e9810v70Nigeri1al0Impact0Assessment for IP 3

Public Disclosure Authorized




June 2004

NIGERIA FINAL DRAFT REV 1

West African Gas Pipeline

Environmental Impact Assessment

E981 v. 7

NIGERIA FINAL DRAFT REV 1

Environmental Impact AssessmentWest African Gas Pipeline

Prepared for West African Pipeline Company June 2004

Disclosure LocationsVenues at which the Environmental Impact Assessments, Appendices, and Resettlement Action Plans and Other Documents Supporting the West African Gas Pipeline Project have been Disclosed to the Public are as Follows:Country UNITED STATES NIGERIA Venue World Bank Offices MIGA WAGP EA Rep Office Lagos State Ministry of Environment Ogun State Ministry of Environment Liaison Office Federal Ministry of Environment Liaison Office Federal Ministry of Environment Badagry Local Government Office Ado Odo Ota Local Government Office Ifo Local Government Office Ogun State Ministry of Lands and Housing Lagos State Lands Bureau Federal Ministry of Environment WAGP EA Rep Office Ministre de lEnvironnement et des Ressources Forestires Gbetsogbe Palace Domocile du chef traditionnel Baguida Ministre de lnergie et des Ressources Hydrauliques Ministry of Land Affairs WAGP EA Rep Office Documentation Center of the Ministry of Environment, of Habitat and Urbanism (MEHU) Beninese Agency for Environment (ABE) Documentation Center of Ministry of Mines, Energy and Hydraulic (MMEH) Mayoralty of Abomey-Calavi Mayoralty of Ouidah Institute of Endogenous Development and Exchanges (IDEE) Documentation Center of the University of Abomey-Calavi WAGP EA Rep Office EPA Library Greater Accra Regional Coordinating Council EPA Greater Accra Regional Office Accra Metropolitan Assembly Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan Assembly EPA Central Regional Office Central Regional Coordinating Council Western Regional Coordinating Council EPA Zonal Office Tema Municipal Assembly EPA Western Regional Office Volta Regional Coordinating Council EPA Volta Regional Office Ghana EPA Location Washington, DC Washington, DC Lagos Lagos Abeokuta Lagos Abeokuta Badagry Ado Odo Ota Ifo Abeokuta Lagos Abuja Lom Lom Gbetsogbe Gbetsogbe Baguida Lom Lom Cotonou Cotonou Cotonou Cotonou Abomey-Calavi Ouidah Ouidah Abomey-Calavi Tema Accra Accra Amasaman Accra Sekondi Cape-Coast Cape-Coast Sekondi Tema Tema Sekondi Ho Ho Accra

TOGO

BENIN

GHANA

Table of ContentsAcronyms and Abbreviations Authors and Contributions Acknowledgements Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... ES-1 Project Benefits...................................................................................................... ES-1 Project Description................................................................................................. ES-4 Pipeline and Facilities ................................................................................ ES-4 Construction............................................................................................... ES-6 Alternatives ............................................................................................................ ES-7 Baseline Information.............................................................................................. ES-8 Natural Environment.................................................................................. ES-8 Onshore ...................................................................................................... ES-8 Offshore ..................................................................................................... ES-9 Human Environment................................................................................ ES-10 Impacts and Mitigation ........................................................................................ ES-11 Impacts..................................................................................................... ES-11 Emergency and Upset Conditions............................................................ ES-14 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts......................................................... ES-15 Mitigation................................................................................................. ES-16 Results...................................................................................................... ES-18 Management and Monitoring Plan....................................................................... ES-22 Summary and Conclusion .................................................................................... ES-22 Chapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Project Overview .......................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Project Justification....................................................................................... 1-7 1.2.1 WAGP Benefits for Nigeria.............................................................. 1-7 1.2.2 Project Implementation................................................................... 1-15 1.3 Legal and Policy Framework ...................................................................... 1-16 1.3.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 1-16 1.3.2 Major Environmental Regulations.................................................. 1-19 1.3.3 Relationship of Project to World Bank Safeguard Policies and OPIC Prohibitions. ................................................................... 1-27 Chapter 2 Project Description ........................................................................................... 2-1 Summary for West African Gas Pipeline in Nigeria ................................................ 2-1 2.1 General Layout and Physical Description..................................................... 2-2 2.2 Natural Gas Sources (Upstream of WAGP)............................................ 2-10 2.3 Natural Gas Consumption (Downstream of WAGP) .............................. 2-12 2.4 Facility and Process Description................................................................. 2-14 2.4.1 Alagbado Tee .............................................................................. 2-15 2.4.2 Onshore Mainline in Nigeria .......................................................... 2-26 2.4.3 Lagos Beach Compressor Station and Primary Control System .... 2-31 2.4.4 Offshore Main Trunk Line and Laterals ......................................... 2-47

Table of Contents

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

2.11 2.12

2.13

2.4.5 R&M Stations and Onshore Portions of Laterals and Trunk.......... 2-49 Solid and Hazardous Waste from Pipeline Operations............................... 2-49 2.5.1 Domestic Solid Waste..................................................................... 2-50 2.5.2 Non-Hazardous Industrial Solid Waste .......................................... 2-50 2.5.3 Hazardous Waste ............................................................................ 2-50 2.5.4 Semi-Solid Waste............................................................................ 2-51 Operational Control and Safety Systems .................................................... 2-51 2.6.1 Operational Control Systems .......................................................... 2-51 2.6.2 Fire and Gas Detection and Protection Systems ............................. 2-53 2.6.3 Emergency Shutdown Systems....................................................... 2-53 2.6.4 Venting, Flaring, and Blowdown.................................................... 2-57 Design and Other Pre-Construction Activities ........................................... 2-59 2.7.1 Front End Engineering Design (FEED).......................................... 2-59 2.7.2 Design Basis: Philosophy and Standards........................................ 2-60 2.7.3 Other Pre-construction Activities ................................................... 2-62 Construction................................................................................................ 2-63 2.8.1 Alagbado Tee .............................................................................. 2-64 2.8.2 Onshore Pipeline and Marshalling Yards ....................................... 2-65 2.8.3 Lagos Beach Compressor Station and Primary Control System .... 2-87 2.8.4 Shore Crossings .............................................................................. 2-94 2.8.5 Offshore Main Trunk ...................................................................... 2-97 2.8.6 R&M Stations ............................................................................... 2-100 2.8.7 Weight Coating Plant.................................................................... 2-100 Commissioning ......................................................................................... 2-102 2.9.1 Flooding, Cleaning, Gauging, and Reflooding ............................. 2-102 2.9.2 Hydrostatic Testing....................................................................... 2-103 2.9.3 Dewatering and Drying................................................................. 2-103 2.9.4 Air Expulsion and Nitrogen Packing ............................................ 2-105 2.9.5 Hiring and Training....................................................................... 2-105 2.9.6 Ongoing Maintenance and Testing ............................................... 2-105 2.9.7 Regulatory Review and Participation ........................................... 2-105 Start-up...................................................................................................... 2-106 2.10.1 Line Fill with Gas ......................................................................... 2-106 2.10.2 Ongoing Maintenance and Testing ............................................... 2-106 2.10.3 Regulatory Review and Participation ........................................... 2-106 Pipeline Operations................................................................................... 2-106 Decommissioning and Abandonment ....................................................... 2-107 2.12.1 Alagbado Tee ............................................................................ 2-107 2.12.2 Onshore Pipeline........................................................................... 2-108 2.12.3 Compressor Station....................................................................... 2-108 2.12.4 Offshore Pipeline .......................................................................... 2-108 2.12.5 R&M Stations ............................................................................... 2-108 Remaining Uncertainties........................................................................... 2-108

Chapter 3 Project Alternatives .......................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Project Alternatives....................................................................................... 3-2June 2004 Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 ii

Table of Contents

3.3 3.4

3.5

3.6

3.2.1 World Bank Regional Energy Sector Project Alternatives............... 3-2 3.2.2 EIA Project-Level Alternatives......................................................... 3-3 World Bank Regional Energy Sector Alternatives Analysis ........................ 3-4 EIA Project-Level Alternatives Analysis...................................................... 3-6 3.4.1 No-Project Alternative ...................................................................... 3-9 3.4.2 The Proposed Project Alternative: Developing a Gas Pipeline and Piping Gas from Nigeria to Benin, Togo, and Ghana ................ 3-9 3.4.3 Power Generation and Delivery Alternative: Developing Gas-Powered Electricity Generating Stations in Nigeria, and Transmitting the Electrical Power to Benin, Ghana, and Togo ...... 3-10 3.4.4 Natural Gas Fuel Export Alternative: Converting the Gas to LNG or CNG and Exporting via Tanker or Road from Nigeria to Benin, Togo, and Ghana ................................................................. 3-11 3.4.5 Renewable Fuels Alternative: Meeting Electricity Generating Demands in Benin, Ghana, and Togo with Renewable Resources (Hydropower, Solar, Wind, Agrofuels) ...................................................... 3-12 3.4.6 Project-Level Alternatives Rankings .............................................. 3-13 Overall Pipeline Routing Options............................................................... 3-18 3.5.1 Onshore Option............................................................................... 3-20 3.5.2 Offshore Option .............................................................................. 3-21 3.5.3 Onshore/Offshore Option Selected Overall Routing Option ....... 3-21 3.5.4 Comparison and Selection of Proposed Option .............................. 3-22 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 3-23

