abl-

27A.H.= 734-745A.D.,

, ca . 127A .H. = 745A . D. [ EA G,

ala yaday,andofthetitleamir,

asissued duringthetime( ca.127

gyptE plorationSociety se peditiontoA rmant

emplesofA rmant( 1940 , G9, pp. 124, 209 .

i-Ya id: one-

l, fullmea-

.


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andStamps

abi-Ya idw asprobablyactingtempo-

cf . EA G, p. 93 .

-weightfora ratl( ortwo? ) of

scollection,probablybearingthe

b. Marw an( EA G, pp. 94-95 .

eoflupine.TheCaliphal-Mansur,

5A.D.[ EAG,pp.97-101.

omtheGreek© £ pf o orthe

dw asusedby theA rabsasthegeneric

nusa lbus( orsativus , o f thefamily

y,turmus( ofeasternMediterranean

artoapply toLupinustermis( some-

,whichisone oftwoscarcely

pinusalbus,theother beingvul-

Baytarthelupine,inadditionto

theviscera andisrecommendedfor

cannot takeotherpurgatives

edwerereportedto beeffective

ideslikewiseincludesthecultivated

inthemateriamedica: itwasused

tation,adiuretic,in thetreatment

eti er,etc.,etc.Untilrelatively

adaplace inpharmacology fore -

upinewereused formakingcata-

ras fla seed.Todayanumberof

fAllah,

roftheBe-

measure


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andStamps 15

nousalkaloidsarerecogni edinthe

s.16

eofwhitecumin.TheCaliphal-

erimandwallo f thevesse l

amp.It isinterestingtonotethat

theinside,leavingahollow

dthe topofthevesselwall.

croot,is,by wayoftheGreek

m,theoriginofour Englishword

antCuminumcyminum,ofthefamily

ae . It isnativetoEgyptandSy ria

ts aromaticseeds.Cumin

mIrantoEgyptatan earlydate.

w hitecumin ) , amongtheEgyptianA rabs

uminumcyminumandisfre uently

miin,withoutq ualification today

esusedsynonymouslyforanisun,

medIssa , p. 112 Dioscorides, II, no . 132( Gunther,

o . 406(vo l. X X III1, pp. 304-306 ; ErnestSick en-

yptiennesd Ibne lB e itar inB ulle tindeI Institut

1889, publ. 1890 , p. 9 Muschler, I, pp. 474-475

ofthe EconomicProductsofIndia( Calcutta,

U . P . Hedrick , Sturtevant sNotesonEdibleP lants

42 Grieve, II, pp. 502-503 GustavHegi, Illustrierte

V 3(Munich, nodate , p. 1153 TheDispensatory

merica , 24thedit ion( 1947 , p. 1508.

fAllah,

roftheBe-

of it?] , mea-

asure.


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ghtsandStamps

sumor Anisumvulgareofthe

se or sw eetcumin. Themediaeva l

esofcumin,Avicennadistin-

irman( black ) , o fPersia ( ye l-

commonest, o fSy ria , andofNabataea.

f A byssiniancumin, a lso

ck cumin, w hichw asdefinedas

s < ^ • , a n d j * J O y S , A r m en i an

ith\ j \ f o caraway . Thevesse lto

asattachedcontainedspecifically

hisdoubtlesswasthe Persian

Arabic terminology.

abpharmacologistscumin,

egarwaseffectiveas astomachic

whileDioscorides,whostatedthat

in Lycia,Galatiaand Carthage

eseedwithwaterasa curefortor-

negarforhiccups,and with

eancientandmediaevalusesof

seswerenotwithoutsomej usti-

isinthe Dispensatorytodayandis

ulant,antispasmodicandcarmina-

eabletasteits useisnowlargely

dicine.19

there werealsovesselstamps

ack cumin ; 20andfork ammun

thislatterprobablybeingthesame

40 Dioscorides, III, no . 69(Gunther, p. 303 ;

972,vol.X X VI1,pp.196-200,no.1913,ibid.,

, pp. 716-717 Laufer, Sino- Iranica , p. 383 J ohn

of allthePharmacopeialVegetableDrugs

50 Hedrick , p. 223 Grieve, I, pp. 242-243 Watt,

,p.1417 NoelL.Allport,TheChemistryandPhar-

B rook lyn, 1944 , p. 164.

.364,nos.60-61.

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andStamps

eabove . A sfortheformer, it isimpos-

actsignif icance. B lack cumin may

tyofK irmanorthewildAbyssi-

inmodernsynonymswerealso

y,it mayhavebeenthesameas

aofthe familyRanunculaceae

fennel- f low er, nutmegf low er, etc. ,

and consideredintheEastto be

aphoreticandemmenagogue( as

sslik ely thatitw asP lantagoe igua

, a lsoca lledk ammunaswadinmodern

j j j iivovtof^ epov ,asrepresentedinthe

Constantinoplemanuscriptof

edicainthePierpontMorganLibrary,

NotetheTurkishglossin the

garden or cult ivatedcumin.

eofredsesame-seed.TheCaliph

fessorMabbott scollection.

y theclassica lA rabicle icographers

he k u b u ra h , or c o r i an d er ; o r ( b s e -

2 A.K .Bedevian,IllustratedPolyglottic

( C a iro, 1936 , nos. 2412, 2731 Hedrick , p. 388

debtedtotheTrusteesof theMorganLibrary

ethisillustrationhere.

fAllah,

roftheBe-

measure

easure.

eder, Sept. 1949 .

