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E-GovernmentFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

E-government (short forelectronicgovernment, also known as e-gov, Internet government, digital

government, online government, or connected government) consists of the digital interactions between a

citizen and their government (C2G), between governments and government agencies (G2G), between

government and citizens (G2C), between government and employees (G2E), and between government

and businesses/commerce (G2B). Essentially, e-government delivery models can be briefly summed up

as (Jeong, 2007):[1]

C2G (citizens to governments)

G2G (government to governments) (penting) (UTS)

G2C (government to citizens) [pemerintahan ke masyarakat] (penting) (UTS)

G2E (government to employees)

G2B (government to businesses) [pemerintahan ke bisnis] (penting) (UTS)

This digital interaction consists of e-citizen at all levels of government (city, state/province, national,

and international), governance, information and communication technology (ICT), and business process

re-engineering (BPR).

Contents

1Defining e-government

2UN e-Government Readiness Index

3Examples of e-government and E-governance

4Delivery models and activities of e-government

5 Non-internet e-government

6Controversies of e-government

6.1Disadvantages

6.1.1Hyper-surveillance

6.1.2Cost6.1.3Inaccessibility

6.1.4False sense of transparency and accountability

6.2Advantages

6.2.1Democratization

6.2.2Environmental bonuses

6.2.3Speed, efficiency, and convenience

6.2.4Public approval

7Technology-specific e-government

8Government 2.0

9E-government by country

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Defining e-government

E-Gov Strategies (orDigital Government) is defined as "The employment of the Internet and the world-

wide-web for delivering government information and services to the citizens." (United Nations, 2006;

AOEMA, 2005).[2]

Electronic Government (or e-Government) essentially refers to "The utilization of Information

Technology (IT), Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and other web-based

telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of

service delivery in the public sector." (Jeong, 2007).[1] e-Government promotes and improves broad

stakeholders contribution to national and community development, as well as deepen the governance

process.

E-government describes the use of technologies to facilitate the operation of government and the

dispersement of government information and services. E-government, short for electronic government,

deals heavily with Internet and non-internet applications to aid in governments. E-government includes

9.1Africa

9.1.1Kenya

9.2Asia

9.2.1Bangladesh

9.2.2India

9.2.3Iran

9.2.4Malaysia

9.2.5Myanmar

9.2.6Pakistan

9.2.7Sri Lanka

9.3Europe

9.3.1Russia

9.4Middle East

9.4.1Jordan

9.4.2Saudi Arabia

9.4.3United Arab Emirates

9.5North America

9.5.1Canada

9.5.2United States

10 An alternative approach

11See also

12References

12.1 Further reading

13 External links

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the use of electronics in government as large-scale as the use of telephones and fax machines, as well as

surveillance systems, tracking systems such as RFID tags, and even the use of television and radios to

provide government-related information and services to the citizens.

UN e-Government Readiness Index

TheUnited Nations Public Administration Network conducts a bi-annual e-Government survey which

includes a section titled e-Government Readiness. It is a comparative ranking of the countries of theworld according to two primary indicators: i) the state of e-government readiness; and ii) the extent of e-

participation. Constructing a model for the measurement of digitized services, the Survey assesses the

191 member states of the UN according to a quantitative composite index of e-government readiness

based on website assessment; telecommunication infrastructure and human resource endowment.

The following is the list of the top 50 countries according to the UN's 2012 e-Government Readiness

Index.[2]

