Ear and Eye

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Terms

accommodation focus for near, when the ciliary

muscle contracts the suspensory fibres to the

lens relax and the lens becomes rounder.

ALT argon laser trabeculoplasty, in which the

argon laser is used to make several small holesin the aqueous drainage area to assist in reducing

eye pressure.

amaurosisblindness.

amaurosis fugax 'fleeting blindness', usually describing

transient marked loss of vision in one

eye.

amblyopia sometimes called 'lazy eye', meaning

an eye that has developed reduced vision as a

consequence of a fault in early life, e.g. error in

focus or squint. In old literature, may mean

poor vision from any cause.

angle the zone in the recess of the front chamber

where aqueous drains.

anisocoria inequality of pupil size.

anterior chamber the front cavity between the

anterior uveitis inflammation within the front

aphakia absence of the lens, usually surgical.

aqueous watery fluid filling the front chamber.

ARMD age-related macular degeneration.

astigmatism uneven focus, usually due to an irregular

cornea.

blepharitis inflammation of the eyelid margin.

BRblind register.

bulbar of the eyeball.

buphthalmos a form of glaucoma found in childcornea

and lens/iris.

chamber, synonymous with iritis.hood when the eye tends to enlarge.

canthus inner or outer angle of the eyelids.

cataract lens opacity.

CFS counting fingers vision-less than 6/60but

chalazion meibomian cyst.

ciliary injection redness of the blood vessels on

chemosis swelling due to collection of fluid becolloid

bodiespalelesions within the retina, usu-

CSGchronic simple glaucoma.

cupping abnormal enlargement of the central

cup in the optic nerve head.

cycloplegic agent that dilates the pupil andparalyses accommodation.

dacryoadenitis inflammation (usually infective)

of the tear gland.

dacryocystitis inflammation (usually infective)

of the tear sac.

dendritic 'branch-like', usually referring to the

characteristic pattern of herpes simplex corneal

ulceration.

better than hand movements.

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the eyeball near the margin of the cornea.

neath the conjunctiva.

ally a sign of ageing.

dioptre a measure of focusing strength of a lens.

diplopia double vision, which may be binocular

(only with both eyes open) or monocular (persisting

with one eye open).

disc optic nerve head visible with the

ophthalmoscope.

driisen see colloid bodies.

ectropion eyelid margin pulled away from the

endophthalmitis inflammation (usually infecentropion

eyelid margin turned in towards the

enucleation removal of the eyeball.

epiphora overflowing tears, watering of the

eyeball.

tion) of the internal eye.

eyeball.

eye.

erosion spontaneous renewal of a site of previousabrasion or ulceration, usually on the cornea.

exophthalmosseeproptosis.exudatepale shiny retinal lesions related to leakage

of plasma and characteristic especially of

diabetic retinopathy in which they may be

arranged in a circular ('circinate') pattern.

folliclepale lump made up of a collection ofwhite cells in the conjunctiva.

fornix recess of conjunctiva between the lid and

the upper and lower eyeball.

fovea small point of fixation and maximum sensitivity

in the retina, at the centre of the macula.

fundus interior of the back chamber visible withthe ophthalmoscope.

glaucomas group of conditions in which eye

pressure damages nerve fibres within the optic

nerve head.

globe eyeball.

guttae orgutt. Latin and its shorthand for drops.

high myopia short-sightedness greater than

about 10 dioptres.

HMS hand movements vision-worse than

counting fingers but better than perception of

light.

homonymous meaning 'same side', refers to the

visual field defect characteristic of a disorderbehind the optic chiasm.

hordeolum stye or inflammation of a lash follicle.

hypermetropia far-sightedness or longsightedness,

being able to see more clearly at

distance.

hyphaemablood in the front chamber which has

sedimented at the bottom.

hypopyon white cells in the front chamber which

have sedimented at the bottom.

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injection refers to reddening of the eye surface.

interpalpebralbetween the eyelids when the eye

IOFB intraocular foreign body.

IOL intraocular lens implant.