Chapter 4 Project Design Alternatives ............................................................................. 4-1 4.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Evaluation Criteria for Alternatives.............................................................. 4-1 4.3 Routing Options from Existing Gas Transmission Network to Coastal Compressor Station................................................................................................... 4-8 4.3.1 Selection Criteria for Onshore Route from Alagbado Tee to Compressor Station Site................................................................................ 4-8 4.3.2 Onshore Routing Options within Nigeria ......................................... 4-8 4.3.3 Extending Pipeline Onshore for Gas Delivery to Benin................. 4-12 4.4 Onshore Lateral and R&M Station Alternatives......................................... 4-15 4.4.1 Onshore Lateral and R&M Station Alternatives in Benin .............. 4-15 4.4.2 Onshore Lateral Alternatives in Togo............................................. 4-15 4.5 Design Considerations ................................................................................ 4-16 4.5.1 Sizing of Offshore Pipeline and Midline Compression Facilities .. 4-16 4.5.2 Future Compression Facilities at Takoradi ..................................... 4-16 4.6 Construction................................................................................................ 4-16 4.6.1 Pipeline Construction Methods....................................................... 4-16 4.6.2 Equipment Transport to Compressor Station.................................. 4-17 4.6.3 Ancillary Facility Construction....................................................... 4-18 4.7 Commissioning and Start-up....................................................................... 4-20 4.7.1 Treatment of Hydrotest Water Prior to Discharge.......................... 4-20 4.7.2 Discharge of Hydrotest Water ........................................................ 4-20 4.8 Project Operations....................................................................................... 4-20June 2004 Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 iii

Table of Contents

4.8.1 Liquid Storage Tanks...................................................................... 4-20 4.8.2 Waste Management......................................................................... 4-20 4.8.3 Sanitary Waste Water Disposal ...................................................... 4-21 4.8.4 Stormwater Management ................................................................ 4-21 4.8.5 Utilities............................................................................................ 4-21 Chapter 5 Existing Situation.............................................................................................. 5-1 Overview................................................................................................................... 5-1 Natural Environment..................................................................................... 5-1 Onshore ......................................................................................................... 5-1 Offshore ........................................................................................................ 5-2 Human Environment..................................................................................... 5-3 5.1 Existing Environment and Resources ........................................................... 5-3 5.1.1 Onshore Environment ....................................................................... 5-7 5.1.2 Offshore Environment .................................................................... 5-58 5.1.3 Ecologically Sensitive Areas .......................................................... 5-94 5.2 Existing Socioeconomic Situation .............................................................. 5-94 5.2.1 Introduction on Data Sources and SIA Methodology..................... 5-94 5.2.2 Background and Geographic Detail................................................ 5-96 5.2.3 Macroeconomic Overview.............................................................. 5-99 5.2.4 Population and Demographics National, Regional, and Local .... 5-99 5.2.5 Ethnic and Cultural Background................................................... 5-102 5.2.6 Historical and Cultural Resources ................................................ 5-104 5.2.7 Infrastructure and Quality of Life ................................................. 5-105 5.2.8 Education ...................................................................................... 5-107 5.2.9 Land Tenure and Residential Ownership...................................... 5-108 5.2.10 Land and Water Use...................................................................... 5-109 5.2.11 Energy Consumption .................................................................... 5-110 5.2.12 Microeconomic Situation.............................................................. 5-111 5.3 Existing Public Health Situation............................................................... 5-119 5.3.1 Health Infrastructure ..................................................................... 5-120 5.3.2 Health Indicators........................................................................... 5-123 5.3.3 Food and Nutrition........................................................................ 5-124 5.4 Existing Safety Situation........................................................................... 5-124 5.4.1 Overview....................................................................................... 5-124 5.4.2 Institutions Responsible for Health Care Delivery ....................... 5-125 5.4.3 Institutions Responsible for Fire Fighting .................................... 5-126 5.4.4 Institutions Responsible for Disaster Management ...................... 5-127 5.5 Stakeholder Consultations ........................................................................ 5-127 5.6 Oversight and Monitoring Agencies......................................................... 5-130 Chapter 6 Impact Assessment............................................................................................ 6-1 Overview................................................................................................................... 6-1 Beneficial Impacts ........................................................................................ 6-1 Direct Negative Impacts ............................................................................... 6-2 Emergency and Upset Conditions................................................................. 6-5 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts.............................................................. 6-6June 2004 Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 iv

Table of Contents

6.1 6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.8

6.9

Introduction................................................................................................... 6-6 Project Activities and Affected Media.......................................................... 6-8 6.2.1 Project Activities............................................................................... 6-8 6.2.2 Affected Media ................................................................................. 6-9 Comprehensive Impacts Identification/Screening ...................................... 6-11 6.3.1 Overview......................................................................................... 6-11 6.3.2 Impact Identification Process.......................................................... 6-11 6.3.3 Impact Screening/Identification of Focus Areas............................. 6-12 6.3.4 Impact Screening Results................................................................ 6-13 Impact Severity Assessment Methodology................................................. 6-19 6.4.1 Significance Criteria ....................................................................... 6-19 6.4.2 Likelihood Criteria.......................................................................... 6-29 6.4.3 Severity Matrix and Conclusions.................................................... 6-29 6.4.4 Application of the Severity Assessment Methodology................... 6-30 6.4.5 Uncertainties ................................................................................... 6-32 Beneficial Impacts ...................................................................................... 6-32 6.5.1 Beneficial Environmental Impacts.................................................. 6-37 6.5.2 Beneficial Socioeconomic Impacts................................................. 6-37 6.5.3 Community Development/Health and Safety Benefits................... 6-44 Potential Onshore Impacts .......................................................................... 6-46 6.6.1 Site Preparation and Construction .................................................. 6-46 6.6.2 Commissioning and Start-up......................................................... 6-179 6.6.3 Operations and Maintenance......................................................... 6-184 6.7.2 Commissioning and Start-up......................................................... 6-220 6.7.3 Operations and Maintenance......................................................... 6-224 6.7.4 Decommissioning ......................................................................... 6-227 Emergency and Upset Conditions............................................................. 6-227 6.8.1 Controlled Gas Release................................................................. 6-228 6.8.2 Uncontrolled Gas Release............................................................. 6-228 6.8.3 Fire ................................................................................................ 6-232 6.8.4 Explosion ...................................................................................... 6-233 6.8.5 Offshore Fuel Spills ...................................................................... 6-235 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts.......................................................... 6-236 6.9.1 Environmental Secondary Impacts ............................................... 6-236 6.9.2 Socioeconomic Secondary Impacts .............................................. 6-239 6.9.3 Upstream Development Impacts................................................... 6-239 6.9.4 Health and Safety Secondary Impacts .......................................... 6-241 6.9.5 Cumulative Impacts ...................................................................... 6-241

Chapter 7 Mitigation and Amelioration Measures.......................................................... 7-1 7.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Required General Mitigation Measures ........................................................ 7-3 7.3 Required Specific Mitigation Measures........................................................ 7-3 7.4 Potential Mitigation Measures .................................................................... 7-20 7.4.1 Utilize Horizontal Directional Drilling for Wetland Crossings...... 7-20 7.4.2 Perform the Shore Crossing from the North Side of the Lagos Lagoon Thus Avoiding the Barrier Island ...................................... 7-22June 2004 Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 v

Table of Contents

7.4.3

Residual High Impacts from Onshore Construction in Nigeria...... 7-22

Chapter 8 Health, Safety, and Environmental Management Plan................................. 8-1 8.1 Health, Safety, and Environmental Management System ............................ 8-3 8.1.1 Operational Controls......................................................................... 8-5 8.1.2 Change Management ...................................................................... 8-11 8.1.3 Biological and Cultural Resource Chance Finds ............................ 8-13 8.2 Monitoring .................................................................................................. 8-14 8.2.1 Performance/Implementation Monitoring ...................................... 8-14 8.2.2 Empirical Monitoring...................................................................... 8-14 8.2.3 Monitoring Oversight Responsibilities ........................................... 8-20 8.3 WAPCo Human Resources, Roles, Responsibilities, and Authority.......... 8-20 8.4 EPC Contractors.......................................................................................... 8-25 8.5 Government Regulatory Agencies.............................................................. 8-27 8.6 Financial Resources .................................................................................... 8-28 8.7 Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building..................................... 8-30 8.8 Reporting..................................................................................................... 8-30 8.9 Health, Safety, and Environment Management Plan Sections ................... 8-32 8.9.1 Land Use ......................................................................................... 8-32 8.9.2 Topography, Geology, and Soils .................................................... 8-36 8.9.3 Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology ....................................................................................... 8-41 8.9.4 Air Quality ...................................................................................... 8-49 8.9.5 Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Waste............................................... 8-54 8.9.6 Cultural Conditions......................................................................... 8-58 8.9.7 Socioeconomic Conditions ............................................................. 8-62 8.9.8 Public and Worker Health and Safety............................................. 8-67 8.9.9 Emergency Preparedness and Response ......................................... 8-71 Chapter 9 Nigeria Conclusion............................................................................................ 9-1