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ghtsandStamps

re it isreapedorthegra inof the

Egyptis synonymouswithsim-

mororientaleofthe familyPedalia-

orgingelly . 24Q ualifiedasj ul ulan

nlotus , orasj ul ulana l-habashah

hkhash,the opiumpoppy. I

onthestampssignifies sesame-seed,

efirstplace, thereappeartohave

er,underthe namehabbal-

dnostampbearingthew ordsimsimhas

hermoresimsimstrictlyspeaking

l ulanisthefruitor seed. The

scoridese uate j ul ulanw ith

def inesj ul ulanas sesame,

varietiesof sesamenativeto

s interestingtonotethatwe

ietynamedonavesselstamp.26The

ualification,27andalsoq ualified

lled, 28w hichisrevea lingbecauseIbn

tionsshelledandgrilledsesame

softheseed.Both heandDios-

spharmaceuticaluses,principally

rmera lsomentionssesame sef fec-

an aphrodisiac thelatterpre-

dforinflammationsoftheearsand

oselyusedinreferencetothe Pisumsativum,or

A hmedIssa , p. 142.

, andFou uetC o llection, p. 369, no. 131( ? ) . Incidenta lly

dpharmaceuticallytodayinassociationwith

minishtheirtendencytocause griping( cf.,inter

one intheR oyalOntarioMuseum( seethenoteaf ter

p. 369, no . 132.

mu ashsharmisreadas duMak s(? ) . F ormu-

23and 37,andp.87,footnote11.

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andStamps

theancient Egyptianse tracted

hsesameseed( f ruit andsesameoil

Dispensatory.29

l ulan specifiedonthepresent

ppeartobenumerousvariationsand

inrespectof seed-color.Most

ongthecolorsarewhite( oryellow-

ndred.Whetherin thepresent

tha distinctformorratherwith

seedsinanimmaturestateis un-

ee istenceofso-calledredsesame

t,and itwouldappearlikelythat

ists recogni eddifferentproper-

esoftheplant ( orofdifferent

heseed .30

. a l-Malik b. Ya id, Governorand

,137-141A.H.= 751-753,

103-106 Prefect, Muham-

152A.H.= 749-769A.D.

1420 A hmedIssa , pp. 125, 134, 168 Dioscorides,

132 ; Ibna l-B aytar, no . 499( vo l. X X III1, p. 362,

1, pp. 282-284 ; Watt, S. 1078 Hedrick , pp. 531-532

Hegi, VI1( Munich, nodate , p. 176 Dispensatory ,

Hegi,Muschler,Watt,andtheDispensatoryinthe

oLaufer,Sino-Iranica,p.293.

rdered

d: w eightofa

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andStamps

de

.

grade

fMuhammadb.

m.


al withBM,no.10,onwhich

donlypart oftheprefect sname,

istobe notedthattheentire

deincontrast toEAGnos.62-63

adif ferentprefect , w hereonly the

,pp.103-104,wherea possible

rogradelegendsisoffered.Imust

ationisnotentirelysatisfactory,for

retrogrademarginallegendcan

euseofanegative punch or

emoldw as positive w here itshould,

toproducetheright legendonthe

ce isonlyslightlybelowthel egal

rsityCollegespecimenweighsa

ght,rati.« Abdal-Malikb.Ya ld

bil.

0fA llah: ordered

al - Ma l ik b . Y a l d t h e s ta m pi n g

f i t, r a ti , f ul l w ei g ht a t t he h a nd s

Shurahbil.

ce:length,74mm,

mm.

der, July , 1948 .

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


25/68

andStamps 21

onlythetop oftheringbeing

se ceptionallyclear.Sofaras

yweightsof ' Abdal-Malikb.

ed:duplicatewu lyahdisk-weights

on( p. 385, nos. 4-5 .

e- uarterq ist. ' A bda l-Malik b.

.Shurahbll.

ameofA llah: ordered

b d al - Ma l ik b . Y a i d t h e s tr i ki n g

on e - u a rt e r q i s t , fu l l me a su r e

a t t he h a nd s o f Mu h am ma d b .

l l.

X 39mm.42X 34mm.


tampforaq uarterq isto f some

uarterq ist. ' A bda l-Rahmanb.

52A.H.= ca.759-769A.D.

115.

o fA llah: atthehands

a id, one-

a r te r q i s t , f ul l m ea s ur e .


isstamp musthavebeenac-

hthenameofthe FinanceDirector,

overnor, Ya idb. Hatim(cf . EA G,

da l-Rahman sk nowninscriptionsareon

weights,but thereisonefree-

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


26/68

andStamps

of thepresentoneona ratl

eofwhitecumin.Muhammadb.al-

1-143A . H. = 759-760A . D. P re-

d. [EA G, pp. 111-113.

rderedthe

sh aththe

white

A bdullah


alsthetechni ueofrim-making,

ngevidentat bothendsoftherim-

hasbeendiscussedabove,pp.15-17.

eofchick-peas.Muhammadb.al-

ahb. R ashid.

ommanded

l-Ash ath

eofc hick-

o f ' A b du l la h b .

constructed .

ngthofrimfragment,48mm.


ntofther imofthevessel( rolled

3 remainsattachedtothestamp,

e outsidediameterofthemouth

uetC o llection, p. 391, no . 48( ? ) .

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


27/68

andStamps

out6.5to 7centimeters.Thevessel

naboutthesamesi easEAG,

iameterofwhichis discussedin

isC icerarietinumof thefamily

chick-pea, e tensivelycultivatedin

Baytardevotesalongpassage

softhe chick-pea,stressingits

atmentoflung ailmentsandasan

icographers,followingDioscori-

nt,lenitiveanddiuretic.It isnot

aceuticalinmoderntimes.Thereare

mu ashshar, she lledchick-peas, 32

alifiedbycolor,althoughPliny

black and w hite forms, andthe

red seed.33

eoffennel.Muhammadb.al-

ahb. R ashid.

p. 365, no . 75( misread ; a lsow ithadoubtfulq ua lifi-

A hmedIssa , p. 48 Dioscorides, II, no . 126( Gun-

B aytar, no . 696( vo l. X X III1, pp. 451-453 ; cf . Eilhard

enA bschnitt i iberdieP f lan enbeiNuwairi , B e i-

rNaturw issenschaf ten, LI( Sit ungsberichteder

chenSo ietdtinErlangen, vo l. 48-49( 1916-1917 ,

5-166 Muschler, I, p. 538.

mmerCollection,presumablyfromFust&t.

rderedthe

sh aththe

fennel

b.Rashid.