IOP intraocular pressure.

iridotomy making a hole in the iris, either surgikeratitis

inflammation of the cornea.

kerato referring to the cornea.

keratoplasty corneal graft or refashioning the

shape of thecornea,usually foropticalpurposes

KP keratic precipitates of white cells on the interior

surface of the cornea, as in iritis.

laser acronym of light amplification by the stimulated

emission of radiation.

LASIKlaser-assisted insifu keratomileusis. Atechnique to refashion the corneal contour for

refractive purposes.

limbus zone where the cornea meets the conjunctiva,

which coincides with the edge of visible

iris.loupe small magnifying aid.

macula usually refers to the area of retina

bounded by the major branch vessels temporal

to the optic nerve head. The fovea is at its centre.

Sometimes the term is used to refer to the fovea

itself.

media clear parts of the eye- tears, cornea, aqueous,

lens, vitreous.

metamorphopsia distortion of central vision,

particularly if straight lines look bent.

miosis constriction of the pupil.

monocular one eye.

mydriasis dilatation of the pupil.mydriatic drug that dilates the pupil.

myopia short-sightedness or near-sightedness,

being able to see more clearly when close (seehigh myopia).

NPL no perception of light vision. A completely

blind eye, unable to detect a bright light and

so worse than 'PL'. There are relatively few

causes.

nystagmus repetitive to-and-fro movements of

the eye in a variety of patterns.

occulenta orocc. Latin and its shorthand for

ointment.

OD oculus dextermeaning the right eye (RE).optometrist relatively new title for the professional

who was formerly titled an ophthalmic

optician.

0s oculus sinistermeaning the left eye (LE).oscillopsia sensation that stationary objects are

orbitbony cone behind the eyeball.

pannus scarring containing blood vessels at the

periphery of the cornea.

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papillarypattern of red lumps suggesting inflammation

around small blood vessels in the

conjunctiva.

PCposterior capsule of the lens. Sometimes postoperative

thickening is treated using the argon

laser.

phaco referring to the lens.

'phaco'phaco-emulsification, technique for removing

cataract through a small incision.

PLperception of light vision. Worse than hand

movements but better than no perception of

light.

posterior chamberback cavity between the lens

and retina. If the lens has been removed, this

means behind the iris.

presbyopia loss of focusing ability for near due tonormal ageing of the lens.

proptosisprotrusion of the eyeball, usually because

of pressure behind it in the orbit.

PSposterior synechiae, adhesions between theiris and lens that occur in iritis.

pseudophakiapresence of an artificial lens

implant.

PSRpartially sighted register.

ptosis drooping of the upper eyelid.

punctate in a pattern of small dots.

PVDposterior vitreous detachment, when the

vitreous shrinks and pulls away from the retina.

RAPD relative afferent pupil defect in which the

pupil reacts to bright light in an asymmetrical

way. Implies a disorder of the eye or optic nerve

on one side.

red reflex illumination of the pupil by light reflectedfrom the retina.

refractionbending of light rays. Also used for the

testing offocusing ability.retrobulbarbehind the eyeball.

rubeosis formation of abnormal new blood vessels

on the iris or in the aqueous drainage angle.

May lead to glaucoma.

scotoma area of loss of vision within the seeing

Snellen chart standard chart for measuring dis-

STFB subtarsal foreign body.

strabismus squint.

tarsal referring to the eyelid.tarsorrhaphy stitching together the eyelids,

either partially or completely.

tonometry measurement of internal eye pressure

by externally applied pressure.trabeculectomy operation for glaucoma, to improve

drainage of aqueous and lower eye

pressure.

trichiasis turning in of eyelashes so that they

damage the eye surface.

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uvea literally 'a grape', refers to pigmented tissues,

including the iris, ciliary body and

choroid, external to the retina.

uveitis inflammation of any part of the uvea. Anterior,

of the iris and ciliary body (as in iritis

or iridocyclitis). Posterior, of the choroid

(choroiditis). Pan, of all parts.

VA visual acuity. Sometimes recorded separately

as RVA (right visual acuity) and LVA (left visual

acuity), which may be recorded as just RV and

LV. If 'UA also appears, this refers to 'unaided'

vision, without glasses.

field, e.g. the blind spot.

tance vision.

visual acuity sharpness of vision.

vitrectomy removal of the vitreous, replacing

vitreous 'glass-like' jelly filling the back chamber

vitreous haemorrhagebleeding into the vitreous

jelly, which originates from the retina.