June 2004

Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1

vi

Table of Contents

References Appendices Appendix 1-A: Appendix 1-B: EIA Terms of Reference Applicable Local and International Regulations

Appendix 2A-1: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analyses Appendix 2A-2: Natural Gas Sources and Transmission Infrastructure (Upstream of WAGP) Appendix 2-B: Appendix 2-C: Appendix 2-D: Appendix 2-E: Appendix 2-F: Appendix 5-A: Appendix 5-B: Appendix 5-C: Appendix 5-D: Appendix 6-A: Appendix 6-B: Appendix 6-C: Appendix 7-A: Appendix 7-B: Appendix 8-A: Appendix 8-B: WAGP Waste Estimates WAGP ROW Access Policy Onshore-Offshore Commissioning Procedures and Specifications List Onshore-Offshore Technical Specifications List Potential Hazardous Materials First Season EBS Second Season EBS SPI Study Report Stakeholder Consultations Anchor Handling Air Quality Impact Assessment Qualitative Risk Assessments Mitigation Measures for Baobab Tree in Tema HIV/AIDS Policy Project Execution Plan Chapter 15: HSE Plan Operational Controls

8B1.0 Tier 1: WAGP HSE Policy Statement 8B2.0 Tier 2: WAGP HSE Management System Procedures 8B2.1 WAGP External Communications Procedures (To Be Developed) 8B2.2 HES Training 8B2.3 HES Audit Protocol 8B2.4 WAGP Management of Change 8B2.5 WAGP Compliance and Permitting Plan 8B2.5.1 WAGP Project Authorizations 8B2.5.2 WAGP Pipelines Hydrotesting Discharge Ecotoxicity Testing Plan (Rev A) 8B2.5.3 WAGP Waste Water Discharge Controls (To Be Developed) 8B2.5.4 WAGP Stormwater Management Plan 8B2.5.5 WAGP Air Emissions Management ProcedureJune 2004 Nigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 vii

Table of Contents

8B2.5.6 WAGP Project Execution Plan Chapter 21: Operations Plan 8B2.6 WAGP Waste Management Plan 8B2.7 Emergency Response 8B2.7.1 WAGP Spill Prevention and Control Procedure 8B2.8 WAGP Habitat, Biological, Cultural Resource Management Procedures 8B 2.8.1 ROW Reinstatement Criteria 8B 2.8.2 Proposed Wetland PL Construction Methods Study 8B 2.8.3 WAGP Sea Turtle Nesting Protection Procedure 8B 2.8.4 WAGP Chance Finds and Archeological Salvage Procedure 8B 2.8.5 WAGP Anchor Handling 8B 2.8.6 WAGP Procedure for Preventing Salt Water Intrusion into Fresh Water Lagoons and Creeks 8B2.9 Incident Investigation Procedure 8B3.0 WAGP Land Acquisition and Right of Way (ROW) Management Procedure 8B3.1 WAGP Resettlement Action Plan 8B3.2 WAGP ROW Access Policy 8B4.0 Risk Management 8B4.1 Onshore Pipeline and Facilities Design Basis 8B4.2 WAGP Environmental Design Basis 8B4.3 WAGP Loss Prevention Design Basis 8B4.4 Onshore Offshore Specifications List 8B5.0 WAGP Contractor Management Procedures 8B5.1 Exhibit F: HSE Standards 8B5.2 Exhibit N: WAGP Security Plan 8B5.3 Exhibit K: Drugs Standard-IFT Appendix 8-C: Environmental and Social Advisory Panel Terms of Reference

June 2004


viii

Table of Contents

List of FiguresFigure ES-1 Figure 1.1-1 Figure 1.1-2 Figure 1.1-4 Figure 2.1-1 Figure 2.1-2 Figure 2.4-1 Figure 2.4-2 Figure 2.4-3 Figure 2.4-4 Figure 2.4-5 Figure 2.4-6 Figure 2.8-1 Figure 2.8-2 Figure 2.8-3 Figure 2.8-4 Figure 2.8-5 Figure 2.8-6 Figure 2.8-7 Figure 2.8-8 Figure 3.5-1 Figure 4.3-1 Figure 4.3-2 Figure 5.1-1 Figure 5.1-2 Figure 5.1-3 Figure 5.1-4 West Africa Gas Pipeline Project Area....................................................... ES-2 West African Gas Pipeline Project Route...................................................... 1-2 WAGP Onshore Route in Nigeria.................................................................. 1-3 WAGP Reserved Capacity No VALCO Scenario .................................. 1-7 Proposed Pipeline Route ................................................................................ 2-3 Overall WAGP System Schematic Diagram ................................................. 2-7 Alagbado Site Location................................................................................ 2-17 Alagbado Tie-in Site .................................................................................... 2-21 Pipeline Route in Relation to Tee and Compressor Station ..................... 2-27 Compressor Station Site Location ............................................................... 2-32 Compressor Station Configuration .............................................................. 2-35 Flare Stack Location in Compressor Station ............................................... 2-41 Proposed Road Transport Route from Lagos............................................... 2-67 Pipeline Installation Methods in Uplands: Trenching ................................. 2-73 Pipeline Installation Methods for Road Crossings: Thrust Boring.............. 2-74 Typical Trenching Operation in Wetlands................................................... 2-79 Typical HDD Operation............................................................................... 2-81 Approximate Location of Temporary Unloading Facility and Access Road Relative to Compressor Station .......................................................... 2-89 Typical Temporary Dock Construction ....................................................... 2-91 Shore Crossing by HDD .............................................................................. 2-95 Overall Routing Options .............................................................................. 3-20 Routing Options in Nigeria: East-of-Lagos and West-of-Lagos Routes A, B and C...................................................................................................... 4-9 Benin Onshore Routing Alternatives ........................................................... 4-13 Location of the WAGP Project Within Nigeria from Alagbado Tee to Badagry...................................................................................................... 5-4 Onshore Sampling Locations in Nigeria........................................................ 5-6 Borehole Lithology ...................................................................................... 5-13 Direction of Groundwater Flow................................................................... 5-13

June 2004


ix

Table of Contents

Figure 5.1-5 Figure 5.1-6 Figure 5.1-7 Figure 5.1-8 Figure 5.1-9

Diurnal Variation in Ambient Air and Tidal Water Temperature in the Project Area ................................................................................................. 5-25 Water Temperature Related to Air Temperature in the Project Area .......... 5-26 Overall Mean Values of Pollutant Gases and Noise Levels Obtained at the Compressor Site Dry Season EBS ...................................................... 5-33 Offshore Stations Surface Water Metal Concentrations for Nigeria.......... 5-62 Offshore Stations Surface Water Nutrient Concentrations for Nigeria...... 5-62

Figure 5.1-10 Offshore Stations Surface Water Alkalinity and COD Concentrations for Nigeria.................................................................................................... 5-63 Figure 5.1-11 Distribution of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons for Nigeria Station N04C............. 5-64 Figure 5.1-12 Comparison of Mean PAHs Across Nigeria Sampling Locations............... 5-65 Figure 5.1-13 Distribution of Total Phytoplankton Abundance at Sampling Stations Off Nigeria ................................................................................................... 5-69 Figure 5.1-14 Distribution of Total Zooplankton Abundance at Sampling Stations Off Nigeria.......................................................................................................... 5-69 Figure 5.1-15 Distribution of Species Richness (S) by Country - Wet Season EBS.......... 5-70 Figure 5.1-16 Benthic Macrofauna Distribution on Main Pipeline Route in Nigeria ........ 5-72 Figure 5.1-17 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Diversity Index Distribution on Main Pipeline Route in Nigeria............................................................................. 5-72 Figure 5.1-18 Benthic Macrofauna Distribution Along the Nigeria Lateral ...................... 5-73 Figure 5.1-19 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Diversity Index Along the Nigeria Lateral .......................................................................................................... 5-73 Figure 5.1-20 Occurrence of Dominant Sedentary Polychaetes Across Countries ............ 5-74 Figure 5.1-21 Occurrence of Dominant Errant Polychaetes Across Countries .................. 5-75 Figure 5.1-22 Occurrence of Dominant Sedentary Polychaetes for the Entire Offshore Study Area ................................................................................................... 5-75 Figure 5.1-23 Occurrence of Dominant Errant Polychaetes for the Entire Offshore Study Area ................................................................................................... 5-76 Figure 5.1-24 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Distribution Along the Diagonal of Nigeria Wet Season EBS .......................................................................... 5-77 Figure 5.1-25 Offshore Benthic Macrofauna Diversity index Distribution Along the Nigeria Diagonal Wet Season EBS........................................................... 5-77 Figure 5.1-26 Abundance and Distribution of Major Macrobenthic Fauna Group at Replicate Stations......................................................................................... 5-78 Figure 5.1-27 Distribution of Diversity at Replicate Stations ............................................ 5-78