Rank Country Index

1 South Korea 0.9283

2 Netherlands 0.9125

3 United Kingdom 0.8960

4 Denmark 0.8889

5 United States 0.8687

6 France 0.8635

7 Sweden 0.8599

8 Norway 0.8593

9 Finland 0.8505

10 Singapore 0.8474

11 Canada 0.8430

12 Australia 0.8390

13 New Zealand 0.8381

14 Liechtenstein 0.8264

15 Switzerland 0.813416 Israel 0.8100

17 Germany 0.8079

18 Japan 0.8019

19 Luxembourg 0.8014

20 Estonia 0.7987

21 Austria 0.7840

22 Iceland 0.7835

23 Spain 0.7770

24 Belgium 0.7718

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25 Slovenia 0.7492

26 Monaco 0.7468

27 Russian Federation 0.7345

28 United Arab Emirates 0.7344

29 Lithuania 0.7333

30 Croatia 0.7328

31 Hungary 0.7208

32 Italy 0.7190

33 Portugal 0.7165

34 Ireland 0.7194

35 Malta 0.7131

36 Bahrain 0.6946

37 Greece 0.6872

38 Kazakhstan 0.6844

39 Chile 0.6769

40 Malaysia 0.6703

41 Saudi Arabia 0.6658

42 Latvia 0.6604

43 Colombia 0.6572

44 Barbados 0.6566

45 Cyprus 0.650846 Czech Republic 0.6491

47 Poland 0.6441

48 Qatar 0.6405

49 Antigua and Barbuda 0.6345

50 Uruguay 0.6315

Examples of e-government and E-governance

E-Government should enable anyone visiting a city website to communicate and interact with city

employees via the Internet with graphical user interfaces (GUI), instant-messaging (IM), audio/video

presentations, and in any way more sophisticated than a simple email letter to the address provided at the

site[3] and theuse of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to

benefit citizens, business partners and employees.[4] The focus should be on:

The use ofinformation and communication technologies,and particularly the Internet, as a tool to

achieve better government.[5]

The use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a

government organization.[6][7]

The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation and governance by

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transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet and new

media.[8]

Whilst e-government has traditionally been understood as being centered around the operations of

government, e-governance is understood to extend the scope by including citizen engagement and

participation in governance. As such, following in line with the OECD definition of e-government, e-

governance can be defined as the use of ICTs as a tool to achieve better governance.

Delivery models and activities of e-government

The primary delivery models of e-government can be divided into:

Government-to-citizen or government-to-consumer (G2C)

In this model, the G2C model apply the strategy of customer relationship management

(CRM) with business concept.

By managing their customer (citizen) relationship, the business (government) can providethe needed products and services fulfill the needs from customer (citizen).

In United States, the NPR(National Partnership for Reinventing Government) has been

implemented from 1993.[9]

Government-to-business (G2B)

Government-to-government (G2G)

Government-to-employees (G2E)

Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take place:[10][11]

pushing information over the Internet, e.g.: regulatory services, general holidays, public hearing

schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc.

two-way communications between the agency and the citizen, a business, or another government

agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue with agencies and post problems, comments,

or requests to the agency.

conducting transactions, e.g.: lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants.

governance, e.g.: To enable the citizen transition from passive information access to active citizen

participation by:

1. Informing the citizen

2. Representing the citizen

3. Encouraging the citizen to vote

4. Consulting the citizen

5. Involving the citizen

Non-internet e-government

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While e-government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-based government," many

non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can be used in this context. Some non-Internet forms

include telephone, fax,PDA,SMS text messaging,MMS,wireless networks and services,Bluetooth,

CCTV,tracking systems, RFID,biometric identification, road traffic management and regulatory

enforcement,identity cards,smart cards and othernear field communication applications; polling station

technology (where non-online e-voting is being considered), TV and radio-based delivery of government

services (e.g.,CSMW), email,online community facilities, newsgroups and electronic mailing lists,

online chat,and instant messaging technologies.

Controversies of e-government

Disadvantages

The main disadvantages concerning e-government is the lack of equality in public access to the internet,

reliability of information on the web, and hidden agendas of government groups that could influence and

bias public opinions.

There are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and designing e-government,

includingdisintermediation of the government and its citizens, impacts on economic, social, and

political factors, vulnerability tocyber attacks,and disturbances to thestatus quo in these areas.[12] See

also Electronic leviathan.