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Abbr.

AC Anterior chamberfluid-filled space between theirisand the

endothelium

AC 4/4 grade 4 Anterior chamber angle open angle betweencorneaand iris

AC 3/4 grade 3 Anterior chamber angle

AC 2/4 grade 2 Anterior chamber angle

AC 1/4 grade 1 Anterior chamber angle

AC 0/4 grade 0 Anterior chamber angle closed angle between cornea and iris

AC/AAccommodative convergence/

Accommodation ratio

the portion of the range ofconvergencethat

occurs in response toaccommodation

Acc Accommodation process of changingoptical powerto maintain

focusas distance changes

Ad Advised

Add Addition

AIT After-image transfer

ALT Alternating

ALT SOT Alternating esotropia

ALT XOT Alternating exotropia

ARC Anomalous retinal correspondence

A/V Arteriole/Venue ratio

BE Both Eyes

BIO Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

BSV Binocular single vision

BV Binocular vision

BVD Back vertex distance

BVP Back vertex power

CD Centration distance

C/D Cup/disc ratio

CFCount fingers visionstatedistance

c/o orc.o. Complains of

CT Cover test

c/u Check-up

CW Close work

Prism dioptre

D Dioptres

DC Dioptres cylinder

DNA Did not attend

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DOB Date of birth

DS Dioptres sphere

DV Distance vision

DVD Dissociated vertical deviation

EF Eccentric fixationFB Foreign body

FD Fixation disparity

FF Foveal fixation

FHG Family history ofglaucoma

FMH Family medical history

FOH Family ocular history

F/U Follow up appointment

GH General health

G(M)P General (medical) practitioner

HA Headaches

HARCHarmonious abnormal retinal

correspondence

HM Hand motion visionstate distance

Hx History

IOL Intra-ocular lens implant

IOP Intra-ocular pressure

ISNT Inferior, Superior, Nasal, Temporal rule used to assess optic disc appearance

K Keratometry

LE Left eye

LHyperT Left hypertropia

LHypoT Left hypotropia

LO Lenticular opacity

L/R FD L/R fixation disparity

L/R L hyperphoria

LSOT Left esotropia

LVA Low vision aid

MDU Mallett distance unit

MNU Mallett near unit

M.Wing Maddox Wing

MR Maddox Rod

NB: NAD No abnormality detected (is frequently used but is not recommended)

NCT Non-contact tonometer

ND Neutral density filter

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NPL No perception of light

NPCNear point of convergence or noprevious correction

NRC Normal retinal correspondence

NV Near vision

NWT Normal wearing time

o symptoms Zero symptoms

Horizontal orthophoria

Vertical orthophoria

Horizontal and VerticalOrthophoria

OC's Optical centres

Occ. Occupation

OD oculus dexter (right eye)

OH Ocular history

OMB Oculo motor balance

ONH Optic nerve head

Oph Ophthalmoscopy

OS oculus sinister (left eye)

OU oculus utro (both eyes)

PD Pupillary distance

PERRLAPupils equal, round, reactive tolight and accommodation

PH PinholePL Perception of light

POH /PrOH

Previous ocular history

PPA Peri-papillary atrophy

Px Patient

RAPD Relative afferent pupillary defect

RE Right eye

Ret. Retinoscopy

RHyperT Right HypertropiaRHypoT Right Hypotropia

RNFL Retinal nerve fibre layer

RPE Retinal pigment epithelium

RSOT Right Esotropia

Rx Prescription

SLE Slit lamp examination

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SLM Slit lamp microscope

SOP/ESOP Esophoria

SOT/ESOT Esotropia

Supp. Suppression

V Vision (unaided)VA Visual acuity (corrected)

VAL Left visual acuity

VAR Right visual acuity

VDU Visual display unit

VF Visual field

VPS Variable prism stereoscope

WD Working distance

X/12 X months

X/52 X weeks

X/7 X days

XOP/EXOP Exophoria

XOT/EXOT Exotropia

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30-2 Commonly used automated Humphrey visual LPI Laser peripeheral iridectomy

fields LP, LPO Light perception, light perception only

A/C or AC Anterior chamber LR Lateral rectus

ACG Angle closure glaucoma M Manifest (non-cyclopleged) refraction

ALPC Argon laser photocoagulation (often for M&N Mydriacyl & Neosynephrine mixture useddiabetic macular edema for pupil dilation