Archaeology( 948.226.26 /

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


28/68

andStamps

stamp containedshamar,which

graphersaseitherFoeniculumvulgare

ofthefamilyUmbelliferae,thatis

ethumgraveo lens, orthecommon garden-

o fScripture . Ibna l-Bay tar, w hodiscusses

ra iyana , thePersiane uiva lent,

he nameinSyriaandEgypt,

berofpharmaceuticalproperties:

totheorgans, itclears obstruc-

hespleen, it isane pectorant, a

usedinthetreatmentof chronic

salsolistsanethon,i.e.,Anethum

resses itsgynaecologicaluses.

rfennelordill isintendedhere,

r sdiscussionandofthe factthat

sthe modernEgyptiane uivalent

nceisperhapsto begiventothe

allevents,fennelanddill aremuch

lbe ingasmallerplant , andthey

erties. Botharestil lrecogni ed

otetheDispensatory,fennelisoneof

omatics,employedasacarminative

rlesspleasantmedicines,parti-

Bothareused inthetreatment

elisaconstituentofthewell-known

w der dil l-w aterinEnglandand

rinAmericaarecommonlypres-

ens medicinesgenerally.The

powderformor asaninfusion.35

hmedIssa , p. 84 Dioscorides, III, no . 67( Gunther,

r, nos. 1019, 1341( vo l. X X V 1, pp. 164-166, 344 ;

-465 Pharmacopoeia( 12th rev ision , p. 321( o ilo f

p. 162,164 Grieve, I, pp. 255-257, 293-297 Muschler,

oyd, p. 140.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


29/68

andStamps 25

efirst knownoccurrenceof

o llectionthere isaq istvesse l

5, butpossiblydifferingfromit

tofthe secondandthirdlines.

sadinarweighti ssuedbyYa id

ysimilarto EAG,nos.77-8,

unfortunate ly illegible inthecenter

e different,andthereversemarginal

.TheCaliphal-Mahdi,158-169

EA G, pp. 119-123 ; P refect

, I s ma i l b . Ib r ah i m [ E A G,

ommand-

ofthe

d[ dinar ,

) .


red,withthe resultthathalfof

he piece,andtherestis obscure,

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


30/68

andStamps

inthatI havereadthename

y . Ik now ofnoglassw eightofa l-Mahdi s

meofthisofficial,but thereareone

oconfirmmyreading.Dorn

6misreadinseveralparticularsand

ame( ( a layaday o fa l-amira l-

sttwo wordsbeinginthearea,

uitepossiblybeidenticalwiththe

reisaone-halfdinarweightof al-

tyCollegecollection,37withareverse

epresentone,the marginreading

( • — . . P e tr i e mi s re a d a in t h e ar e a. F or

Ism ay l asthemissingnameinthe

himwasFinanceDirector in164

hewasaprefectat someearlier

ule.Theweightof thepiece

three-hundredthsofagrambelow the

thirddinarweightsmentionedin

Muhammadb.Sulayman,Governor,

8A.D.[ EAG,pp.125-127.

ehniNovaSupfilementaadrecensionemnumorum

tropo li, 1855 , p. 84.

mtheBrumnierCollection,presumablyfrom

rderofthe

man,may

ist,full

Archaeology( 948.226.24 .40

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


31/68

andStamps

uarterq ist.Muhammadb.Sulaymam

meofA llah: orderof the

[ < • A mi r Mu ha mm ad b . Su la ym an , on e-

q u a r te r q i st , fu ll m ea su re .


sselstampswiththenameof

tobepublished.

Dalham,Governor,192-193

G, p. 132.

butthe letterha omitted

se legends. TheF ou uetC o l-

toinEAG, p.132,isidentical

a.29mm.4.24grm.


eearlierstandard,beingonly

eneaththe legal4.25grams.

rta insubstance . Musab. abf l- A bbas,

834-839A.D.

.. [ A s hi n as ? ] , m a yA l l ah p r es e rv e

? ) ; a t th e ha nd s of M us a b.

a bi -a l- A bb as .


wasgovernorofEgyptunderthe

farAshinas,41from1Ramadan,

9Sept., 934-Feb. /March, 839A . D. . 42

alayadayinthisinstanceimplies not

whichwouldbethecase intheusual

enfeld,II,p.45.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


32/68

andStamps

t,althoughgovernor,hewassubsi-

ity.Theimperfectlypreserved

henameofAshinashimself,follow-

yphrase.Thelack ofroomfora

hatthestampwasmuchtoo small

pline ismissingaltogether.

vyweight,43bearingthenameof

w ithMusab. abP l- A bbasasgover-

44there isavesselstampwith

whichmaybehis,andPetrie45

ikeinscriptionandthenameof the

al- Abbas, butIimaginethatthe

hediebutof f thepiece, whichlikethe

twidth totakethefullimpression.

ght.TheCaliphal-Mutawakkil,

A.D.

l- Imamal-Mutaw ak -

amp, 42mm. Piece:

mm.,height,44mm.

ervedfragmentofwhatmust

allylargering-weightisEAG,no.167,

e ightw ithnameef faced( groupIV .

thesurface,probablyidentical,

edandthe othersonearlysothat

odecipherit whenEAGwaswrit-

a similarweightinM.Marcel

p. 391, no . 45.