Hyper-surveillance

Increased contact between government and its citizens goes both ways. Once e-government begins to

develop and become more sophisticated, citizens will be forced to interact electronically with the

government on a larger scale. This could potentially lead to a lack of privacy for civilians as theirgovernment obtains more and more information on them. In a worst-case scenario, with so much

information being passed electronically between government and civilians, atotalitarian-like system

could develop. When the government has easy access to countless information on its citizens, personal

privacy is lost.[13][14]

Cost

Although "a prodigious amount of money has been spent" on the development and implementation of e-

government, some say it has yielded only a mediocre product. The outcomes and effects of trial Internet-

based governments are often difficult to gauge or unsatisfactory.[15] According to Gartner, Worldwide

IT spending is estimated to total $3.6 trillion in 2011 which is 5.1% increase from the year 2010 ($3.4

trillion).[16]

Inaccessibility

An e-government site that provides web access and support often does not offer the "potential to reach

many users including those who live in remote areas, are homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on

poverty line incomes."[17]

False sense of transparency and accountability

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Opponents of e-government argue that online governmental transparency is dubious because it is

maintained by the governments themselves. Information can be added or removed from the public eye.

To this day, very few organizations monitor and provide accountability for these modifications. Those

that do so, like the United StatesOMBWatch[18] andGovernment Accountability Project,are often

nonprofit volunteers. Even the governments themselves do not always keep track of the information they

insert and delete.[19]

Advantages

The ultimate goal of the e-government is to be able to offer an increased portfolio of public services to

citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner. E-government allows for government transparency.

Government transparency is important because it allows the public to be informed about what the

government is working on as well as the policies they are trying to implement. Simple tasks may be

easier to perform through electronic government access. Many changes, such as marital status or address

changes can be a long process and take a lot of paper work for citizens. E-government allows these tasks

to be performed efficiently with more convenience to individuals. E-government is an easy way for the

public to be more involved in political campaigns. It could increase voter awareness, which could lead to

an increase in citizen participation in elections. It is convenient and cost-effective for businesses, and the

public benefits by getting easy access to the most current information available without having to spend

time, energy and money to get it.

E-government helps simplify processes and makes access to government information more easily

accessible for public sector agencies and citizens. For example, theIndiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles

simplified the process of certifying driver records to be admitted in county court proceedings.[20] Indiana

became the first state to allow government records to be digitally signed, legally certified and delivered

electronically by using Electronic Postmark technology. In addition to its simplicity,e-democracy

services can reduce costs.Alabama Department of Conservation & Natural Resources,Wal-Mart andNIC [21] developed an online hunting and fishing license service utilizing an existing computer to

automate the licensing process. More than 140,000 licenses were purchased atWal-Mart stores during

the first hunting season and the agency estimates it will save $200,000 annually from service.[22]

The anticipated benefits of e-government include efficiency, improved services, better accessibility of

public services, sustainable community development and more transparency and accountability.[12]

Democratization

One goal of e-government will be greater citizen participation. Through the internet, people from all

over the country can interact with politicians or public servants and make their voices heard.Blogging

and interactive surveys will allow politicians or public servants to see the views of the people they

represent on any given issue.Chat rooms can place citizens in real-time contact with elected officials,

their offices or provide them with the means to replace them by interacting directly with public servants,

allowing voters to have a direct impact and influence in their government. These technologies can create

a more transparent government, allowing voters to immediately see how and why their representation in

the capital is voting the way they are. This helps voters better decide who to vote for in the future or how

to help the public servants become more productive. A government could theoretically move more

towards a true democracy with the proper application of e-government.Government transparency willgive insight to the public on how decisions are made and hold elected officials or public servants

accountable for their actions. The public could become a direct and prominent influence in government

legislature to some degree.[23][24][25][26]