ALT Argon laser trabeculoplasty (for glaucoma) NLP No light perception

AMD Age-related macular degeneration NS or NSC Nuclear sclerotic cataract

APD Afferent pupillary defect NVD Neovascularization of the disc

BCC Basal cell cancer NVE Neovascularization of the retina elsewhere

BDR Background diabetic retinopathy (outside the disc)

BRVO Branch retinal vein occlusion NVI Neovascularization of iris

c or cc With refractive correction OD, OS, OU Right eye, left eye, both eyes

C/D Cup-to-disc ratio of the optic nerve OHT Ocular hypertension

CF Count fingers visual acuity P1, P2, P4 Pilocarpine (with concentration)

CL, HC Contact lenses, hard PC Posterior chamber or posterior capsule

SCL, EWSCL Soft and extended wear PD Prism diopters

CME Cystoid macular edema PE, PHACO Phacoemulsification

CRAO Central retinal artery occlusion PEE Punctate epithelial erosions

CRVO Central retinal vein occlusion PEG Punctate epithelial granularity

CSR or CSCR Central serous chorioretinopathy PEK Punctate epithelial keratitis or keratopathy

CVF Confrontation visual field PERL Pupils equal and reactive to light

cyl Cylinder (in refraction) PF, PA 1% Pred Forte eye drops, prednisolone acetate

D Diopter PH Pinhole

DCR Dacryocystorhinostomy PI 1/8 Phospholine Iodine 1/8%

DVD Dissociated vertical deviation (a form of PKP or PK Penetrating keratoplasty (cornea transplant)

strabismus POAG Primary open angle glaucoma

DVS Ductions, versions, saccades POHS Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome

DWSCL Daily wear contact lenses PPDR Pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

ECCE c IOL Extracapsular cataract extraction with PRP Pan-retinal photocoagulation

intraocular lens implantation PSC Posterior subcapsular cataract

EOG Electrooculogram PVD Posterior vitreous detachmentERG Electroretinogram RD Retinal detachment

EOM Extraocular muscle ROP Retinopathy of prematurity

ERM Epi-retinal membrane RP Retinitis pigmentosa

ET, E(T), E, E Esotropia, intermittent esotropia, esophoria, RPE Retinal pigment epithelium

and esophoria at near s or sc Without refractive correction

EUA Exam under anesthesia SLE or SLX Slit lamp exam

HM Hand motion vision SPK Superficial punctate keratitis (Thygeson or

ICCE Intracapsular cataract extraction keratopathy

IF 1% Inflamase Forte 1% SR Superior rectus

IK Interstitial keratitis SRN, SRNVM Subretinal neovascular membrane

IO Inferior oblique Ta Applanation tonometry

IOL Intraocular lens T , T Timoptic (with concentrations)

IOP Intraocular pressure Va Visual acuityIR Inferior rectus VF Visual field

K Keratometer reading (measures the curvature vit Vitreous

of the cornea), or abbreviation for cornea VTX Vitrectomy

KCS Keratoconjunctivitis sicca W4D Worth 4-dot test (in strabismus)

KP Keratitic precipitate XT, X(T) Exotropia, intermittent exotropia

L HoT, R HoT Left Hypotropia, right hypotropia X, X exophoria, exophoria at near

LHT, RHT Left hypertropia and right hypertropia YAG Neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet

laser

LOC Laxative of choice Prism diopter

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Oto terms

A

acoustic neurinoma - a tumor, usually benign, which develops on the hearing and balance

nerves and can cause gradual hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness.

acquired deafness - loss of hearing that occurs or develops over the course of a lifetime;deafness not present at birth.

Adenoid: Lymphoid tissue located behind the nose.

aguesia - loss of the sense of taste.

Alport's syndrome - A hereditary condition characterized by kidney disease, sensorineural

hearing loss, and some difficulties with eye defects.

