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© 2009, TSI Incorporated (written by Oliver F. Bischof)
Emissions from Incinerators
and Stacks
Dr. Carsten Kykal
Particle Instrument Regional Manager
TSI Incorporated
Welcome!
欢迎!
歓迎 !
!
Добро пожаловать!स्वागत!
Note: you need to join the webinar in two ways: over the phone
(audio) and on the internet (visual). Ready-Access phone numbers:
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link and information included with e-mail login information
This webinar will begin at:
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Thursday, 8:00am
Germany, Berlin 9:00am
Beijing, China 4:00pm
Tokyo, Japan 5:00pm
India 12:30pm
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated (written by Oliver F. Bischof)
Welcome!
Willkommen!
Bienvenue!
Benvenuto!
Recepción!
Καλώς Ήρθατε!
Добро пожаловать!
Note: you need to join the webinar in two ways: over the phone
(audio) and on the internet (visual). Ready-Access phone numbers:
https://g8.cfer.com/g8.jsp?an=8005048071&ac=4902732&login=true
link and information included with e-mail login information
Emissions from Incinerators
and Stacks
Dr. Carsten Kykal
Particle Instrument Regional Manager
TSI IncorporatedThis webinar will begin at:
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): Thursday, 2:00pm
Germany, Berlin 3:00pm
India 6:30pm
US CST 8:00am
Page 3
© 2009, TSI Incorporated (written by Oliver F. Bischof)
Welcome!
欢迎!
Willkommen!
歓迎 !
Bienvenue!स्वागत!
Note: you need to join the webinar in two ways: over the phone
(audio) and on the internet (visual). Ready-Access phone numbers:
https://g8.cfer.com/g8.jsp?an=8005048071&ac=4902732&login=true
link and information included with e-mail login information
Emissions from Incinerators
and Stacks
Dr. Carsten Kykal
Particle Instrument Regional Manager
TSI Incorporated
This webinar will begin at:
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): Thursday, 5:00pm
US PST 9:00am
US CST 11:00am
US EST 12:00pm (noon)
Germany, Berlin 6:00pm
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Interactive Webinar Format
1. Connection Information: You need to join the webinar in two ways
– Audio: via telephone - phone numbers and link information
included with e-mail login information
– Visual: via internet - link information included login information
2. Sound quality: For large groups, the sounds quality is much better if the
conference is kept on „mute‟.
3. Multi-media - Interactive chat: Please send questions via chat during and
after the presentation.
4. Follow-up: e-mail including Adobe pdf file of presentation will be sent to
registered attendees.
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Preamble
• This presentation is intended as a brief introduction
into the measurement of waste incinerator emissions
– Focus today is on particle emission alone
• Select examples and references from peer-reviewed
literature and public domain
– No claim to cover this complex subject completely
• Will describe specifically how particle measurement
needs should be addressed
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Outline
• Introduction
– Public perception
• Measurement regulations
– Difficulties & requirements
• Measurement solution
• Data from select incinerator plants
• Summary
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Introduction
• Incineration is high temperature treatment of waste
– Essentially combust organic matter and other material
– Convert waste mainly into flue gases, ash, particles, and heat
• Stack emission from waste incinerators must be treated
before released into atmosphere to “clean” of pollutants
• Public perception of waste incinerators is controversial
– Widespread concernPhoto © Ole Poulsen, wikipedia
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
Secondary
Chamber
Turbine
Boiler
Electricity
Steam
Waste
Bottom Ash Fly Ash
T < 200 °CFabric
Filter
Wet Scrubber
De-NOX
Suspension
90%
10%
Waste Incineration: The Process
Schematic from Dr Paul Connett (2007)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Arguments Pro Incinerators
• Reduce need for new landfills
• Modern plants have only small effect on local air quality
• Side effect: Some evidence of higher recycling rates in municipalities that operate incinerators
• Manage waste and generate heat that is put to good use
– Can be used for district heating or to
generate energy
– Can replace burning fossil fuels
– EU considers energy generated from
combusting biogenic waste “non-
fossil renewable energy”
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Arguments Against Incinerators
• Concerns about adverse effects on local health
– Evidence that emissions may be associated with respiratory
morbidity as well as acute and chronic respiratory symptoms*
– Both short term but even more so over lifetime of the plant
• Stacks emit varying levels & wide range of pollutants
– Toxic heavy metals (e.g. nickel, arsenic, mercury & lead)
– Negative effects associated with ultrafine (UF) particles
• Fear that incinerators do not work to spec all the time
• Believe that they are not sustainable
• “Not In My Backyard” (NIMBY) social response
* Review by the UK Health and Safety Board (2003)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Ash Management
• For every 3-4 tons of waste an incinerator produces
about 1 ton of ash
• Different countries have different approaches to
disposal of this ash
– USA: Bottom ash and fly ash are mixed together and is
sometimes used as landfill cover
– Japan: Some incinerators vitrify the ash
– Germany and Switzerland: Fly ash is stored in nylon bags
and placed in salt mines
– Denmark: Sends all its ash to Norway…
From: Dr Paul Connett (2007)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Current Regulation
• Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council on the incineration of waste
– Limit values for heavy metals, dioxins and furans, hydrogen
fluoride (HF), HCl, TOC, CO, SO2, NOx, and “total dust”
• Particles not specifically mentioned but for the need to