June 2004


x

Table of Contents

Figure 5.1-28 Catch Rates Along Pipeline in Nigeria ........................................................ 5-80 Figure 5.1-29 Catch Rates at Indicated Depth Ranges Along the Laterals ........................ 5-81 Figure 5.1-30 Shannon Diversity Index of Fisheries Species Along the Laterals and Main Pipeline ............................................................................................... 5-82 Figure 5.1-31 Shannon Diversity Index Values Wet Season EBS ................................... 5-83 Figure 5.1-32 Catch Rates by Depth Range on the Laterals Wet Season EBS ............... 5-84 Figure 5.1-33 Catch Rates at Stations off Nigeria Wet Season EBS............................... 5-85 Figure 5.1-34 Catch Rates at Stations Along Main WAGP Pipeline Route Wet Season EBS .......................................................................................... 5-85 Figure 5.1-35 Black Tern.................................................................................................... 5-86 Figure 5.1-36 Royal Tern ................................................................................................... 5-86 Figure 5.1-37 Humpback Whale......................................................................................... 5-87 Figure 5.1-38 Humpback Whale Breaching ....................................................................... 5-87 Figure 5.2-1 Figure 5.2-2 Figure 6.1-1 Figure 6.4-3 Figure 6.6-1 Figure 6.6-2 Figure 6.6-3 Figure 6.6-4 Figure 6.6-5 Figure 6.6-6 Figure 6.6-7 Figure 6.6-8 Figure 6.6-9 Communities Map for Onshore Pipeline Route, Nigeria............................. 5-97 West African Gas Pipeline Equipment/Material Delivery Route .............. 5-106 Impact Assessment Methodology .................................................................. 6-7 Severity Matrix ............................................................................................ 6-30 Land Use in Nigeria Project Area................................................................ 6-53 ypical Upland ROW Land Cover................................................................. 6-55 Current Land Cover at Proposed Compressor Station Site.......................... 6-61 Location of Horizontal Direction Drilling Footprint ................................... 6-69 Alagbado Tee Existing Installation .......................................................... 6-76 Thrust-boring for Road-Crossing................................................................. 6-85 ...................................................................................................................... 6-86 ...................................................................................................................... 6-86 ...................................................................................................................... 6-87

Figure 6.6-10 ...................................................................................................................... 6-87 Figure 6.6-11 Options for Transport of Heavy Equipment to Compressor Station.......... 6-137 Figure 6.6-12 Transportation Routes in Nigeria............................................................... 6-143 Figure 6.7-1 Small Fishing Boat Typical of Nearshore Area (observed in Ghana) ....... 6-202

Figure 6.7-2a Plankton Sampling During the First Season Offshore Baseline Survey.... 6-204

June 2004


xi

Table of Contents

Figure 6.7-2b Plankton Sampling During the First Season Offshore Baseline Survey.... 6-204 Figure 6.7-3 Documenting Water Quality (Color) During First Season EBS................ 6-212

Figure 8.3-1a WAPCo HSE Organization Chart............................................................... 8-20 Figure 8.3-1b WAGP Construction Management Agreement Organization..................... 8-21 Figure 8.3-1c WAPCo O&M Organization, Phase 4/5 ..................................................... 8-21

June 2004


xii

Table of Contents

List of TablesTable ES-1 Table 1.2-1 Table 1.2-2 Table 1.2-3 Table 1.3-1 Table 1.3-2 Table 1.3-3 Table 1.3-4 Table 2.1-1 Table 2.1-2 Table 2.2-1 Table 2.2-2 Table 2.2-3 Table 2.3-1 Table 2.3-2 Table 2.3-3 Table 2.4-1 Table 2.4-2 Table 2.4-3 Table 2.4-4 Table 2.4-5 Table 2.6-1 Table 2.7-1 Summary of WAGP Project High and Moderate Severity Impact by Project Activity, Planned Mitigation, and Residual Impact Severity ....... ES-19 Basic Development Indicators ....................................................................... 1-8 Value of Global Warming Damages Avoided ............................................. 1-12 Estimated Air Pollutant Emission Reductions due to WAGP ..................... 1-13 National/Local Legislation Relevant to the Federal Republic of Nigeria.... 1-17 Summary of Relevant Regional and International Regulatory Instruments 1-18 WAGP and World Bank Safeguard Issues .................................................. 1-28 WAGP and OPIC Prohibitions .................................................................... 1-34 Pipeline Lengths and Lateral Sizes ................................................................ 2-6 Ancillary Systems and Facilities and Their Locations .................................. 2-9 Predicted Fuel Gas Compositions................................................................ 2-11 Predicted Fuel Gas Property ........................................................................ 2-12 WAGP Gas Pipeline Receipt Gas Quality Specification............................. 2-12 Expected Gas Delivery Demand.................................................................. 2-13 High-Case Demand and Maximum Capacity of Pipeline............................ 2-13 Foundation Customer Developments........................................................... 2-14 ...................................................................................................................... 2-15 Nigeria Onshore Pipeline............................................................................. 2-26 Lagos Beach Compressor Station ................................................................ 2-31 Blowdown Volume and Rates at the Compressor Station ........................... 2-43 Offshore Pipeline ......................................................................................... 2-47 Blowdown Volume and Rates for All Segments ......................................... 2-58 Preliminary Engineering Phase Reviews ..................................................... 2-59

Table 2.7-2 Design Codes for Major Pipeline Components ................................................ 2-61 Table 2.8-1 Table 2.8-2 Table 2.8-3 Table 2.8-4 Raw Materials Required for Construction of Tee Facilities..................... 2-65 Occurrence of Road Crossings During Onshore Pipeline Installation in Nigeria ..................................................................................................... 2-77 Occurrence of River, Stream and Wetland Crossings in Nigeria ................ 2-84 Raw Materials Required for Installation of Onshore Pipeline..................... 2-86

June 2004


xiii

Table of Contents

Table 2.8-5 Table 2.8-6 Table 2.8-7 Table 2.8-8 Table 2.8-9 Table 2.9-1 Table 2.9-2

Raw Materials Required for Construction of Lagos Beach Facilities ......... 2-94 Raw Materials Required for Installation of Shore Crossings by HDD........ 2-97 Raw Materials Required for Installation of Offshore Pipeline .................. 2-100 Raw Materials Required for Line Pipe Coating (30in pipe) ...................... 2-101 Wastes Generated....................................................................................... 2-102 Location and Volume of Water Displacement/Discharge ......................... 2-103 Location and Volume of Hydrotest Water Discharge................................ 2-104

Table 2.13-1 Remaining Uncertainties............................................................................ 2-109 Table 3.3-1 Table 3.4-1 Table 3.4-2 Table 3.4-3 Table 3.5-1 Table 4.1-1 Table 5.1-1 Table 5.1-2 Table 5.1-3 Table 5.1-4 Table 5.1-5 Table 5.1-6 World Bank Draft EFA Summary of Alternatives ........................................ 3-7 Cost Comparison of Fuels............................................................................ 3-13 Comparative Assessment of Project-Level Alternatives ............................. 3-14 Comparative Evaluation of Project-level Alternatives ................................ 3-19 Overall Routing Options Critical Factors ................................................. 3-22 Overview of Alternatives Relating to Design Aspects .................................. 4-2 Land Cover Estimates for Proposed ROW .................................................... 5-7 Broad Community Characterizations in the Project Area.............................. 5-7 Sedimentary Formations in the Overall Nigeria Onshore Project Area ...... 5-10 Summary of the Hydrogeophysical Characteristics at the Six VES Stations......................................................................................................... 5-12 Groundwater Trace Metals Concentrations (ppm)* .................................... 5-14 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content (ppm) of the Groundwater at the Proposed Compressor Station Site ..................................................... 5-14