American Sign Language (ASL) - Manual (hand) language with its own syntax and grammar

used primarily by people who are deaf.

Ankyloglossia: A foreshortened or tethered lingual frenulum commonly known as "tongue-tie" in which

the tongue is tethered to the floor of mouth.

anosmia - absence of the sense of smell.

aphasia - total or partial loss of ability to use or understand language; usually caused by stroke,brain disease, or injury.

aphonia - complete loss of voice.

apraxia - inability to make a voluntary movement in spite of being able to demonstrate normalmuscle function.

articulation disorder - inability to correctly produce speech sounds (phonemes) because ofimprecise placement, timing, pressure, speed, or flow of movement of the lips, tongue, or throat.

assistive devices - technical tools and devices such as alphabet boards, text telephones, or text-to-speech conversion software used to assist people with physical or emotional disorders in

performing certain actions, tasks, and activities.

Audiogram: Hearing test.

audiologist - a healthcare professional trained to identify and measure hearing impairments andrelated disorders using a variety of tests and procedures.

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auditory brainstem response (ABR) test - test used for hearing in infants and young children,

or to test for brain functioning in unresponsive patients.

auditory nerve - eighth cranial nerve that connects the inner ear to the brainstem.

auditory perception- ability to identify, interpret, and attach meaning to sound.

auditory prosthesis - device that substitutes or enhances the ability to hear.

augmentative devices - tools that help individuals with limited or absent speech to

communicate.

aural rehabilitation - techniques used with people who are hearing impaired to improve ability

to speak and to communicate.

autoimmune deafness - hearing loss in an individual that may be associated with a tissue-

causing disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

autism - brain disorder that begins in early childhood and persists throughout adulthood; affectsthree crucial areas of development: communication, social interaction, and creative or

imaginative play.

B

balance - biological system that enables individuals to know where their bodies are in the

environment and to maintain a desired position; normal balance depends on information from thelabyrinth in the inner ear, and from other senses such as sight and touch, as well as from muscle

movement.

balance disorder - disruption in the labyrinth, the inner ear organ that controls the balance

system allowing individuals to know where their bodies are in the environment.

barotrauma - injury to the middle ear caused by a reduction of air pressure.

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) - balance disorder that results in a sudden onset

of dizziness, spinning, or vertigo that occurs when suddenly moving the head from one position

to another.

brainstem implant - auditory prosthesis that bypasses the cochlea and auditory nerve to helpindividuals who cannot benefit from a cochlear implant because the auditory nerves are not

working.

Branchial: A term used to describe cysts or sinus tracts that are derived from indentations in the fetus.

The word means pertaining to, or resembling, gills of a fish.

C

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captioning - text display of spoken words presented on a television or a movie screen that allows

a deaf or hard-of-hearing viewer to follow the dialogue and the action of a program

simultaneously.

central auditory processing disorder - inability of individuals with normal hearing and

intelligence to differentiate, recognize, or understand sounds.

Cerumen: Ear wax.

chemosensory disorders - disorders or diseases of smell or taste.

cholesteatoma - accumulation of dead cells in the middle ear caused by repeated middle earinfections.

Cilia: Small hairs that move mucous in the nose, sinus and windpipe.

cochlea - snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the organ of hearing.

cochlear implant - medical device that bypasses damaged structures in the inner ear and directlystimulates auditory nerve to allow some deaf individuals to learn to hear and interpret sounds and

speech.

conductive hearing impairment - hearing loss caused by dysfunction of the outer or middle ear.

cued speech - method of communication that combines speech reading with a system of

handshapes placed near the mouth to help deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals differentiate words

that look similar on the lips.

Culture: Growth of microorganisms or viruses for identification purposes.

cytomegalovirus (congenital) - one group of herpes viruses that infect humans and can cause a

variety of clinical symptoms including deafness or hearing impairment; infection with the virus

may be either before or after birth.

D

decibel - unit that measures the intensity or loudness of sound.

Dermoid: A cyst which may be found associated with the nose, eyebrow or neck which sometimes has

connections into the brain.

dizziness - physical unsteadiness, imbalance, and lightheadedness associated with balance

disorders.