take into account Council Directive 1999/30/EC that
states a limit value for PM (particle mass)
• In Germany general "TA Luft“ requirements also apply
Only integral PM10 mass value has to be measured,
which does not represent UF particles well
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
A Particular Problem
• Incinerators produce many UF particles
– Some are emitted into the atmosphere even after filters
– Yet UF particles are not separately regulated in the European
Waste Incineration Directive (WID)
• Researchers have stated
urgent need for fine and UF
particle monitoring and
epidemiological studies
– Expressed that UF particle
fraction is the one we should
worry about most
– Stressed need to measure
particle size of the emission
CO2 + H2O
Acid Gases:
HCI, HF, SO2, NOx
Toxic Metals:
Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr
New Compounds:
PCB’s
PCDDs (DIOXINS)
PCDFs (FURANS)
etc
ULTRAFINE
PARTICLES
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
A Particular Problem (2)
0.01 0.1 1 10 [µm]
Size of
particles
regulated from
incinerator
emissions
Nanoparticles Particles in traditional dusty trades
K. Donaldson et al., Occup Environ Med (2001)
ULTRAFINE
PARTICLES
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
Bag Filters
• Collection efficiencies for particles
below 2.5 µm (PM2.5) are 5 to 30%
before filters become coated with lime
and activated carbon
• Even waste incinerators with most
modern bag filter technology for
cleaning flue gases still emit UF
particles unlimited by legislation
G. Buonanno et al., ASME-ATI-UIT (2010)
“Thus modern plants with their very high gas fluxes are
guaranteed to produce an UF particulate aerosol”
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Measurement Challenge
• What makes it difficult to measure these emissions?
– Very high temperatures, although emission is typically cooled
down to 80 -150 °C when it is in the stack
– Complex mix of compounds
– New particle formation (by condensation from gases)
Schematic from Cormier (2006)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Measurement Solution
Measurement Need Solution
Dilution System
to provide accurate dilution as well as thermal
conditioning of the hot emission sample
Rotating Disk
Thermodiluter
UF Particle Sizer
to measure size distribution of UF particles
down to a few nanometers
SMPS
Coarse Particle Sizer
to measure fly ash particles up to at least
10 microns & correlate to PM10
APS
Analysis Software
to combine & fit data in one size distribution
DataMerge
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
• Benefits of the RD Thermodiluter for this measurement– Dilutes and thermally conditions hot emission sample
– Preserves original size distribution and number concentration
– Wide, adjustable dilution range from 1:15 to 1:3,000• Changing dilution ratio is simple and requires no tools or re-calibration
Rotating Disk Thermodiluter
Photo © G. Buonanno et al., ASME-ATI-UIT (2010)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
• Benefits of the SMPS™ for this measurement– Measures size distributions of UF particles smaller than any
other particle sizer available
– Versatile system with detection limit down to 2.5 nm
– High size resolution of 167 channels
• Able to discriminate newly formed particles
– Continuous fast-scanning system with minimum measurement time of 30 to 60 sec
– Nano-aerosol sampler accessory to collect samples for TEM
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
• Benefits of the APS for this measurement– Measures size distributions of coarse fly ash
particles up to 20 microns• Airborne solids and non-volatile liquids
• Permits correlation to PM10
– Non-composition dependent calibration, so does not struggle with issues of optical particle counting devices
• Sizing technology accounts for particle shape and is unaffected by index of refraction or Mie scattering
– High size resolution of 52 channels• Based on 1,052 raw data bins used to acquire data
Aerodynamic Particle Sizer
Photo © J. Maguhn et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. (2003)
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
Example for Ambient Aerosol
Data Merge: SMPS + APS
• Easy to use software to reliably fit size distribution data
obtained by SMPS + APS, directly from their data files
• Generates wide size distributions from 0.0025 to 20 µm
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
Measurement Setup for UF
Particles In RDF Incinerator Plant
Schematic © G. Buonanno et al., ASME-ATI-UIT (2010)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Measurement Data
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Transition from pyrolysis to combustion
• Monomodal distribution, with mode from 50 to 100 nm, with
concentration of 2×106 P/cm3 during combustion
Emission from Pilot Scale
Incinerator at JRC Ispra (1 MW)
Gomez-Moreno et al, J. Aerosol Sci. (2003)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Size distribution meas. in flue gas at 700°C vs. 300 °C
• 300°C:Mode at about 140 nm, with concentration of 105 P/cm3
• Indication of nucleation mode below 20 nm, but not fully captured
Emission from Municipal Waste
Incineration Plant (23 MW)
Maguhn et al, Env.Sci.Tech. (2003)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Size distribution in stack gas after ESP (at 80 °C)
Emission from Municipal Waste
Incineration Plant (23 MW) - 2
Maguhn et al., Env.Sci.Tech. (2003)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Size distribution before fabric filter and at stack
• “Normal” emission in good agreement with results shown before
Emission from Incinerator in San
Vittore del Lazio (12 MW)
G. Buonanno et al., ASME-ATI-UIT (2010)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Site with MWI and A1 highway as particle source
Particles at Downwind Receptor
Site of Waste-to-Energy Plant
G. Buonanno et al., Waste Management (2010)
SMPS 3936L75 + APS 3321
Sampling time 240s,
measurements taken
every 30 minutes
Total measurement
period 12 months !