Table 5.1-7a Mean Particle Size Distribution of Soils from the Different Habitats Within the Coastal Area............................................................................... 5-16 Table 5.1-7b Average Chemical Characteristics of Soils in the Different Habitats Within the Coastal Area Dry Season EBS................................................ 5-16 Table 5.1-7c Average Chemical Characteristics of Soils in the Different Habitats Within the Barrier Island (Coastal Area) Wet Season EBS...................... 5-17 Table 5.1-8 Table 5.1-9 Heavy Metal Concentrations (ppm) of Soils in the Different Habitats Within the Coastal Area............................................................................... 5-17 Mean Particle Size Distribution of Soils from Habitats Within the Inland Area............................................................................................. 5-19

June 2004


xiv

Table of Contents

Table 5.1-10a Average Chemical Characteristics of Soils in Habitats Within the Inland Area Dry Season EBS.................................................................... 5-19 Table 5.1-10b The Average Chemical Characteristics of Soils in the Different Habitats Within the Inland Area Wet Season EBS ................................................. 5-20 Table 5.1-11 Heavy Metal Concentrations (ppm) of Soils in the Different Habitats Within the Coastal Area............................................................................... 5-20 Table 5.1-12a Water Bodies Surveyed in January 2003 ..................................................... 5-22 Table 5.1-12b Physical Characteristics of Water in the Study Area (January 2003).......... 5-23 Table 5.1-13 Summary of Physical Characteristics of Water from Water Bodies Surveyed in the Study Area (January 2003) ................................................ 5-23 Table 5.1-14 Descriptive Statistics of Water Temperature in the Study Area (Morning and Afternoon)............................................................................. 5-24 Table 5.1-15 Parameters and Major Ions in the Investigated Water Bodies*................... 5-26 Table 5.1-16 Salinity Parameters and the Major Ions of the Major Water Bodies in the Project Area ....................................................................................... 5-27 Table 5.1-17 Project Area Water Body* Oxygen and Nutrient Compounds by Sample.......................................................................................................... 5-28 Table 5.1-18 Oxygen and Nutrient Compounds in Major Water Bodies* in the Project Area ................................................................................................. 5-28 Table 5.1-19 Descriptive Statistics of Heavy Metal Content of the Investigated Water Bodies*.............................................................................................. 5-29 Table 5.1-20 Heavy Metal Contents of Some Water Bodies* in the Study Area ............. 5-29 Table 5.1-21 Physical Characteristics of Sediments from Water Bodies in the Project Area ................................................................................................. 5-30 Table 5.1-22 Descriptive Statistics of pH, TOC and THC in Sediments From Water Bodies in the Project Area ........................................................................... 5-30 Table 5.1-23 Mean Values of Sediment pH, TOC and THC in Water Bodies in the Project Area ................................................................................................. 5-31 Table 5.1-24 Sediment pH, TOC and THC Wet Season EBS ...................................... 5-31 Table 5.1-25 Sediment Heavy Metal Concentrations at the Project Area Compared With Other African Environments (ppm) .................................................... 5-31 Table 5.1-26 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Sediments From the Project Area (ppm)............................................................................................................ 5-32 Table 5.1-27 Summary Results of Ambient Pollutant Gases and Noise Levels Obtained at the Compressor Site (February 2003) ...................................... 5-33

June 2004


xv

Table of Contents

Table 5.1-28 Summary Results of Ambient Pollutant Gases at the Compressor Site Wet Season EBS .......................................................................................... 5-34 Table 5.1-29 Biomass Estimates for the Herb Layer in the Different Habitat Types ....... 5-35 Table 5.1-30 Plant Species Composition Within the Strandline Zone Dry Season EBS5-36 Table 5.1-31 Plant Species Composition Within the Marsh Habitat ................................ 5-37 Table 5.1-32 Plant Species Composition in the Coastal Savanna Habitat ........................ 5-37 Table 5.1-33 Plant Species Composition in the Raphia Palm Dominated Swamp Dry Season EBS........................................................................................... 5-38 Table 5.1-34 Plant Species Composition in the Farms and Bush Fallows Dry Season EBS .............................................................................................................. 5-39 Table 5.1-35 Plant Species Composition Within the Secondary Forest Area Dry Season EBS.................................................................................................. 5-39 Table 5.1-36 Population Density of the Major Economic Plants Dry Season EBS....... 5-40 Table 5.1-37 Mammals in the Vicinity of the Proposed Pipeline ROW Dry Season EBS .............................................................................................................. 5-41 Table 5.1-38 Birds Seen or Heard in the Vicinity of the Proposed Pipeline ROWa ......... 5-42 Table 5.1-39 Reptiles Reported to Occur in the Vicinity of the Proposed Pipeline ROWa ........................................................................................................... 5-43 Table 5.1-40 Amphibians Recorded in the Vicinity of the Proposed Pipeline ROWa ...... 5-44 Table 5.1-41 Average Dry Season Microbial Densities of Soil Samples from Part of the Project Area*.......................................................................................... 5-46 Table 5.1-42 Average Microbial Densities of Soil Samples from A Beach Transect of WAGP EIA Project (Dry Season)*.............................................................. 5-47 Table 5.1-43 Mean Numbers of Soil Microarthropods Extracted from the Soil in Different Habitat Types (Mean Based on Four Sampling Units) ................ 5-48 Table 5.1-44 Distribution of the Recorded Fish Species in the Study Area ..................... 5-50 Table 5.1-45 Average Microbial Densities of Water Samples from WAGP EIA Project* ........................................................................................................ 5-51 Table 5.1-46 Concentrations of Photosynthetic Pigments in the Investigated Water Bodies* ........................................................................................................ 5-51 Table 5.1-47 Variation in Photosynthetic Pigments in Relation to Tide Regime in the Study Area.............................................................................................. 5-52 Table 5.1-48 The Occurrence of Aquatic Macrophytes in the Study Area....................... 5-53 Table 5.1-49 Average Microbial Densities of Sediment Samples* .................................. 5-54

June 2004


xvi

Table of Contents

Table 5.1-50 Occurrence of Amphibian Tadpoles and Macroinvertebrate Animals Associated with Aquatic Macrophytes in the Selected Onshore Water Bodies................................................................................................ 5-55 Table 5.1-51 Summary of Species Richness, Abundance, Diversity, and Distribution of the Major Groups of Macrobenthic Fauna in the Project Area Sediment ...................................................................................................... 5-57 Table 5.1-52 Diversity of Macro-Invertebrate Sediment Fauna of the Investigated Water Bodies in Relation to Tidal Regime .................................................. 5-58 Table 5.1-53 Summary of Offshore Sediment Physicochemical Measurements for All Countries ...................................................................................................... 5-66 Table 5.1-54 Rapid Field Assessment of Sediment, Nigeria Stations............................... 5-67 Table 5.1-55 Results of Primary Productivity Recorded at Stations Offshore Nigeria in July, 2003................................................................................................. 5-71 Table 5.1-56 Dominant Species Recorded at the Laterals and Along the Main Pipeline Route with Catch Rates Wet Season EBS .................................. 5-84 Table 5.1-57 Marine Mammal Sightings During the October 2002 Geophysical Survey .......................................................................................................... 5-87 Table 5.1-58 State of Knowledge of Sea Turtle Presence in the Project Area and Environs ....................................................................................................... 5-88 Table 5.1-59 Officially Protected Species Known to Occur in the Project Area.............. 5-90 Table 5.2-1 Table 5.2-2 Table 5.2-3 Table 5.2-4 Table 5.2-5 Table 5.2-6 Table 5.2-7 Table 5.2-8 Table 5.2-9 Administrative Distribution of Communities Along the Pipeline ROW ..... 5-98 State Location of Surveyed Communities ................................................... 5-98 Population Density in Relevant LGAs in Lagos and Ogun States............. 5-100 Population Counts of Surveyed Communities and Population, 1996 and 2000............................................................................................ 5-101 Migratory Status of Households in Surveyed Communities...................... 5-102 Ethnic groups in the Surveyed Communities............................................. 5-103 Land and/or Water Ownership Around Dwellings in Surveyed Communities .............................................................................................. 5-108 Ownership Status of Residences in Surveyed Communities ..................... 5-109 Land Use Around Dwellings in Surveyed Communities........................... 5-110

Table 5.2-10 Affordability and Reliability of Energy Sources in Surveyed Communities .............................................................................................. 5-110 Table 5.2-11 Distribution of Energy Sources by Domestic Use in Surveyed Communities .............................................................................................. 5-111