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dysarthia - group of speech disorders caused by disturbances in the strength or coordination of

the muscles of the speech mechanism as a result of damage to the brain or nerves.

dysequilibrium - any disturbance of balance.

dysfluency - disruption in the smooth flow or expression of speech.

dysgeusia - distortion or absence of the sense of taste.

dysosmia - distortion or absence of the sense of smell.

dysphagia - difficulty swallowing.

dysphonia - any impairment of the voice or difficulty speaking.

dyspraxia of speech - partial loss of the ability to consistently pronounce words in individuals

with normal muscle tone and coordination of the speech muscles.

dystonia - abnormal muscle tone of one or more muscles.

E

Ear drum: A translucent, fibrous drum which separates the external ear canal from the middle ear and is

directly attached to the ear bones (ossicles).

ear infection - presence and growth of bacteria or viruses in the ear.

ear wax - yellow secretion from glands in the outer ear (cerumen) that keeps the skin of the eardry and protected from infection.

endolymph - fluid in the labyrinth -- the organ of balance located in the inner ear.

External otitis:Infection of the external ear canal commonly known as "swimmers ear."

G

gustation - act or sensation of tasting.

H

hair cells - sensory cells of the inner ear, which are topped with hair-like structures (stereocilia),

which transform the mechanical energy of sound waves into nerve impulses.

hearing - series of events in which sound waves in the air are converted to electrical signals that

are sent as nerve impulses to the brain where they are interpreted.

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hearing aid - electronic device that brings amplified sound to the ear.

hearing disorder - disruption in the normal hearing process; sound waves are not converted toelectrical signals and nerve impulses are not transmitted to the brain to be interpreted.

hoarseness - abnormally rough or harsh-sounding voice caused by vocal abuse and otherdisorders.

hypogeusia - diminished sensitivity to taste.

hyposmia - diminished sensitivity to smell.

I

inner ear - part of the ear that contains both the organ of hearing (the cochlea) and the organ ofbalance (the labyrinth).

Incus: Middle ear bone between the malleus and the stapes, commonly referred to as the "anvil."

L

labyrinth - organ of balance located in the inner ear. The labyrinth consists of three semicircular

canals and the vestibule.

labyrinthine hydrops - excessive fluid in the organ of balance (labyrinth) that can cause

pressure or fullness in the ears, hearing loss, dizziness, and loss of balance.

labyrinthitis - viral or bacterial infection or inflammation of the inner ear that can cause

dizziness, loss of balance, and temporary hearing loss.

Landau-Kleffner syndrome - A childhood disorder of unknown origin that can be identified by

gradual or sudden loss of the ability to understand and use spoken language.

language - system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs, or marks.

language disorders - problems with verbal communication and the ability to use or understand

the symbol system for interpersonal communication.

laryngeal neoplasms - abnormal growths in the larynx (voice box) that can be cancerous or

noncancerous.

laryngeal nodules - noncancerous, callous-like growths on the inner parts of the vocal folds

(vocal cords).

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laryngeal paralysis - loss of function or feeling of one or both of the vocal folds.

laryngectomy - surgery to remove part or all of the larynx or voice box.

laryngitis - hoarse voice or the complete loss of the voice because of irritation to the vocal folds

(vocal cords).

larynx - valve structure between the trachea (windpipe) and the pharynx (the upper throat) that isthe primary organ of voice production.

M

Malleus: The ear bone that directly connects the other ossicles to the tympanic membrane, also

commonly referred to as the "hammer" bone.

mastoid - back portion of the temporal bone behind the ear.

mastoid surgery - surgical procedure to remove infection from the mastoid bone.

Meige syndrome - A movement disorder that can involve excessive eye blinking

(blepharospasm) with involuntary movements of the jaw muscles, lips, and tongue

(oromandibular dystonia).

Meniere's disease - An inner ear disorder that can affect both hearing and balance; can cause

vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and the sensation of fullness in the ear.

meningitis - inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that envelop the brain and the spinalcord; may cause hearing loss or deafness.

middle ear - part of the ear that includes the eardrum and three tiny bones of the middle ear,

ending at the round window that leads to the inner ear.

misarticulation - inaccurately produced speech sound (phoneme) or sounds.

motion sickness - dizziness, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and generalized discomfort

experienced when an individual is in motion.

motor speech disorders - group of disorders caused by the inability to accurately producespeech sounds (phonemes).