5No.236.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


33/68

andStamps 29

po idsetuneestampillesurverredatant

46hasenabledmeto identify the

ityis identicalwiththis.

g-weights,EAG,nos.169and

ategoryof heavyweightswith

soundoubtedlyissuesofthe3rd

o.169hastworectangularstamps

th si linesofinscription,andno.

pwithapparentlyafour-linelegend.

aypossiblybeapieceofYa ldb.

os. 238-9( seebelow underno. 32 .

othhas a3rdcenturyappearance,

emtoresemblesomewhatthose

al-Wathi andal-Mutawakkil

h,andtheUniversityCollegeweights

criptionsaresoblurred,however,

emadeout. Asidefromthema or

sch sarticlereferredto— thef irst

sselstampand weight— the

ntury' Abbasidglasspiecesis

ilitatetheidentificationof

attemptstodecipherwhich have

edashopeless.

ah. Ya idb. ' A bdullah, Governor,

A.D.

fwhat

b. ' A bdul-

manderof

mp:22mm.

.31.50grm.


d £ gypte, X X X , 1947-8, p. 3of thereprint, f ig. 3.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


34/68

ghtsandStamps

ewhatblurred,andthere are

mepitting,thepieceis otherwise

mportantcontributiontoour

ier glassweights.Whilenode-

legend,therecanbenodoubt that

nce w eight, itspresent, veryslightly

gwellwiththoseotherintact

AG,pp.17-18.47Evidenceis ac-

anwu iyahinthe2nd and3rd

pproached32grams.48

Abdullahb.Dinarwasgovernorof

42, to13R abi I, 253A . H. ( 22Nov .,

D. .Althoughhewasappointedonly

prayers, i.e.,notspecificallywith

s,49thepresenceofhis namealone

ewasi nfactincontrol ofthe

A.H.whenwelearnoftheap-

WahbasFinanceDirector.An

Ya id sdaysasgovernoristhe

of theNilometerontheIsland

. ( 861A . D. . 50Hisnameisnot

upervisedtheconstructionof the

fYa ldb. ' A bdullahhavebeen

ight51apparentlybearingthe

heBy antineovy / ia . andtheUmayyadw u iyah

y antinew eightva lidatedbya l-Walid ( A NS

nographs,no.87( NewYork,1939 ,pp.6-9.

sk-weight,probablyoftheCaliphYa idII,

m( D afarA bdel- ader, op. cit . , no . 3 ispu z ling:

or adoublewu iyahofthisstandard.

40,746 cf.Grohmann,Corpus,I2,p.157

ry,II,p.40 Wustenfeld,II,pp.55-8.

t,Repertoirechronologi ued epigraphiearabe,

460-461 cf . Ibn-Taghri-B irdi, I, p. 741.

p. 392, no . 56.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


35/68

andStamps 31

r-apparent,aswellasthat ofthe

sarering-weights,52oneofthem

) , andtheothertw o identicalpieces

truck outonthedie, eachof the latter

ons.

belongtothe categoryof

brahim.[ EAG,p.136.

m.


sn( anartisan ) .

.


3kharrilbah. ' Umar. [ EA G, p. 141.


weightsarebrieflydiscussedin

atedthatthesymboly ap-

gurefor30,derivedfromtheGreek

fthis.Furthermoreitis certain

r33, forthesymbolattherightis

ormsoftheCoptic-Arabicma-

oS * f~ , tosignify36, adeduction

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


36/68

ghtsandStamps

p. n , isl ik ewiseconfirmed, forthe

case isquitesim ilartooneof the

resentpiece,together withthe

mof FineArts,Boston,mentioned

andPetrie,no.192( whichhe

rhems , lendmetro logica lsupportto

nominationas 33. Whilethe

beunderweight(6. 08grams , this

eforfourweighedpieces( 6.385

hetable inEA G, p. 10. Theone

tleheavier,6.40grams.

.Nameofofficialeffaced.


s notwornordamaged the

ttake theimpressioninthemold.

reethisistrue ofallglassweight

parentlynotsub ectedtothesame

ertedbythedieon theobverse.

notrulyanonymousdinaror

osethatarecataloguedinthis

no.131, andothersinotherpublica-

his onewithalmostimperceptible

scheGrammatik ( Le ip ig, 1880 , tableatp. 470.

paymentsinMargoliouth,ArabicPapyri,

weightof

.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

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37/68

andStamps

Theweightofthis one-thirddinar

be.

kharrubah.Anonymous.

ces,notso wellpreserved,inthe

heweightagreeswellwiththeaverage

ecordedw eights(5. 253grams , 55

asthe two27-kharrubahweightsof

thpublishedinEAG,nos.73-74.

kharrubah.Anonymous.[ EAG,

, nos. 134-137.

5.16and5.15gramsof thetwo

bedin EAG,andis,likethe latter,

5.048gramaveragearrivedatin

kharrubah.Anonymous.


falsof


falsof

hreepiecesand


61s.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


38/68

andStamps

ersed.

q irat.Anonymous.

weightofa

w ei g ht w e ig h t of t w en t y


theaverageof20-kharrubahor

943grams( EA G, p. 10 .

eofsugar.Anonymous.56

m.Length ofrim148mm.


diameterofthemouthof the

was attachedisappro imately

ndlineofthe stampisalmost

setotheedge ofthestamp,butit

therecan belittledoubtthatthe

rdJ dl . IntheF ou uetC o llection, 57

amponwhichthefinal letter,at

notapparent,butIbelievethe

Casanova,notobservingthefinal

rd< dL i ? ) , andtranslatedit les

? ) . I f _ £ J | i s t he c o rr e ct r e ad i ng —

the followingsectiononsugarwasreadat a

rientalSocietyin Cincinnati,Ohio,onApril4,

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


39/68

andStamps 35

— thenweareconfrontedwith

ations:thewordcanbe read

risa wordofSemiticorigin,

beveragemadefromdrieddates.