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Environmental bonuses

Proponents of e-government argue that online government services would lessen the need for hard copy

forms.[27] Due to recent pressures fromenvironmentalist groups, the media, and the public, some

governments and organizations have turned to the Internet to reduce this paper use. The United States

government utilizes the website http://www.forms.gov to provide internalgovernment forms for federal

employeesand thus producesignificant savings in paper.[28]

Speed, efficiency, and convenience

E-government allows citizens to interact with computers to achieve objectives at any time and any

location, and eliminates the necessity for physical travel to government agents sitting behind desks and

windows. Improved accounting and record keeping can be noted through computerization, and

information and forms can be easily accessed, equaling quicker processing time. On the administrative

side, access to help find or retrieve files and linked information can now be stored in databases versus

hardcopies stored in various locations. Individuals with disabilities or conditions no longer have to be

mobile to be active in government and can be in the comfort of their own homes.

[29][30]

Public approval

Recent trials of e-government have been met with acceptance and eagerness from the public. [31][32]

Citizens participate in online discussions of political issues with increasing frequency, and young

people, who traditionally display minimal interest in government affairs, are drawn toelectronic voting

procedures.

Although internet-based governmental programs have been criticized for lack of reliable privacy

policies, studies have shown that people value prosecution of offenders over personal confidentiality.Ninety percent of United States adults approve of Internet tracking systems of criminals, and 57% are

willing to forgo some of their personal internet privacy if it leads to the prosecution of criminals or

terrorists.[33]

Technology-specific e-government

There are also some technology-specific sub-categories of e-government, such asm-government (mobile

government), u-government (ubiquitous government), and g-government (GIS/GPS applications for e-

government).

The primary delivery models of e-government are classified depending on who benefits. In the

development of public sector or private sector portals and platforms, a system is created that benefits all

constituents. Citizens needing to renew their vehicle registration have a convenient way to accomplish it

while already engaged in meeting the regulatory inspection requirement. On behalf of a government

partner, business provides what has traditionally, and solely, managed by government and can use this

service to generate profit or attract new customers. Government agencies are relieved of the cost and

complexity of having to process the transactions.[34]

To develop these public sector portals or platforms, governments have the choice to internally developand manage, outsource, or sign a self-funding contract. The self-funding model creates portals that pay

for themselves through convenience fees for certain e-government transactions, known as self-funding

portals.

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Social networking services are an emerging area for e-democracy. The social networking entry point is

within the citizensenvironment and the engagement is on the citizensterms. Proponents of e-

government perceive government use of social networking as a medium to help government act more

like the public it serves. Examples can be found at almost every state government portal through

Facebook,Twitter,and YouTube widgets.

Government and its agents also have the opportunity to follow citizens to monitor satisfaction with

services they receive. Through ListServs, RSS feeds, mobile messaging, micro-blogging services and

blogs, government and its agencies can share information to citizens who share common interests and

concerns. Government is also beginning to Twitter. In the state of Rhode Island, Treasurer Frank T.

Caprio is offering daily tweets of the statescash flow. Interested people can sign up at here.[35] Fora

full list of state agencies withTwitter feeds, visitNIC.[36] For more information, visit transparent-

gov.com.[37]

Government 2.0

Government 2.0 or Gov 2.0 refers to government policies that aim to harness collaborative technologiesto create anopen-source computing platform in which government, citizens, and innovative companies

can improve transparency and efficiency.[38] Put simply, Gov 2.0 is about "putting government in the

hands of citizens".[39]

Gov 2.0 combinesWeb 2.0 fundamentals with e-government and increases citizen participation by using

open-source platforms, which allow development of innovativeapps,websites, andwidgets.The

governmentsrole is to provideopen data,web services, and platforms as an infrastructure.[40]

E-government by countryAfrica

As the rest of the world keeps embracing the benefits of e-government, Africa has of late shown

significant milestones in developing similar electronic government platforms. There are various

countries that has shown progress in the recent years:

Kenya

The transition period from the KANU government to the NARC government(December 2002), marked

the full realization of the e-government aspect, as the nation was set to tap the great potential of ICT-in

service delivery to its subjects. Nonetheless, it was in January 2004 when, after the executive (cabinet)

session, that a Directorate of e-government was established. The newly created department had the duty

to draw the plan of action; for future ICT implementations.[41]

Like many other African nations, Kenya has embraced the high mobile penetration rate within its

population. This is attributed to the ubiquity aspect, that is provided by mobile phones-such that even

people living in remote areas that could not be having the traditional telecommunications' networks, they

can now communicate with ease. It is noted that this has a great impact on the governments' strategies inreaching out to its citizens.[42] Given that about 70% of the population owns mobile phones, leading

mobile network operators like Safaricom have taken a great step in offering services that meets citizens'

demands. Such services include Kipokezi service(that allows subscribers to do online chatting and also

exchange electronic mails via standard mobile phones)-and thenM-Pesa;the mobile bank(that allows

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the subscribers to send and receive electronic cash). This has even appealed to the majority of Kenyans,

as it supports the branchless members of the society too, in doing normal and secure businesses via M-

Pesa. The recentIMF report reveals that MPESA transactions in Kenya exceeded those carried out by

Western Union worldwide.[43]

Website: Open Kenya | Transparent Africa (https://opendata.go.ke/)

Asia

Bangladesh

eGovernment web portal has been developed to provide more convenient access to various government

service and information through one window.[44]

India

In India, the e-Governance initiatives are broadly managed under the umbrella of theNeGP initiative.

Iran

In 2002, Iran prepared a detailed report named TAKFA(Barnameye Tose-e va Karborde Fanavaie

Etelaat)inwhich it was predicted that most of the government bodies would try to virtualize their

services as soon as possible. But, based on the reports by UN bodies, Iran has failed in the recent years

to meet the average standards of EG. In 2008, Supreme Council of Information released a report in

which the council criticized the government for poor advancement in employing new communication

technologies for administration purposes.[45]

Malaysia

In Malaysia, the e-Government efforts are undertaken by the Malaysian government, under the umbrella

of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and e-Government flagships, which was launched in mid-1996, by

Dr Mahathir Mohamad (1981-2003), by the then Prime Minister of Malaysia (Jeong & Nor Fadzlina,

2007).[46][47]

Electronic government is an initiative aimed at reinventing how the government works. It seeks to

improve both how the government operates, as well as how it deliver services to the people (IbrahimAriff & Goh Chen Chuan, 2000).

Myanmar

The Yangon City Development Committee (Burmese- 11111111111111111111111111)

(YCDC) is the administrative body ofYangon,the largest city and former capital ofMyanmar (Burma).

It consists of 20 departments, with headquarters in theYangon City Hall.The committee's chairman is

also the city's mayor.

In 2003, YCDC was organized to provide e-Government for Yangon City. The main purposes of thecity's e-Government program are to provide easy access between the government and the city's citizens

via the Internet, to reduce paper usage, to reduce the city budget, to build the city's fiber ring, to provide

timely public information, to store public data and to develop and expand G2G, G2C, G2B, and G2E

programs.

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In January 2013 responsibility for e-Government was divided between the e-Government Administration

Committee and the e-Government Processing Committee. The e-Government Administration Committee

includes the Mayor of Yangon City as Chief, the General Secretary of Yangon City as Sub-Chief, and

the other 20 head of department officers as chairmen. The e-Government Processing Committee includes

the Head of Public Relation and Information Department as Chief and the other 20 deputy head of

department officers as chairmen.

The official web-portal is www.ycdc.gov.mm (http://www.ycdc.gov.mm/).

Pakistan

InPakistan,theGovernment of Pakistan's e-government directorate is committed to building a robust e-

network framework that essentially allows the government to be more responsive in delivering public

services to citizens and businesses.[48]

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka have taken some initiative actions to provide the benefits of e-Government to the

citizens.[49][50]

Europe

eGovernment shows significant advancement in Europe. For more information see eGovernment in

Europe.