June 2004


xvii

Table of Contents

Table 5.2-12 Employment Distribution by Occupation in the Surveyed Communities (population aged 14 and over)............................................. 5-112 Table 5.2-13 Employment Distribution by Type of Employer in the Surveyed Communities (population aged 14 and older)............................................ 5-112 Table 5.2-14 Crop Production Among Survey Communities ......................................... 5-113 Table 5.2-15 Livestock Rearing in Surveyed Communities ........................................... 5-114 Table 5.2-16 Fishing Methods Within Surveyed Communities...................................... 5-115 Table 5.2-17 Income Earners per Household in Surveyed Communities ....................... 5-116 Table 5.2-18 Household Annual Income Distribution in Surveyed Communities ......... 5-117 Table 5.2-19 Distribution of Household Expenditures in Surveyed Communities......... 5-118 Table 5.2-20 Ownership of Household Items in Surveyed Communities....................... 5-119 Table 5.3-1 Table 5.3-2 Table 5.3-3 Table 5.3-4 Table 5.3-5 Table 5.3-6 Table 5.5-1 Table 5.5-2 Table 5.5-3 Table 5.6-1 Table 6.2-1 Table 6.2-2 Table 6.2-3 Table 6.3-1 Table 6.3-2 Table 6.4-1 Reliance of Surveyed Households on Water Source Type ........................ 5-120 Proximity of Surveyed Households to Most Frequently Used Water Supply Sources........................................................................................... 5-121 Sanitation: Household Human Waste Disposal Methods in Surveyed Communities .............................................................................................. 5-122 Sanitation: Household Non-human Waste Disposal Methods in Surveyed Communities.............................................................................. 5-122 Household Health Care Utilization by Type of Provider and Facility....... 5-123 Incidence of Illness and Disease in Surveyed Households, 2002.............. 5-124 WAGP Stakeholder Consultation Summary All WAGP Countries ....... 5-128 WAGP Stakeholder Consultation Summary Nigeria.............................. 5-129 WAGP Consultation Summary by Country and Individual Stakeholder ................................................................................................ 5-129 Government Agencies and Responsibilities for Regulatory Oversight in Nigeria........................................................................................................ 5-130 General On- and Offshore Project Activities................................................. 6-9 Initial Screening List of Affected Media ..................................................... 6-10 Post Screening List of Affected Media........................................................ 6-10 Screening Results: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Focus Areas (March 2003) ............................................................... 6-14 Screening Results: Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impact Focus Areas (March 2003) .................................................. 6-18 Negative Impact Significance Levels and Criteria ...................................... 6-23

June 2004


xviii

Table of Contents

Table 6.4-2 Table 6.4-4 Table 6.5-1 Table 6.6-1 Table 6.6-2 Table 6.6-3 Table 6.6-4 Table 6.6-5 Table 6.6-6 Table 6.6-7 Table 6.6-8 Table 6.6-9

Likelihood Criteria....................................................................................... 6-29 How Uncertainties are Addressed in the Impact Assessment...................... 6-33 Local Content Value in Millions of Dollars (and as percentage of total project capital cost) ...................................................................................... 6-39 Severity Assessment: Nigeria Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts ........................................................................... 6-48 Construction Equipment Noise Levels ........................................................ 6-65 Estimated Total Air Emissions for Site Preparation and Construction Phase (metric tons for entire phase)........................................................... 6-125 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Truck Movements to and from Upland Construction Sites ......................................................................... 6-127 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Mobile Generator Operation at Upland Construction Sites ......................................................................... 6-128 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Truck Movements to and from Tee .......................................................................................................... 6-131 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Mobile Generator Operation at Tee .......................................................................................................... 6-132 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arsing from Mobile Generator Operation at Compressor Station Site............................................................................. 6-134 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Truck Transportation of Heavy Equipment from Port of Lagos .................................................................. 6-135

Table 6.6-10 Diesel Exhaust Emissions Arising from Truck Transportation of Pipe Lengths from Port Harcourt to the Coating Facility .................................. 6-140 Table 6.6-11 Land Use in Nigeria ROW......................................................................... 6-153 Table 6.7-1 Table 6.7-2 Table 6.7-3 Table 6.7-4 Table 6.7-5 Table 6.8-1 Table 6.8-2 Table 6.8-3 Table 6.8-4 Severity Assessment: Nigeria Environmental, Socioeconomic, and Health and Safety Impacts ......................................................................... 6-199 Air Emissions per Day per Offshore Fleet................................................. 6-216 Air Emissions per Day per Nearshore Fleet .............................................. 6-217 Maximum Discharge/Fill Flow Rates 0.9 meter/second pig speed ........... 6-222 Nominal Discharge/Fill Flow Rates 0.6 meter/second pig speed .............. 6-222 Possible Causes of an Uncontrolled Gas Release ...................................... 6-229 Receptors Potentially Affected by Gas Release......................................... 6-229 Possible Causes of Fire .............................................................................. 6-232 Receptors Potentially Affected by Fire...................................................... 6-232

June 2004


xix

Table of Contents

Table 6.8-5 Table 7.2-1 Table 7.3-1 Table 8-1 Table 8.2-1

Receptors Potentially Affected by Explosion ............................................ 6-234 Required General Mitigation Measures by Impact Category, and Potential Impact ............................................................................................. 7-4 Required Specific Mitigation Measures by Impact Category...................... 7-14 [Impact] Section of the WAPCo HSEMP...................................................... 8-3 Summary of WAPCo Empirical Monitoring ............................................... 8-15

Table 8.9-1a Land Use Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .................................................. 8-33 Table 8.9-1b Land Use Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .................................................. 8-34 Table 8.9-2a Topography, Geology, and Soils Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............. 8-37 Table 8.9-2b Topography, Geology, and Soils Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............. 8-39 Table 8.9-3a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .................................................................. 8-42 Table 8.9-3a Habitats, Biological Resources, Water Resources, and Hydrology Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .................................................................. 8-45 Table 8.9-4a Air Quality Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................................... 8-50 Table 8.9-4b Air Quality Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ............................................... 8-52 Table 8.9-5a Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Waste Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ....... 8-55 Table 8.9-5b Solid, Liquid, and Hazardous Waste Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ....... 8-56 Table 8.9-6a Cultural Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSEMP.................................. 8-59 Table 8.9-6b Cultural Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSEMP.................................. 8-60 Table 8.9-7a Socioeconomic Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ...................... 8-63 Table 8.9-7b Socioeconomic Conditions Section of the WAPCo HSEMP ...................... 8-64 Table 8.9-8a Public and Worker Health and Safety Section of the WAPCo HSEMP...... 8-68 Table 8.9-8b Public and Worker Health and Safety Section of the WAPCo HSEMP...... 8-69 Table 8.9-9a Emergency Preparedness and Response Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .. 8-72 Table 8.9-9b Emergency Preparedness and Response Section of the WAPCo HSEMP .. 8-73

June 2004


xx

Acronyms and AbbreviationsAcronym or Abbreviation AASHTO ABE ABS AC acfh ACI AES Ag AGI AID AIDS AISC AIT AIW Al ALARP AML ANSI API As ASCE ASME ASNT ASTM atm AVR AWS Meaning American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials Benin Environmental Agency American Bureau of Shipping Alternating Current Actual Cubic Feet per Hour American Concrete Institute Engineering Company Silver Above Ground Installation Agency for International Development Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome American Institute of Steel Construction Auto Ignition Temperature Atlantic Intermediate Water Aluminum As Low As Reasonably Practical Approved Manufacturers List American National Standard Institute American Petroleum Institute Arsenic American Society for Civil Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society of Non-Destructive Testing American Society for Testing and Materials Atmosphere Automatic Voltage Regulation American Welding Society

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronym or Abbreviation B Ba BA BAT Bbl Bcf BDV BHP BME BMP BOD BP BPT Br BS BS EN Btu C C Ca CaCO3 CADD CAE CAPEX CBD CBO cc CCR CCTV Boron Barium Breathing Air

Meaning

Best Available Technology API Barrel Billion cubic feet Blowdown Valve Break Horse Power Benin Ministere de lEnvironnement Best Management Practice Biological Oxygen Demand Best Practice Best Practicable Control Technology Bromine British Standard British Standard Euro-Norm British Thermal Units Celsius Celsius Calcium Calcium Carbonate Computer Aided Design and Drafting Computer Aided Engineering Capital Expenditure Convention on Biological Diversity Community Based Organization Cubic centimeter Central Control Room Closed Circuit Television

June 2004


AA-2


Acronym or Abbreviation Cd CDC CDM CEB CEDA CFA CFAF CFC CFR CFU CH4 CIA CII CITES Clcm CMMS CMS CMT CNG CNL CO CO2 COD COLREG CP CPDEP Cadmium

Meaning Centralized Dispatch Center Clean Development Mechanism (Kyoto protocols Greenhouse Gas Reduction) Communaut Elctrique du Bnin Center for Environment and Development in Africa Communaute Financiere Africaine (African Financial Community) Communaute Financiere Africaine Franc Chlorofluorocarbon Code of Federal Regulations Colony Forming Unit Methane Central Intelligence Agency Construction Industry Institute Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Chloride Centimeters Computerized Maintenance Management System Consortium Electric Power Consortium Management Team Compressed Natural Gas Chevron Nigeria Limited Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Chemical Oxygen Demand Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea Cathodic Protection ChevronTexaco Project Development and Execution Plan