N

neural plasticity - ability of the brain and/or certain parts of the nervous system to change inorder to adapt to new conditions, such as an injury.

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neural prostheses - devices that substitute for an injured or diseased part of the nervous system

to enhance the function.

neural stimulation - to activate or energize a nerve through an external source.

neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen's) - a group of inherited disorders in whichnoncancerous tumors grow on several nerves that may include the hearing nerve.

neurogenic communication disorder - inability to exchange information with others because of

hearing, speech, and/or language problems caused by impairment of the nervous system.

noise-induced hearing loss - hearing loss that is caused either by a one-time or repeated

exposure to very loud sound(s) or sounds at various loudness levels over an extended period of

time.

nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment - hearing loss or deafness that is inherited and

is not associated with other inherited clinical characteristics.

O

odorant - substance that stimulates the sense of smell.

olfaction - the act of smelling.

olfactometer - device for estimating the intensity of the sense of smell.

open-set speech recognition - understanding speech without visual clues.

Ossicle: A general term for any of the three ear bones.

otitis media - inflammation of the middle ear caused by infection.

otitis externa - inflammation of the outer part of the ear extending to the auditory canal.

otoacoustic emissions - low-intensity sounds produced by the inner ear that can be quicklymeasured with a sensitive microphone placed in the ear canal.

otolaryngologist - physician/surgeon who specializes in diseases of the ears, nose, throat, andhead and neck.

otologist - physician/surgeon who specializes in diseases of the ear.

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Otorrhea: Discharge from the ear.

otosclerosis - abnormal growth of bone in the inner ear, which prevents structures within the ear

from working properly, resulting in a gradual loss of hearing.

ototoxic drugs - drugs that can damage the hearing and balance organs located in the inner ear.

outer ear - external portion of the ear, consisting of the pinna, or auricle, and the ear canal.

P

parosmia - any disease or perversion of the sense of smell, especially the subjective perception

of odors that do not exist.

perception (hearing) - process of knowing or being aware of information through the ear.

perilymph fistula - leakage of inner ear fluid to the middle ear that occurs without apparent

cause or is associated with head trauma, physical exertion, or barotrauma.

phonology - study of speech sounds.

postlingually deafened - individual who becomes deaf after having learned language.

prelingually deafened - individual who is either born deaf or who lost hearing early inchildhood, before learning language.

presbycusis - loss of hearing that gradually occurs because of changes in the inner or middle earin individuals as they grow older.

R

round window - membrane separating the middle ear and inner ear.

S

sensorineural hearing loss - hearing loss caused by damage to the sensory cells and/or nerve

fibers of the inner ear.

sign language - language of hand shapes, facial expressions, and movements used as a form of

communication.

smell - to perceive odor or scent through stimuli affecting the olfactory nerves.

smell disorder - inability to perceive odors that may be temporary or permanent.

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sound vocalization - ability to produce voice.

spasmodic dysphonia - momentary disruption of voice caused by involuntary movements of oneor more muscles of the larynx or voice box.

specific language impairment (or SLI) - difficulty with the organized-symbol-systemcommunication in the absence of problems such as mental retardation, hearing loss, or emotional

disorders.

speech - making definite vocal sounds that form words to express thoughts and ideas.

speech disorder - defect or abnormality that prevents an individual from communicating by

means of spoken words.

speech processor - part of a cochlear implant that converts speech sounds into electrical

impulses to stimulate the auditory nerve.

speech-language pathologist - health professional trained to evaluate and treat people who have

voice, speech, language, or swallowing disorders, including hearing impairment, that affect their

ability to communicate.

Stapes: Smallest of the three middle ear bones that connect the tympanic membrane with the inner ear.

stuttering - frequent repetition of words or parts of words that disrupts the smooth flow of

speech.

sudden deafness - loss of hearing that occurs quickly from such causes as explosion, a viral

infection, or the use of some drugs.

swallowing disorders - any of a group of problems that interfere with the transfer of food from

the mouth to the stomach.

syndromic hearing impairment - hearing loss or deafness that is inherited or passed through

generations of a family.

