Physiology and Physiology and Embryology of the Embryology of the ear +congenital ear +congenital anomalies anomalies Dr. Manal Bukhari Dr. Manal Bukhari King Saud University King Saud University Otolaryngology Otolaryngology Assistant professor Assistant professor consultant Phonosurgeon consultant Phonosurgeon King Abdulaziz University King Abdulaziz University
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Ear anatomy& Physiology and Embryology of the ear +congenital anomalies Dr. Manal Bukhari King Saud University Otolaryngology Assistant professor consultant.
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Ear anatomy& Physiology Ear anatomy& Physiology and Embryology of the ear and Embryology of the ear
+congenital anomalies +congenital anomalies
Dr. Manal BukhariDr. Manal Bukhari
King Saud University King Saud University OtolaryngologyOtolaryngology
Assistant professorAssistant professor consultant Phonosurgeon consultant Phonosurgeon King Abdulaziz University King Abdulaziz University
Embryology Embryology
Six visceral arches Six visceral arches AuricleAuricle : :first and second first and second
branchial archbranchial arch EACEAC: : first phayrngeal groovefirst phayrngeal groove OssiclesOssicles : :first branchial arch (meckel’s first branchial arch (meckel’s
cartilage)cartilage) malleus head and neck malleus head and neck incus body and short process .incus body and short process .
Second branchial arch(reichert;s Second branchial arch(reichert;s cartilage)cartilage) manubrium of manubrium of malleus ,long and lenticular malleus ,long and lenticular process of incus ,stapesprocess of incus ,stapes
Anatomy of the earAnatomy of the ear
External ear:External ear:
1.1. Auricle :Auricle : Arise from the first and second Arise from the first and second
ant post ,15 mm in height .ant post ,15 mm in height .
Eustachain tube:Eustachain tube: Post 1/3 osseous portion open in the Post 1/3 osseous portion open in the
ant wall of the tympanic cavity ant wall of the tympanic cavity
Ant membranous cartilaginous portion Ant membranous cartilaginous portion 2/3 end in the nasopharynx 2/3 end in the nasopharynx
LengthLength :3.7 cm ------45 degree from :3.7 cm ------45 degree from horizontalhorizontal
Closed at rest but opened on yawing Closed at rest but opened on yawing and swallowing (and swallowing (tensor paltai muscletensor paltai muscle))
Ossicles:Ossicles: Transmit sound energy Transmit sound energy
from the TM to the oval from the TM to the oval
windowwindow MalleusMalleus ::
head,neck ant and lat processes head,neck ant and lat processes and the handle and the handle ((tensor tympani tensor tympani muscles).muscles).
IncusIncus : :
body ,short processes ,long body ,short processes ,long processprocess
StapesStapes ::
head ,neck ,ant and post crura head ,neck ,ant and post crura and foot plate (and foot plate (stapediusstapedius))
Medial wall:Medial wall:
The promontoryThe promontory : : bony projection covering the bony projection covering the
basal turn of the cochlea.basal turn of the cochlea. Oval windowOval window : :
occupied by the footplate of occupied by the footplate of the stapes ,closes the middle the stapes ,closes the middle ear from the scala vestibuliear from the scala vestibuli
Round windowRound window : : separates the middle ear from separates the middle ear from
the horizontal portion lies the horizontal portion lies above the oval windowabove the oval window . .
The horizontal The horizontal semicircular canalsemicircular canal : :
above the second genu of the above the second genu of the facial nerve.facial nerve.
Roof (tegmen tympani)Roof (tegmen tympani)Separate the cavity from middle Separate the cavity from middle
cranial fossacranial fossa
Anterior wall:Anterior wall:
Canal Huguier ,chorda tympani Canal Huguier ,chorda tympani Canal of tensor tympani msCanal of tensor tympani ms Tympanic orifice of ETTympanic orifice of ET Canal of carotid artery Canal of carotid artery
Posterior wallPosterior wall
AditusAditus :which lead backwards :which lead backwards from the epitympanum into from the epitympanum into mastoid antrum mastoid antrum
Bony cochlea;Bony cochlea; • in front the vestibule ,snail in front the vestibule ,snail
shell in shape ,2 1/2 turns, shell in shape ,2 1/2 turns, central axis (central axis (mediolusmediolus )inner )inner wall of the canalwall of the canal
Utricle and sacculeUtricle and saccule= hair cell ► otoconial = hair cell ► otoconial membrane ► (linear acceleration&pull of the membrane ► (linear acceleration&pull of the gravity) ► vestibular nerve gravity) ► vestibular nerve
The major connection of the vestibular system The major connection of the vestibular system are:are: spinal cord ,cerebellum, external ocular muscle spinal cord ,cerebellum, external ocular muscle
Disease of external ear and Disease of external ear and acute otitis media acute otitis media
Congenital anomalies of external Congenital anomalies of external ear ear
Bacterial infection involving the skin of the external Bacterial infection involving the skin of the external canalcanal
Pathophysiology:Pathophysiology: aggressive washing the wax or retention water aggressive washing the wax or retention water Microtruma (cotton swabs,fingernails )Microtruma (cotton swabs,fingernails )