June 2004


AA-3


Acronym or Abbreviation CPI CPT CPU CPUE Cr CR CRA CRT CSC Cu CWAG D dbh dB dBA DC DCS DD DDET DGPS DIN DNV DO DOI DP DPR DPS DSC E Cone Penetration Test Central Processor Unit Catch per unit effort Chromium Critically Endangered

Meaning Chemical Process Industries

Corrosion Resistant Alloy Cathode Ray Tube Convention on the Continental Shelf Copper Chevron West African Gas Normal Outside Diameter Diameter Breast Height Decibels Decibels weighted to A scale Direct Current Distributed Control System Due Diligence Department of Properties, Registration and of Stamps Digital Global Positioning System Deutsche Industrie-Norm (German Industrial Standard) Det Norske Veritas Dissolved Oxygen Declaration of Isolation Dynamic Positioning Department of Petroleum Resources Dynamic Positioning System Decision Support Center East

June 2004


AA-4


Acronym or Abbreviation EA EAP EBS EC ECC ECOWAS EEMUA EFAT EFD EGASPIN EG&S EIA EIS EJMA ELP EMC EMP EMS EN EN EPA EPC EPZ ER ERML ERP ERT ESD External Affairs

Meaning Environmental Action Plan Environmental Baseline Survey Electrical Conductivity Equatorial Counter Current Economic Community of West African States Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association Emergency First Aid Teams Engineering Flow Diagram Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria Environmental Guidelines and Standards Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Study Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association Escravos Lagos Pipeline Electromagnetic Compatibility Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management System Endangered Euronorm Environmental Protection Agency Engineering, Procurement, Construction Export Processing Zone Emergency Response Environmental Resources Managers Limited Emergency Response Plan Emergency Response Team Emergency Shutdown

June 2004


AA-5


Acronym or Abbreviation ESDV ESI ESIA ESL ESS et al. ETZ F F&G F&S FAO FAT FAU FBE FC FCA Fe FEED FEL FEPA FID FIN FMEA FMEnv FMOE FO FOB FOS

Meaning Emergency Shutdown Valve Environmental Sensitivity Index Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Environmental Solutions, Ltd. Emergency Support System Et alli (and others) Eastern Tropical Zone Fahrenheit Fire and Gas Fire and Smoke Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations Factory Acceptance Testing Formazin Attenuation Unit Fusion Bonded Epoxy Fail Closed Failure Characteristic Analysis Iron Front End Engineering Design Front End Loading Federal Environmental Protection Agency Final Investment Decision Facilities Information Network Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Federal Ministry of the Environment Federal Minister of the Environment Fail Open Free on Board Federal Office of Statistics

June 2004


AA-6


Acronym or Abbreviation FRP Ft G Gal GC GDP GEF GEPA GEST Gg GHG GIEC GNPC GOg LME GPHA GRE GRP GSS GTA GTG H2CO3 H2S ha HAT HAZAN HAZID Feet Gram Gallon Guinea Current

Meaning Fiber Reinforced Plastic

Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Fund Ghana Environmental Protection Agency Ghana Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology Gigagram Greenhouse Gas International Group of Experts on the Climate Ghana National Petroleum Corporation Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem Ghana Ports and Harbors Authority Glass Reinforced Epoxy Glass Reinforced Plastic Ghana Statistical Service Gas Transportation Agreement Gas Turbine Generator Carbonic Acid Hydrogen Sulfide Hectare Highest Astronomical Tide Hazard Analysis - (A formal procedure used to identify hazards, quantify their impact, and analyze problems associated with a given process) Hazard Identification

June 2004


AA-7


Acronym or Abbreviation HAZOP HAZOPS HCO3 HDD He HFE HFIP Hg HIC HIPP HIPPS HIPS HIV HMI HOA HOCNS HP HP hp hr HR HRc HSE HSEMP HSEMS HV HVAC I/C

Meaning Hazard and Operability Study (A formal procedure used to identify hazards and operability problems associated with a given process) Hazardous Operations Hydrogen Carbonate Horizontal Directional Drill Helium Human Factors Engineering Human Factors Implementation Plan Mercury Hydrogen Induced Cracking High Integrity Pressure Protection High Integrity Pressure Protection System High Integrity Protection System Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human Machine Interface Heads of Agreement Harmonised Chemical Offshore Notification Scheme High Pressure High Power Horsepower Hour Human Resources Hardness Rockwell (C Scale) Health, Safety, and Environmental Health, Safety, and Environmental Management Plan Health, Safety, and Environmental Management System High Voltage Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning Interconnect

June 2004


AA-8


Acronym or Abbreviation I/O IBCG IC ICEA ID IEC IEEE IESNA IFA IFC IFD IFH IFI IFO IGA IGN IITA IM IME IMO in IOPCFund IPA IPCC IRI IRR IRRR IS Input and Output

Meaning Industrie Bninoise des Corps Gras Institute of Corrosion Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Inc. Inside diameter International Electrotechnical Council Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Illuminating Engineering Society of America Issued for Approval International Finance Corporation Issued for Design Issued for HAZOP International Finance Institution Incident Free Operations Inter Government Agency tablissement Gographique National International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Information Management Integration Management Entity International Maritime Organization Inches International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage International Project Agreement Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Industrial Risk Insurers Internal Rate of Return Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Intrinsically Safe

June 2004


AA-9


Acronym or Abbreviation ISA ISO ISSER IT ITB ITCZ ITD ITF IUCN JHA J.O.R.T. JVA K kg khz km km2 KO KP kW kWh L LAN LAT lb lbs/MWh LC50 LCN LCO

Meaning Instrument Society of America International Organization for Standardization Institute of Statistical, Social, and Economic Research Information Technology Invitation to Bid Inter-tropical Convergence Zone Inter-tropical discontinuity Inter-tropical front The World Conservation Union Job Hazard Analysis Official Journal Joint Venture Agreement Potassium Kilogram Kilohertz Kilometers Kilometer Squared Knock Out Kilometer Post Kilowatt Kilowatt Hour Liter Local Area Network Lowest Astronomical Tide pound Pounds per Megawatt Hour Lethal Concentration, 50 Percent Local Country Nationals Light Crude Oil

June 2004


AA-10


Acronym or Abbreviation LCR LDC LEL LFL LGAs Li LME LNG LOI LP LPG LPP LR LV LVB m m2 m3 M&E MAC MARPOL MAOP MC MCC MCDA MCR MDAs MDT MEHU Local Control Room

Meaning Local Gas Distribution Company Lower Explosive Limit Lower Flammability Limit. Local Government Areas Lithium Large Marine Ecosystem Liquid Natural Gas Letter of Intent Low Pressure Liquid Petroleum Gas Low Point of Paving Lower Risk Low Voltage Land Valuation Board Meter Square meter Meter Cubed Monitoring and Evaluation Manual Alarm Call Marine Pollution Convention Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure Metal Clad Motor Control Center Multi-Criterion Decision Analysis Main Control Room Ministries, Departments, and Agencies Mean Down Time Ministry of the Environment, Housing, and Town PlanningNigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-11

June 2004


Acronym or Abbreviation mEq Mg mg mg C/m2/day MIGA MIS mL mm MM MMm3D MMcmd MMS MMscfd MMTPA Mn Mo MOC MoLGRD MOU MP Ms MSC MSDS MTons MTBF Mtpa MTTR mV milliequivalent Magnesium Milligram

Meaning

mg carbon per square meters per day Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Management Information System Milliliter Millimeter Million when used in the context of gas flow or heating value. Thus MMBtu implies million Btus. Million meters cubed per day Million cubic meters per day Maintenance Management System Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day Million Metric Tons per Annum Manganese Molybdenum Management of Change Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development Memorandum of Understanding Medium Pressure Millisecond Ministerial Steering Committee Material Safety Data Sheet Million tons Mean Time Between Failure Million Tons per Annum Mean Time To Repair millivolt

June 2004


AA-12


Acronym or Abbreviation MV MVAR MW MWh N N N N N2 Na NACE NaCl NADMO NADW NAFDAC NAPCA NB NDPR NDT NE NEC NEMA NEPA NFME NGC NGO NH3 Ni Medium Voltage

Meaning Mega Volt Amps Regulation Megawatts Mega Watt Hour Naira Newton Nitrogen North Main coastal road in Togo Sodium National Association of Corrosion Engineers Sodium Chloride National Disaster Management Organization North Atlantic Deep Water Nigeria National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control National Association of Pipe Coating Applicators Nominal Bore Nigeria Federal Department of Petroleum Resources Non Destructive Testing North East National Electric Code National Engineering Manufacturers Association National Electric Power Authority Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment Nigerian Gas Company Non-Government Organizations Ammonia Nickel

June 2004


AA-13


Acronym or Abbreviation NISER nm NNPC NO2 NO3 NOx NOEC NPA NPDES NPS NPV NTU NW O&M OAU OD ODS OEM OILPOL OJT OP OPEX OPIC ORP OSHA OSPARCOM OTC OTP PJune 2004