Russia

On the Federal Law On providing state and municipal services (2010), the strategy on development of

Information Society in the Russian Federation, approved by the President (2008), the Federal target

programme Electronic Russia (20022010 years), approved by the Government (2002), the State

Programme Information Society (2010), the Procedure on development and approval of administrative

regulations execution of public functions (public services), approved by the Government (2005), the

concept of administrative reform in the Russian Federation in 2006 - 2010 respectively, approved by the

Government (2005),on other orders, resolutions and acts in the Russian Federation was created

electronic government (or e-government).

The main target on creating of e-government lies in the field of providing the equal opportunities for allthe Russians in spite of their living place and their incomes and make more effective system of public

administration. So e-government are created for reaching the useful system of public management

accommodating the individual interests of every citizen by participation through ICTs in public policy-

making.

Nowadays Russian e-government includes such systems as:[51]

1.The united interagency Interacting system using for providing of state and municipal services,

exchange of information and data between participants of interagency interacting, quick approval of

state and municipal decisions, etc.

2.The united system for authentication and authorization providing evidence of the rights of all

participants of e-government.

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3.United portal of state and municipal services and functions which is the single window for all

information and services assured by government and municipals.[52]

The portal of public services is one of the key elements of the project to create electronic government

in the country. The portal provides a single point of access to all references on state and municipal

services through the Internet and provides citizens and organizations the opportunity to receive these

services electronically. Monthly visits by users of the public services portal range between 200,000 and

700,000. For example, citizens are now able to get or exchange a driver license through this portal.

4.Head system providing utilization of electronic signature.

Other systems located on cloud services.

Today Russian e-government elements are demanded in the spheres of e-governance, e-services (e-

health, e-education, e-library, etc.), e-commerce, e-democracy (web-election, Russian public initiative).

By the United Nations E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the People Russia became one of

the 7 emerging leaders in e-government development, took 9th place in rating of e-government

development in largest population countries, took 8th rank in Top e-participation leaders, after Norway,

Sweden and Chile, Advancing 32 positions in the world rankings, the Russian Federation became the

leader of e-government in Eastern Europe. Evolution of ICT in the Russian Federation provided the

raising of Russia in E-government development index to the 27 place.[53]

Middle East

Jordan

Jordan has established its e-government program since 2002. many governmental services are

provisioned online.

Saudi Arabia

Thee-Government was also established inSaudi Arabia,and it offers online government services and

transactions.

United Arab Emirates

In theUnited Arab Emirates,theEmirates eGovernment is designed for e-government operations.

North America

Canada

The currentClerk of the Privy Councilthe head of the federal public service, has made workplace

renewal a pillar of overall public service renewal. Key to workplace renewal is the adoption of

collaborative networked tools. An example of such as tool isGCPEDIAa wiki platform for federal

public servants. Other tools include GCconnex, a social networking tool, and GCforums, a discussion

board system.

United States

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The election ofBarack Obama asPresident of the United Statesbecame associated with the effective use

of Internet technologies during his campaign, and in the implementation of his new administration in

2009.[54][55][56] On January 21, 2009, the President signed one of his first memorandums the

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on Transparency and Open

Government.[57] The memo called for an unprecedented level of openness in Government, asking

agencies to "ensure the public trust and establish a system of transparency, public participation, and

collaboration."[57] The memo further "directs theChief Technology Officer,in coordination with the

Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Administrator of General Services(GSA), to coordinate the development by appropriate executive departments and agencies [and] to take

specific actions implementing the principles set forth in the memorandum."[57]

President Obamasmemorandum centered around the idea of increasingtransparency throughout

various different federal departments and agencies. By enabling public websites like recovery.gov and

data.gov to distribute more information to the American population, the administration believes that it

will gain greater citizen participation.[58]

In 2009 the U.S. federal government launchedData.gov in order to make more government data

available to the public. With data from Data.Gov, the public can buildapps,websites, andmashups.

