E FFECTS OF C LIMATE C HANGE By: Jason Navarrete and Ismael Valencia.

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEBy: Jason Navarrete and Ismael Valencia

GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT’S

The effects could be far greater than you imagine. Global warming does not occur evenly across the world. Temperature changes have been, and will be, much more extreme in the Arctic and Antarctic. A 5 degree Fahrenheit warming for the whole world means only 1 degree at the equator, but 12 degrees at the poles

Higher temperature could result in less crop yield Warming would hit food production in developing

countries harder than in the developed world because many richer nations are in colder climates that might benefit from warming and are probably more adaptable to changing conditions

Climate change threatens to increase hunger and malnutrition among the Pacific region's

The region is already experiencing the harsh effects of climate change, including worsening coastal erosion, floods, drought, and storm surges. These are reducing crop production for both commercial and subsistence farmers ~100% increases in the numbers of the most

intense hurricanes even if the overall number of tropical storms or hurricanes decreases

30% increase in potential damage The overall trend is clear, regardless of knowing if any

particular weather change was “caused” by global warming. Increased overall average temperatures cause more extreme weather, more devastating storms, and more severe and prolonged droughts and floods. These changes impact ecosystems and the human economy.

METHANE HYDRATE ICE The arctic tundra is melting already, which may be causing an

increase in methane levels in the atmosphere. A mysterious spike in atmospheric methane was measured in 2007

Severe drought and flooding will occur as weather pattern become more extreme. Unfortunately, the world’s economic and agricultural systems rely on existing patterns of weather, and as global warming changes these patterns, our ability to produce food is declining.

THE ALBEDO EFFECT

This is significant, because as white arctic ice is replaced by dark water (or land, in the case of tundra), our planet absorbs more heat. The reason for this is ice reflects more light and heat than do water and land, something scientists refer to as the “albedo effect.” The albedo effect of ice is believed to have had a major impact on Earth’s climate over the eons and the loss of albedo could accelerate the warming of the Earth significantly.

THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON CORAL REEFS Coral reefs are temperamental things. They only

thrive in very specific conditions because of the symbiotic relationship they have with 'dinoflagellates', an algae that needs very specific conditions to live in. The dinoflagellates provide corals with food and oxygen in return for a protected living space and access to nutrients. They need sunlight to create energy through photosynthesis, which means corals only grow in light, clear and sediment-free waters.

 The temperatures they require are also specific: optimum growth occurs at 23 to 29°C, but they will tolerate temperatures between 18 and 40°C. Consequently, less than 0.2 percent of the global oceans are covered in tropical reefs.

Global warming could severely reduce numbers of microscopic plankton at the base of the food chain, affecting all sea life globally. Warmer seas will limit the rise of nutrients - and with them plankton - from the deep oceans as mixing across stronger thermoclines is inhibited. With phytoplankton deeper in the seas, less CO2 might be absorbed from the atmosphere

THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON OCEAN CURRENTS Across the world, movement of water on a

mass scale occurs due to differences in water salinity and temperature, and because of wind patterns. One example of a global current is the Gulf Stream, which is driven by differences in water temperature and salinity in the North Atlantic and at the equator. It also affects air temperatures which would be an

average of 9°C cooler if the current did not exist. Aside from the huge affects this would have

on land, temperature differences and a change in the amount of nutrients in the water would inevitably lead to marine creatures being unable to survive in the resulting conditions. 

BERN, SWITZERLAND

Bern lies on the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern, slightly west of the centre of Switzerland and 20 km north of the Bernese Alps. The countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers during the most recent Ice Age. The two mountains closest to Bern are the Gurten with a height of 958 m  and the Bantiger with a height of 947 m. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern)

Bern is extremely protective of its agricultural industry. High tariffs and extensive domestic subsidizations encourage domestic production, which currently produces about 60% of the food consumed in the country. cattle breeding, cheese making, and

hydroelectric power generation. Agriculture is of great importance

Year Jan. Feb.Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug.Sep. Oct. Nov.Dec.

°F 49 32 35 42 47 56 62 66 66 60 51 40 34

TEMPERATURE

So how we got our equation for the temperature of our city but first finding the Amplitude and then our Vertical Shift

After finding those we went to solve for omega and final we solved for ø

Y = Asin(ωx – ø) + b

Amp = highest – lowest 2

Vertical Shift = highest + lowest 2

T = 2π ω = 2π ω T

4 = ø ω

MATH

Amp = 66 – 32 2= 34 2= 17

b = 66 + 32 2

= 98 2

= 49

ω = 2π

12

= π

6 4 = ø

(π/6)

(π/6) • 4 = ø • (π/6)

(4π/6) = ø

ø = (2π/3)

EQUATION AND GRAPH

Equation: y = 17sin( π/6 – 2π/3) + 49

BIBLIOGRAPHY "METHANE HYDRATE ICE, ICE AGES AND GLOBAL

WARMING." UTOPIA SPRINGS, 21st Century Utopian Town. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.utopiasprings.com/methane.htm>.

"The albedo effect." Global Warming and Climate Change skepticism examined. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.skepticalscience.com/The-albedo-effect.html>.

storm, letting the Atlantic basin regional model of Knutson et al. (2008) provide the overall. "Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory - Global Warming and Hurricanes." Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory - Welcome to GFDL. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes>.

Nichols, Terry, and Aquateach. "Global warming, over fishing and coral reefs - the effects of global warming and over fishing on the ocean, dive site directory." dive site directory - scuba diving information and diving reviews on dive sites and countries all over the world including the Caribbean, Canary islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Malta, New Zealand, USA, Australia the UK and the Red Sea.. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.divesitedirectory.com/global_warming_coral_effects.html>