Early 19c Industrialization in America: The Market Revolution

Mark MatthewsCarmel Middle School Carmel,

IN

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

p Americans were willing to try

anything.p They were first copiers, then

innovators.1800 41 patents were approved.1860 4,357 “ “ “

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually invented by a

slave!

OliverEvans

First prototype of the locomotive

First automated flour mill

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell Mill

Lowell Girls

What was their typical “profile?”

Early “Union” Newslett

er

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girl

Everyday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

Erie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The Clermont

Gibbons V. Ogden

 reached the Supreme Court in 1824, the Court reinforced the federal government’s authority to regulate trade between the states by ending monopolistic control over waterways in several states. The ruling freed up waters to even greater trade and shipping. 

Principal Canals in 1840

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR

By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]

Clipper Ships

Inventions

• What do you think is the most important invention in your lifetime?

• In the past 50 years?• Of all time?

Top Ten Inventions

10. Paper 5. Medicine9. Compass 4. Engines8.Refrigeration 3. Wheel7. Printing Press 2. Communications6. Plumbing 1. Electricity

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Samuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840sSewing Machine

With steam power, factories could move anywhere. No need for being on a river

Distribution of Wealthv During the American

Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population.v 1845 Boston top 4% owned

over 65% of the wealth.

v 1860 Philadelphia top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

Regional Specialization

EAST Industrial

SOUTH Cotton & Slavery

WEST The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

American Population Centers in 18201.New York 123,000

2.Philadelphia 64,0003.Baltimore 62,0004.Boston 43,0005.New Orleans 27,0006. Charleston, SC 25,000

American Population Centers in 1860New York 813,000

Philadelphia 555,000Brooklyn 266,000Baltimore 212,000Boston 177,000New Orleans 168,000Cincinnati 161,000

2010 Census1. New York 8,175,0002. Los Angeles 3,792,0003. Chicago 2,695,0004. Houston 2,099,0005. Philadelphia 1,526,0006. Phoenix 1,455,0007. San Antonio 1,327,0008. San Diego 1,307,000

9. Dallas10.San Jose11. Austin12. Jacksonville13. Indianapolis14. San Francisco15. Columbus

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

ECONOMIC?

SOCIAL?

POLITICAL?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?

Economic Development

3 Types of Economies:Market: private ownership of the means of production (farms, factories)Command: government controls the means of production (Communism, for example)Developing: not yet industrialized but developing