ssibleinterpretation,itwould

viewof thenatureofmostof the

nthevesselstamps,thatthe

k kar, i. e. , sugar ; inw hichcasew e

rchaeo logica lrelico fquitee -

ssIam mistakentheinscription

mentationofthe e istenceof

ewiseofthesubstance,in 8thcen-

elstampis unfortunatelynot

ackof anaccompanyingofficial s

onethelessan8thcenturyattri-

lebyvirtueof analogywithother

dissupportableonepigraphical

ncallsforan e cursusofsome

mPersianshakarorshakkar,

rdfromSanskritsarkarathrough

k k hara andinthereverseetymolog-

w ord( nottheGreek cra x ap,

tinsaccharum,whichlikewisederived

ary istheoriginof alltheEuro-

nce,includingofcourse ourown

arliesthistoryofthe cultivationofthe

mofficinarum isunderstandably

andneednotconcernushere . It is

er,thatBengal,orthereaboutsin

riginalhabitatofthe sugarcane,

te,possiblyasearlyas the7th

sintroducedfromthatareainto

termineddateintoPersia.Hero-

rcane.Whetherlater classical

C r e a



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_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

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40/68

ghtsandStamps

Dioscorides,whowerefamiliar

true natureofIndiansugarhas

ute.The concensusisthatthey

hsugarinour sense,andthatwhen,

sspokeinthefollowingtermsof

describedwasnotcanesugarbut a

oncretedhoney,foundin

F e li , l ik esa lt incon-

he teethassaltis.Dis-

t isgoodforthe belly

sesof thebladderand

ntit cleansesthosethings

y meansanaccurateoran un-

sugarderivedfromsugarcane,

withSir HenryYulethatthe

1588-1635A .D. , andof la tercom-

sentday,withrespectto the

aronoftheancientswith cane

sobviousthat Dioscorides,Pliny,

hadonlya vagueideaofthena-

attheyfre uentlyconfusedsugar

ceousconcretionfromthej oints

now nas tabasheer ( f rom

r,ofSanskritorigin ,whichin-

ssugar,noris sweet butitis

turnofthemilenniumtheclassical

enceofsugarfromIndia,and while

naturehadadoptedtheword,which

dprimarilyto canesugarandby

similarsubstancesderivedfrom

mannremarksin hismonumental

, hard sugaraswek now itcouldnot

C r e a



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41/68

andStamps 37

reekand Romanwritersofthe

forit wasnotproducedinrefined

tertheirtime,butthis isnotto say

melarundineum,melconcretum,

actdateofthe introductionof

angesregionintoPersiaisnot

sesofChorenelived,as heclaim-

ry,thenthe earliestknownmention

obe foundinhisGeography,ina.

ksof J undi-Shapur( J unday-Sabur

intheLatintranslation pretiosum

fortunatelyMoses History,and

ography,containsomanyana-

naldateof thecompositionofhis

reauthenticity,havebeenvigo-

anyscholars.Thepredominantschool

ehim inthe8thcentury,and

nclineto the9th.However,the

roversy,whichisimmensely

uestionofMoses dateopen,and

isby nomeanswithinmycom-

chthis earlymentionofsugarcane

nuncertain.Thismuchmaybe

ationofsugarinK hu istanas pre-

adatemuchearlier thanthegth

believe,beoutoflinewith the

severestcriticstoassumethat this

arlier,certainlynota 5thcentury

2529 Geigeru. K uhn, I2, pp. 7, 53, 54, 55,

Encyclopaediaof Islam HenryYuleandA . C.

n(London, 1903 , pp. 862-S64, 887 Dioscorides, II,

25, ed. C . Sprengel, I, p. 231 EdmundO. vonLipp-

uck ers( 2nded., B erlin, 1929 , pp. 76f f. , 115-144,.

C r e a



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ghtsandStamps

entury,source—whateverthetrue

raryactivity.59

hatsugarcane wasnotbeing

nte tentinPersia ( or' Ira )

ssaniankingK hosrauI,531-579

notli stedamongtheprincipal

hattime.60However,veryshortly

h aninterestingbitofevidence

.Thatcanesugarwasa rareand

ly7thcenturyPersiais aj usti-

nfroma passageinthechronicle

. D. , inw hichare listedthetreasures

A.D.inthepalaceof K hosrauII

a . A mongtherarit iesinthetreasury

nclothing,silkgoods,tapestries,

ndsugar( £ ay x p . Thisstatementis

h theevidenceoftheSui Annals,

618A.D. andwrittenimmediately

tsi-mi( whichmyfriendYii-

eunmistakablyreferstocanesugar

ersia.Theimplicationwouldbe

oughestablishedin Persiatobe

t ussay,theearly7th century.

pliesthatsugarwas aprecious

orywith rarespicesandgoodsfrom

graphia,inMosisChorenensisHistoriaeArme-

mus& Georgius,Gul.WhistoniFilii( London,

redvonGutschmidandF . C . C onybeare , inThe

nthed. , X V III, pp. 897-898 GeorgeSarton,

ofScience,! ( Washington,1927 ,pp.395-396

eA uthenticityofMosesofK horen sHistory , in

nOrienta lSociety , LX ( 1940 , pp. 73-81, w ith

hecriticismofMosesof Chorene cf.vonLipp-

8-61,andLaufer,Sino-Iranica,pp.376-377( neither

gthedisputeoverMoses date .

vonLippmann,Geschichte,p.177.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