T

taste - sensation produced by a stimulus applied to the gustatory nerve endings in the tongue; the

four tastes are salt, sour, sweet, and bitter; some say there is a fifth taste described as savory.

taste disorder - inability to perceive different flavors.

taste buds - groups of cells located on the tongue that enable one to recognize different tastes.

throat disorders - disorders or diseases of the larynx (voice box) or esophagus.

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thyroplasty - surgical technique to improve voice by altering the cartilages of the larynx. Also

known as laryngeal framework surgery.

tinnitus - sensation of a ringing, roaring, or buzzing sound in the ears or head; often associated

with various forms of hearing impairment.

tongue - large muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and

swallowing; the main organ of taste, and assists in forming speech sounds.

Tourette syndrome - Neurological disorder characterized by recurring movements and sounds

(called tics).

tracheostomy - surgical opening into the trachea (windpipe) to help someone breathe who has

an obstruction or swelling in the larynx (voice box) or upper throat.

Tympanic membrane: Ear drum.

Tympanic membrane perforation: Hole in the ear drum.

tympanoplasty - surgical repair of the eardrum (tympanic membrane) or bones of the middle

ear.

U

Usher's syndrome - A hereditary disease that affects hearing and vision.

V

velocardiofacial syndrome - inherited disorder characterized by cleft palate, heart defects,characteristic facial appearance, minor learning problems, and speech and feeding problems.

vertigo - illusion of movement; sensation that the external world is revolving around anindividual (objective vertigo) or that the individual is revolving in space (subjective vertigo).

vestibular neuronitis - infection at the vestibular nerve.

vestibular system - system in the body that is responsible for maintaining the body's orientation

in space, balance, and posture; also regulates locomotion and other movements and keeps objectsin visual focus as the body moves.

vestibule - bony cavity of the inner ear.

vibrotactile aids - mechanical instruments that help individuals who are deaf detect and interpretsound through the sense of touch.

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vocal cords (vocal folds) - muscularized folds of mucous membrane that extend from the larynx

(voice box) wall; enclosed in elastic vocal ligament and muscle that control the tension and rate

of vibration of the cords as air passes through them.

vocal cord paralysis - inability of one or both vocal folds (vocal cords) to move because of

damage to the brain or nerves.

vocal tremor - trembling or shaking of one or more of the muscles of the larynx resulting in an

unsteady-sounding voice.

voice - sound produced by air passing out through the larynx and upper respiratory tract.

voice disorders - group of problems involving abnormal pitch, loudness, or quality of the sound

produced by the larynx (voice box).

W

Waardenburg syndrome - Hereditary deafness that is characterized by hearing impairment, awhite shock of hair, and/or distinctive blue color to one or both eyes, as well as wide-set inner

corners of the eyes; balance problems are also associated with some types of Waardenburg

syndrome.

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Abbrv. Oto

ABR: auditory brainstem response AD: right ear AIED: autoimmune inner ear disease

ALD: Assistive Listening Device AOM: acute otitis media AS: left ear AU: both ears

BAER: brainstem auditory evoked respo BAHA: bone anchored hearing aid BMT: Bilateral Myringotomy And Tubes

BTE: behind the ear

CHL: conductive hearing loss CI: cochlear implant CNR: closed nasal reduction COM: chronic otitis media COME: chronic otitis media with effusion

EAC: external auditory canal ecog: ElectrocochleographyENT: Ear Nose and Throat

ETD: eustachian tube dysfunction EUA: Exam under anesthesia ha: hearing aid HAE: Hearing Aid Evaluation

IAC: internal auditory canal ITC: In The Canal

ITE: In The Ear

MxT: Myringotomy and tubes

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NBHS: newborn hearing screen NIHL: Noise Induced Hearing Loss

OAE: Oto acoustic emissions

OCR: ossicular chain reconstruction OE: otitis externa

ome: otitis media with effusion

PORP: partial ossicular replacement prosthesis

SNHL: sensorineural hearing loss SRT: speech reception threshold on audiometry SSNHL: sudden sensorineural hearing loss

j

TM: tympanic membraneTM: Tympanomastoidectomy

TORP: total ossicular replacement prosthesis