Meaning Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research Nanometer Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Nitrite Nitrate Nitrous Oxides No Observable Effect Concentration Nigerian Ports Authority National Pollution Discharge Elimination System Nominal Pipe Size Net Present Value Nephelometric Turbidity Units North West Operations and Maintenance Organization of African Unity Operational Directive Ozone Depleting Substance Original Equipment Manufacturer International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil On-the-Job-Training Operational Policy Operating Expenditure Overseas Private Investment Corporation Oxygen Reduction Potential Occupational Safety and Health Administration Commissions of Oslo and Paris Overhead Traveling Crane LOffice Togolaise des Phosphates PhosphorusNigeria Final Draft EIA Rev 1 AA-14


Acronym or Abbreviation P&ID PAA PAGA PAH PALL PAP PAR PAS Pb PCBs PCS PDP PEP PES PFD PFP PHA PI PIC PID PLC PLE PM10 PO4 POB POP PNDCL PP&E ppb Project Affected Area

Meaning Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams Public Address/General Alarm Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Pressure Alarm Low Low Project Affected People Pre-assembled Piperack Process Automation System Lead Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls Process Control System Public Display Package Project Execution Plan Project Execution Strategy Process Flow Diagrams Passive Fire Protection Process Hazards Analysis Profitability Index Project Implementation Committee Proportional Integral Derivative Programmable Logic Controller German Engineering Company Feasibility study less than or equal to 10 micro meters Phosphate People on Board Persistent Organic Pollutants Provisional National Defense Council Law Protecting People and the Environment CT Policy 530 Parts Per Billion

June 2004


AA-15


Acronym or Abbreviation PPE ppm PSI PSIA psig PSS PSV PVC PWHT QA QC QRA R&M Stations RAM RAP RBI RCM Redox RF RFQ RGPH ROV ROW RP RPD RTD RTJ RV RVP Parts Per Million Pounds per square inch

Meaning Personal Protective Equipment

Pounds per Square Inch Absolute Pounds per Square Inch Gauge Plant Safeguarding System Pressure Safety Valve Polyvinyl chloride Post Weld Heat Treatment Quality Assurance Quality Control Quantified Risk Assessment Regulating and Metering Stations Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance Resettlement Action Plan Risk Based Inspection Reliability Centered Maintenance Reduction/Oxidation Raised Face Request for Quotation Recensement General de la Population ed de LHabitat Remotely Operated Vehicle Right of Way Recommended Practice Redox Potential Discontinuity Resistance Temperature Device Ring Type Joint Relief Valve Reid Vapor Pressure

June 2004


AA-16


Acronym or Abbreviation S s SACW SAEMA SAFE SAFOPS SAS SAZOF SBC SCADA Scf SDV Se SE Sec SHE Si SIA SID SIL SIMOPS SiO2 SIS SIT SMC SNGL SO2 SO4 SOx South Seconds

Meaning

South Atlantic Central Water Shama-Ahanta East Metropolis Area Safety Analysis Function Evaluation Chart Safety and Operability Studies Statistical Analysis System Societe dAdministration des Zones Franches Structured Breakdown of Costs Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Standard cubic foot Shut Down Valve Selenium South East Seconds Safety, Health and Environment Silicon Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Safety In Design Safety Integrity Level Simultaneous Operations Silicate oxide Safety Instrumented System Systems Integration Test Sponsor Management Committee Shell Nigeria Gas Limited Sulfur Dioxide Sulfate Sulfur Oxides

June 2004


AA-17


Acronym or Abbreviation SoBeBra SOBEGAZ SOE SOLAS PROT SOP SOTOGAZ SPDC SPI SPM SPPM SPSS Sr SSS SST SSW STD STWC SW TBA TBD TCA TCN TDC TEG TEMA THC THPS TLV

Meaning Socit Bninoise des Brasserie Socit Bninoise de Gaz S.A. Sequence of Events Protocol Relating to the International Regulations for the Safety of Life at Sea Standard Operating Procedure Socit Togolaise de Gaz S.A. Shell Petroleum Development Company Sediment Profile Images Single Point Mooring Safe Practices and Procedures Manual Statistics Package for the Social Sciences Strontium Safety Shutdown System Sea Surface Temperature South-Southwest Sexually Transmitted Disease Standards of Training Certification and Watch-keeping for Seafarer South West To Be Advised To Be Determined Total Corrosion Allowance Third Country Nationals Tema Development Corporation Tri-ethylene Glycol Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc. Total Hydrocarbons Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Sulfate Threshold Limit Value

June 2004


AA-18


Acronym or Abbreviation TMA TME TMERF tn TNT TOC TOM TOR TPM TQM TSS TSW TTC TTPP TVP g m S/cm UBC UES UJV UL UNCED UNCLOS UNESCO UNO UPS US

Meaning Tema Municipal Authority Tema Municipal Executive Togo Ministere de lEnvironnement et des Ressources Forestieres ton Tema New Town Total Organic Carbon Total Organic Matter Terms of Reference Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Total Quality Management Total Suspended Solids Tropical Surface Water Tema Traditional Council Takoradi Thermal Plant True Vapor Pressure microgram micrometer MicroSiemens per centimeter Uniform Building Code Uniform Effluent Standards Unincorporated Joint Venture Underwriters Laboratory United Nations Conference on Environment and Development United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization United Nations Organization Uninterruptible Power Supply United States

June 2004


AA-19


Acronym or Abbreviation USEPA V V VAC VALCO VDC VDU VES VIP VRA VSAT/SCADA VSDS VU W WAGP WAGPA WAPCo WAPP WB WD WHRU WHO WMP WP WT yr ZH Zn Vanadium Volt

Meaning United States Environment Protection Agency

Volts Alternating Current Volta Aluminum Company Volts Direct Current Video Display Unit Vertical Electrical Sounding Value Improvement Practices Volta River Authority Very Small Aperture Terminal/Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Variable Speed Drive System Vulnerable West West African Gas Pipeline West African Gas Pipeline Authority West African Pipeline Company West African Power Pool World Bank Water Depth Waste Heat Recovery Unit World Health Organization Waste Management Plan Whispering Palms Wall Thickness Year Hydrographical zero Zinc

June 2004


AA-20

Nigeria Environmental Impact Assessment Authors and ContributorsNigeriaFunso Adeniyi Olajire Alao Agboola Amusan Pius Anada Godwin Asibor Ibrahim Attah Larry Awosika Adetola Badejo Joseph Bamidele Albert Ikolo Victor Imevbore Tunde Imoobe Michael Kehinde Elijah Ohimain Adeolu Ojo Anthony Okoh Lanre Olorunda Olumide Omisore Festus Orepo Osakwe Ibrahim Salau Alabi Soneye Lekan Taiwo Miriam Vwioko S.I. Abumere A.S. Gbadegesin C.O. Ikporukpo S.I. Okafor O. Oluwasola Hydrobiology, Fisheries and Water and Sediment Physico-chemistry Field Coordinator Soil Chemistry and Land Use Wildlife Statistical Analysis Analytical Chemist Oceanography and Coastal Geology Soil Biology Vegetation Acting Lab Manager Project Director Benthic Invertebrates Groundwater/Hydrogeology and Shallow Groundwater Resources Wetlands Delineation Project Manager Microbiology Safety Quality Control Soil Chemist Sample Preparation and Extraction Air Quality/Pollution Chemistry Climate and Meteorology Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Data Management Sample Custody Socioeconomic Team Leader Field and Report Coordination, Secondary Data, and GIS Support. Social Management Plan Social Impact Assessment Fieldwork, Culture, and Lifestyles

Authors and Contributors

United StatesHenry Camp Ed Carr Marlene Cole Theodore Coogan James Gardiner William Gibson Sakina Khan Johanna Kollar J. Renee Morin Walter Palmer Kathy Thrun Existing Condition, Offshore and Onshore Environment, Impacts Analysis Air Quality Modeling Senior Ecologist Geographic Information Systems Engineering Author Habitats, Biological Resources and Environmental Management Socioeconomic Impact Analysis, Reviewer Coastal Zone Management, Wetlands Ecology, and Hydrology Environmental Impacts Analysis, Editor Technical Director/Reviewer and Socioeconomics Program Director, Chemistry

June 2004


AC-2

AcknowledgementsThe West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) team wishes to acknowledge and thank the West African Pipeline Gas Company Ltd. (WAPCo) and their WAGP engineering and front end engineering design (FEED) (Paragon and PCS Engineering) teams for their support throughout this project and, in particular, for providing the technical and project planning information necessary to produce a sound EIA for the proposed WAGP. We particularly wish to thank Mr. John Cornwell of WAPCo for his continuous guidance and encouragement. We were fortunate to receive constructive contributions and comments from a large numbe

e9810v70Nigeri1al0Impact0Assessment for IP 3

Documents

natural environment

human environment

public disclosure authorized

project benefits

wagp benefits

project description

project overview

project justification