43/68

andStamps 39

period.UnfortunatelyTheopha-

herKhosrau ssugarw asimport-

fthecommoditiesmentionedinthe

domestic,butIbelievewe maycon-

t oftheChineseevidence,andwith

mMosesofChorene,thatsugar

asa lu uryproduct,atleast,in

o f the6thcenturyorveryearly in

onis corroboratedbymore

teruponthe firmgroundofthe

ri( d. 892A . D. te llsusthatthe

A . H. = 634-644A . D. orderedasurvey

sta rates( k hara ) oncultivated

, Tra ) ; and, accordingtooneof

ongthecropswas q asab,uponwhich

sperj arlb, ameasureofvo lumeand

nvolumeofyield.62To besure,

ed, butq asabmeans cane, andthe

sugarcane isq asabsukkar.63

r, Maw ardi( d. 1058A .D. , the

whodrewuponBaladhuriand

sthisinformationandusesthe

aphia( C orpusscriptorumhistoriaeB y antinae ,

4> GeorgiusC edrenus, I( B onn, 1838 , p. 732

t. cf . A rthurC hristensen, L Iransousles

en, 1936 , p. 463 vonLippmann, Geschichte, p. 157

woauthorities( andothers seemtoassumethat

onsideredthesugarintheroyalresidenceat

candIndian, butIcannotagreethatthisisimplicit

mymind,anunwarrantedinference.

.Ma vanBerchem,Laproprieteterritorialeet

remiersC alif es(Geneva, 1886 , p. 50 A lf redvon

tedesOrientsunterdenC halifenI, ( V ienna, 1875 ,

eschichte,p.178.

C r e a



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ghtsandStamps

absukkar.6iNotallauthoritiesagree

teonf ieldssowninothercrops( pa lm,

me,wheat,barley,etc. ,butwith

Baladhuriand Mawardispecify

outthemiddleof thescale,lessthan

ta incategories andmorethanw heat,

p,thereforewasnot,by this

Tra inthef irstha lfo f the7th

e includedata ll ina listo f thecom-

ouldsuggestthatin thatpartofthe

dywelldomesticated.

passagesin nearlycontempo-

eservementionin passing.The

ah, w hodiedatanadvancedagein

711-12or719-20A.D.mentions

otnecessarilyrefinedsugar,and

assomehaveinterpretedthe

sdefinitelyindicatea familiarity

herUmayyadpoet, J a rirb. ' A tiyah,

vancedage,is placedinnoor

and732A .D. , inapoemdedicated

A b d al - A i , c o mp a re s h is o w n

ther whopossessed sugar

. 66B othof thesepassagessuggestthat

ultaniyah( ed. Ma . Enger, B onn, 1853 , p. 257

.61.IncidentallyP. K .Hitti,inhis translation

rendersq asabas sugar-cane w ithoutq uestion.

u c ke r pr e ss e n vo n A hw a , D e r Is l am , V I ( 1 9 1 6 ,

Wiedemann, ( J berdenZ uck erbe idenMuslimen,

derNaturwissenschaften,LIISit ungsberichteder

chenSo ietdtinErlangen, vo l. 48—49( 1916-1917 ,

tar, no . 1449( tabar ad , vo l. X X V 1, p. 402 von

.169!

A . H. , I, p. 19 cf . Wiedemann, Nachtragez udem

k er, B e itrdge, LV ( loc. cit. , p. 324 ; vonLippmann,

ForJ arir,seeA.Schaade,s.v.,inEncyclopaedia

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andStamps 41

erearlyreferencesthathavebeen

therareoccurrencesinthe hadith

anylaterwritersmentionsugarin

ayyadperiod. Fore ample , Mas udi

udessuk karamongthedelicaciesonthe

wiyah.68Butsuchpassagesarenot

erArable icographersconsidered

recent, 69butcertainlytheymean

eirpointofviewbutfromthat ofthe

nicalwriters,thatis, Dioscorides,

followthedevelopmentofthe

ndKhu istanduringtheUmayyad

s.Thisrapidprogresshasbeende-

ppmann.70Havingreviewedthe

heappearanceofsugar caneinthe

concernisnow withtheintro-

gyptandtheearliestcontempora-

ditythere.In spiteofearliercon-

isnowgenerallyagreedthatsugar

EgyptianspriortotheArab con-

yarguedthatitwasintroducedinto

cf . Wiedemann, loc. cit. [ B e itrage, LV , p. 324, and

e,p.181 ; andamongtheTraditions,onecitedin

vsuk k ar( cf . Lane, I4, p. 1391 , totheef fectthatthe

rophetwassweeterthansugar,andanother

awthar,whichbymanywasbelievedtobeone

ntermsofthesweetnessofsugar orhoney( Wiede-

e, LV , p. 327 .

ed. B arbierdeMeynard , V , p. 76.

C f . A lfredvonKremer, o f . cit . , II( V ienna, 1877 ,

assembledan impressivemassofmaterial

onceivablesource,buthislack offirsthand

rabicauthoritieshasq uitenaturallyledtoerrors

n aworkofsuchimmensecomprehensiveness

useof sourcematerialisnotalwayscritical.