Although the Gov 2.0 as a concept and as a term had been in existence since the mid-2000s, it was the

launch of Data.gov that made it "goviral".[39]

In August 2009 theCity of San Francisco launchedDataSF.org (https://data.sfgov.org) with more than a

hundred datasets.[59] Just weeks after the DataSF.org launch, new apps and websites were developed.

Using data feeds available on DataSF.org, civic-minded developers built programs to display public

transportation arrival and departure times,[60] where to recycle hazardous materials,[61] and crime

patterns.[62] Since the launch of DataSF.org there have been more than seventy apps created with San

Francisco's data.

In March 2009, formerSan Francisco MayorGavin Newsom was atTwitter headquarters for a

conversation about technology in government.[63] During the town hall Newsom received a tweet about

apothole.[64] He turned to Twitter co-foundersBiz Stone andEvan Williams and said let's find a way for

people to tweet their service requests directly to San Francisco's 311 customer service center. Three

months later, San Francisco launched the first Twitter 311 service, called @SF311, allowing residents to

tweet, text, and send photos of potholes and other requests directly to the city.[65] Working with Twitter

and using the open-source platform, CoTweet turned @SF311 into reality. The software procurement

process for something like this would normally have taken months, but in this case it took less than threemonths.[66] The @SF311 is saving the city money incall center costs.[67]

An alternative approach

Recent government policy updates have seen a shift away from e-government towards a much more

radical focus on transforming the whole relationship between the public sector and users of public

services. This new approach is referred to asTransformational Government.Transformation programs

differ from traditional e-government programs in four major ways:

They take a whole-of-government view of the relationship between the public sector and the

citizen or business user.

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personal delivery of services such as education and healthcarerather than just looking at

transactional services which can be e-enabled on an end-to-end basis.

They take a whole-of-government view of the most efficient way managing the cost base of

government.

They focus on the "citizen" not the "customer". That is, they seek to engage with the citizens as

owners of and participants in the creation of public services, not as passive recipients of services.

See also

Center for Electronic Governance at UNU-IIST

Collaborative e-democracy

Cyberocracy

Digital era governance

Digital Government Society of North AmericaE-democracy

E-Government Unit

E-participation

E-procurement

Egovernment factsheets

eGovernment in Europe

Electronic voting

eRulemaking

International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance

National Center for Digital Governance

Online consultation

Online deliberation

Open-source governance

Transformational Government

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the topic of: E-

government

to/217702151).InformationWeek.

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Further reading

Jane Fountain,Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change

(2001)

Encyclopedia of Digital Government (http://www.idea-group.com/reference/details.asp?

ID=5066). Edited by Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko and Matti Mlki. Idea Group Reference.

I.Kushchu and M. H. Kuscu (2003). "From e-Government to m-Government: Facing the

Inevitable"

(http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/filedownload.do~itemId=396584). The 3rd

European Conference on e-Government. pp. 253260.

Cordella, A (2007), E-government: towards the e-bureaucratic form? (http://www.palgrave-

journals.com/jit/journal/v22/n3/abs/2000105a.html), Journal of Information Technology, 22, 265

274.Foundations of e-Government (http://www.iceg.net/2007/books/book1.html).Edited by Ashok

Agarwal and V Ventaka Ramana. ICEG'07 5th International Conference on e-Governance

West, Darrell. State and Federal Electronic Government in the United States

(http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/0826_egovernment_west.aspx). The Brookings

Institution. 2008-08-26. Retrieved on 2008-09-16.

West, Darrell. Improving Technology Utilization in Electronic Government Around the World

(http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/0817_egovernment_west.aspx). The Brookings

Institution. 2008-08-26. Retrieved on 2008-09-16..

External links

Government computerization

(http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Science_and_Technology/Computers/Government_Comput

Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to E-

Government.