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ghtsandStamps

droutef romKhu istanv iaSy ria

theArabentryintoPersia and

D.Byallaccountstheplant took

ativelyidealclimateandterrain.

s, the late9thcentury thepro-

ualitywasthebestin theworld,

becameknownthroughoutthe

dWest,and beyondinEurope

r e cellenceofthefinestrefined

twassoon introducedintoSpain

ndertheUmayyads.InMarco

pertsf romC airow ereatthecourt

na.Theperfectionofthe refining

yaidedbytheknowledgewhichthe

processes,alogicaldevelopment

chemyandtheresultantnative

gagents.Thereisa wealthof

ntheindustryin Egyptinthe

which hasbeenassiduously

nn.AmongothersNuwairi

edamonographtothesub ectof sugar

inEgypt,andthe geographers

asabsukkarwasnotablycultivated.

hehistoryofEgyptiansugarhave

ith.71Ourparticularaimhere isto

atefor thefirstactualmention

ene.

hereisapreciousdocument

nd-registerrelatingtothesugar

hte,pp.216ff. Wiedemann, Z urGeschichtedes

LI( loc. cit. , vo l. 47, 1915, pp. 83-92 , containinga

accountanda lsoof Ibna l- A w w amonthecultiva-

dem, B eitrdge, LII( loc. cit . , pp. 177-80, quoting

ut, etc. MarcoPo lo fed. YuleandC ordier, London,

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andStamps

plantationandvegetablegardensofa

hepapyrusapparentlyisnot

otheperiodof theCaliphal-

H. = 813-833A . D. . A notherpapyrus,

1A.D.,mentioningsugarcaneandin-

isto f landproductsinw hichcerta in

hasbeenpublishedbyAdolf

r3rd/9thcenturyFayyumpapyrus

ugarcalculatedaccordingtodifferent

apyrilendssupportto theauthen-

edbySuyuti( d. 1505A .D. thatthe

Shaf i ioncesa id, speak ingof the

ichEgyptw asfamous> -~ * V J 3

haditnotbeenforthesugarcane, I

nEgypt. 75A l-Shaf i idiedin

difwe cantrustSuyutitohave

nwemaysay thatwehavereliable

fsugarcane inEgyptatthe end

Hi rah. Infact, onthebasiso f

mediaevalArabic writers,wecan

y rusEr her ogR ainer, F iihrerdurchdieA usste llung

705, p. 183( Inv . A r. Pap. , No. 2013 . Iw asledtothe

ntdocumentbya remarkinA.Me ,Die

Heidelberg, 1922 , p. 410. Karabacek listsanother

RainerCollection( op.cit.,no.707,p.184 ,also

tion.

rabischePapyriausderSammlungCarlWessely

z uPrag , A rchivOrientdlni, X ( 1938 ,

ection:AdolfGrohmanninArchivumOrientate

, pp. 189-94( no. 69 . IamgratefultoPro fessor

attentiontohisdiscussion ofsugarinVol.I V

EgyptianLibrary,p.10 unfortunatelythis

lcataloguehasnotbeenavailableto me.

-muhadarahf iak hbarMisrw a l-Qahirah( ed. C a iro ,

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ghtsandStamps

f rbothMa ri i( d. 1442A . D. and

9A.D. ,indescribingthe administra-

b. Shank 76( 90-96A . H. = 709-714

nergeticgovernorwasresponsiblefor

edagriculturallandincludinga

sh,77wherehecausedtobe plant-

ecase ofBaladhuri,canonlymean

ofarasI havebeenabletodeterm-

ce( onlaterauthority tosugar

he followingterminiaq uo:a by

uitereliable,report,appro imately

ntemporarydocument( theR ainer

te ly813-833A . D. AsIhaveremark ed

scourse,ourglassvesselstamp

d, buttherecanbelitt ledoubtthatit

ury,forthevesselstampsaccompa-

ialsareallofthat centuryand

milarinepigraphyand content.

piecetakes adistinguishedplace

tualdocumentinthehistoryof

valuableconfirmationofanumber

ctthatsugarcanewas introduced

con uesto f theNileV a lleyby the

dthatamongtheArabs,as withthe

sugarwasatfirst purelyamedic-

statorialdelicacywhichit became

he fatherof remedies, itw as

peciallywhenmi edwithother

.

e d . B ul a , 1 2 70 A . H. , I , p . 30 2 , II , p . 15 2 I b n- T ag h ri -

.Becker,Beitragez urGeschichteAgyptensunter

rg, 1903 , p. 101 vonLippmann, Geschichte , p. 219.

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andStamps

ichare givenbyal-Ra iand

fore,remarkabletofind a

ngthedruggists containers,forsugar

rtofhisstockin trade,asindeed

ay.

eofblacklentils.

k lentils.

Archaeology( 948.226.21 80

C ollection, p. 371, no .150 listsamea-

? ) , apparentlyw iththedef initearticle

utthere isnotraceof thearticlehere; 81

ofmeasuresof she lledlentils, 82

ththenameof theC aliphal-Mansur , and

gofladas,theseednamedonthis

onedible lentil, thatis,Lens

the familyLeguminosae,aEurasian

peas andbeansandalsoground

othermodernuses ofthename

gad ectivesornouns, suchasladas

vus , ladasa l-ma ( w ithvariousmeanings

iscussionand assemblageofsourcesinvonLipp-

4-211,246L andcf.Ibnal-Baytar,no.1198,

66(suk k ar , andno. 1800, ( vo l. X X V I1, p. 90(q asab

, B e itrage, LV ( loc. cit . , p. 322 R uska, loc.cit . Watt,

, pp. 3-380 , avery longarticle includingadiscus-

sugarinIndia( pp. 6-7 Dispensatory , pp.1133-36.

fromBrummer,presumablyfromFustat.

not understood,butalsoastampfor black

baydullahb. a l-Habhab.

uetC o llection, p. 365, nos. 65-71.

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andStamps

weed, Lemnapolyrrhi a,Spirodela

dasmurr( e itherHedysarum, orSparga-

ed ) ; butonthevesse lstampsthere

meaningis lentil .Themediae-

prescribedthelentil inthetreat-

dalsocautionedagainstits usein

arecogni edtheseedas ablood

i, she lled, itbindsthebowelsand

mpsfor shelledlentils are,as

on.Therewasgeneralagreement

dangerousinthe melancholy

cancer.Dioscoridesdetailsnu-

helentil,particularlywhen mi ed

oneyandvinegar,buthe likewise

ectionwithmanyailmentsis

dicineinIndiaattributespharma-

ntil,especiallyas ala ative,but

the ancientappeartobeimagi-

otrecogni eanyscientif icuseof the

dsesametheArabdruggists

olorsofthelentil seed.There

fthesubspeciesesculenta,withseed

hroughyellowish,reddishand

k.Thecommonestraceisthe

ryellowishseedscloudedwith

d westernAsiathemostwidely

perma,bearingsmalllight-red

edashavingadarkskinbut orange-

must bethe' adasahmarofthe

asaswadcouldbeanyof thedarker

medIssa , pp. 36, 91, 106, 107, 173 Dioscorides, II,

no . 1518( vo l. X X V 1, pp. 438-439 ; Muschler, I,

Hedrick , p. 331 Hegi, IV3, pp. 1503-5.

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andStamps

mofArc haeologythereisa

eofwhite sesameseedidentical

a lso inthesameco llectionaq uarter-

meof theoff iciale f faced asw ellasa

ampwithapoorly preservedandun-

d.85


EAGremainto bemade:86

andp. 68, footnote98 , Monneret

i antiniinV etro , R iv ista Italianadi

3-106.

cesforfootnotes40 and41are

p. 139-140, andibid., pp. 140-141. The

ptiandisk-andring-weightsin

edhere,andpassim,thatwhen

dby thepreposit ionbi, thew ordshouldbe

not ordered.

ot« J . Thephraseoccursonnos. 90, 92-93.

a n d Ĥ V . ( s e en o .1 1 6 ; a n di - ^ T ,

Thisisentire lyw rong thew ordis

ef irstq ua lity . Iow ethisreading

.23,948.226.21,and949 127.1.Thefirsttwo

mmer,thelastofunknownprovenance.

orshavecome tomyattention:Hi rahfor

w d fi o r wa f t, p . 2 7 I ^ J * s f o r I p. 1 4 5. C f. J o h n

ronicle,1949,p.117.

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ghtsandStamps

h.IntheUniversityCollegeCollec-

preservedstampforchick-peas

amew ord. Petriemistak enly read

-A notheroccurrenceof^ isonthenearly

veoil discussedinfra,p.53,and

sliterationof a.asbinis admit-

pedient.Itreallyshouldbeibnu

ansliterationswhichareword-for-

scriptionsortranslationsofthe

atthe alifispresent,whichit

dient,bn,toavoidthisembarrassment,

readerof theEnglishte tthisis

ur an, X X V I, 181, isconta ined

iedthatJ i isaname. Cf . the

meaningsinDo y,Supplementau

506.Butwhat thenwouldbethe

?

ued byMatarwerenotstruck

eIslamicCoins( AmericanNumis-

NotesandMonographs,No.118,

7.Thecoins areindubitablyofEgyp-

ferred toarenotcorrectly

farA shinas( cf . R are IslamicC o ins,

heconclusionthatA shinas authority

eyondEgyptintoTra isunw arranted.

NumismaticChronicle,1949,P-H7

hhabibnTamlm fortheoff icialon

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dmonitionq uotedatthebottomof

etteromitted,perhapson the

drawing occursonaglass weight

ouldnothavebeenincluded in

uggestsalaterdate.Cf. Florence

alofArchaeology,1949,p.332.

ouldbee cludedasapiecew ith

epigraphy.Cf.FlorenceDay,

r,loc.cit.

udywhichIhavemadein the

bstancescontainedinvesselsto

ed( anin uiryw hichw asunduly

estsageneralobservationwhich

ferespeciallytoEAG,pp.18-22,68.

that alltheseedsandsubstances

diaevalandancienttimesmedic-

s.Tothesemateriamight be

ringonvesselstampsin EAGand

pecia lly intheF ou uetC o llection :

n( Lathyrussativus, chicklingvetch ) , 88

ullanar{ Punicagranatum, pome-

o i l, p e rh a ps o f s es a me , 9 0 ti l a ( o i nt -

o liveo il, averycommonone , 92bisil lah,

a d er , i n Be r yt u s, I I ( 1 9 35 , p . 14 1 .

pp. 406-408.

pp. 370-371 Ibna l-Bay tar, no . 494 cf . A llport,

megranaterind(Granatif ructuscorte asan

7,theuse ofpomegranatebark( Granaticorte )

Gunther, p. 25 Ibna l-Bay tar, no . 1141( vo l.

.

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andStamps

sumsativum, commonpea ) , 93

c h ee s e ) , 9 4 kh a uk h ( p e ac h ) , 9 5 an d a l- f ul

ean ) . 96Eachoneof these, asidef rom

adits placeinthemediaeval

etoobservethisfactcausedmeto

planationoftheuseof these

be apparentthattheywere

bowlsinwhichdruggistsmeasured

armaceuticals.Viewingthe

asgrocers w aresandattemptingto

wouldreducethenumberofsuch

theba aarsofF utsat, Isuggested

efor useinconnectionwithta

, pp. 21-2 . Thisso lutionisobv iously

ldhavebeenspecialglasscon-

remorecostly thangroceriesand

antit ies, isq uitereasonable . Thesi e

obviousclue totheirtruepurpose:

othavebeenretailedin suchsmall

^ ( roughlyaq uarter-pint , w hichis

mmonlyspecifiedonthestamps.

act,the8th centurye uivalent

which webuyproprietaryproducts

prescriptionsfromthepharmacy

aninterestingandalmost un-

search:whatwerethe typesand

rabdruggists containers,and

typeofthe EgyptianArabdrug-

atterw asbrie f lydiscussedinEA G, p.18,

a l-Bay tar, no . 287.

Ghaii i , no . 226, pp. 423-424 Ibna l-Bay tar, no . 467

3 -3 4 6 .

vo l. X X V 1, p. 62 .

. Dioscorides, II, no . 127.

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Early Arabic glass weights and stamps. A supplement / by George C. Miles

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