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Site with MWI and A1 highway as particle source
Particles at Downwind Receptor
Site of Waste-to-Energy Plant (2)
G. Buonanno et al., Waste Management (2010)
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© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Particles at Downwind Receptor
Site of Waste-to-Energy Plant (3)
G. Buonanno et al., Waste Management (2010)
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
Summary
• Incinerators play growing role in waste management
• Particle emission is technology and fuel-dependant
• Modern emission control devices greatly reduce particle
mass concentration
– Typically also efficient for UF particles
– Yet periods of high emissions of UF particles exist
• Need more measurements of UF particles– Should monitor before incinerator plants start up to acquire
baseline data on pollution levels
– Conduct regular, ideally continuous measurements over lifetime
– Penetration of nanometer-sized particles through fabric filters requires further study
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
Acknowledgements
Special thanks for providing material used in this
presentation
Dr. Giorgio Buonanno & his team
Associate Professor of Applied Thermodynamics
Di.M.S.A.T.
University of Cassino (Italy)
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
References
• Lighty J S et al 2000
• EU Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December
2000 on the incineration of waste
• Maguhn, J.; Zimmermann, R.; Karg, E.; Kettrup, A. (2000) On-line Measurement of the Particle-Size Distribution in the Stack Gas of a Waste Incineration Plant. J. Aerosol Sci., Vol 31, Suppl. 1, 873-874
• Donaldson, K.; Stone V.; Clouter, A.; Renwick, L.; MacNee, W. (2001). Ultrafine particles. Occup Environ Med, Vol 58, 211-216
• Gomez-Moreno, F.J.; Sanz-Rivera, D.; Martin-Espigares, M.; Papameletiou, D.; De
Santib, G. ; Kasper, G. (2003). Characterization of particulate emissions during pyrolysis
and incineration of refuse derived fuel. J. Aerosol Sci., Vol 34, 1267-1275
• Maguhn, J.; Karg, E.; Kettrup, A.; Zimmermann, R. (2003) On-line Analysis of the Size Distribution of Fine and Ultrafine Aerosol Particles in Flue and Stack Gas of a Municipal Waste Incineration Plant: Effects of Dynamic Process Control Measures and Emission Reduction Devices. Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol 37, 4761-4770
• Review by the UK Health and Safety Board (2003)
• Cormier, S.A.; Lomnicki, S.; Backes, W.; Dellinger, B. (2006). Origin and Health Impacts of Emissions of Toxic By-Products and Fine Particles from Combustion and Thermal Treatment of Hazardous Wastes and Materials. Environ Health Perspect. , Vol 114, 6
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
References (2)
• Yuan et al 2005
• Wierzbicka, A.,; Lillieblad, L.; Pagels, J.; Strand, M.; Gudmundsson, A.; Gharibi, A.; Swietlicki, E.; Sanati, M.; Bohgard, M. (2005). Particle emissions from district heating units operating on three commonly used biofuels. Atmos Env, Vol 39, 139-150
• Dr Paul Connett (2007). Presentation on Incineration versus Zero Waste, St. Paul, MN, Nov 14, 2007, www.americanhealthstudies.org/powerpoint/Incineration_altern.ppt
• Buonanno, G.; Ficco, G.; Stabile, L.; (2009). Size distribution and number concentration
of particles at the stack of a municipal waste incinerator, Waste Management , Vol 29 (2),
749-755
• Buonanno, G.; Stabile, L.; Viola, A.; Anastasi, P. (2010). On The Ultrafine Particle Removal Efficiency of a Fabric Filter in an Incinerator. ASME-ATI-UIT Conference Proceedings, Sorrento, 16-19 May, 2010
• Buonanno, G.; Stabile, L.; Avino, P.; Vanoli, R. (2010). Dimensional and chemical
characterization of particles at a downwind receptor site of a waste-to-energy plant.
Waste Management , doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.12.025
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
Webinar ScheduleApril 21st Scanning Mobility Particle Sizing: Key
Factors for Accuracy by Kathy Erickson
May 5th Using TDMAs to Measure Haze by Tim Johnson
May 19th Electrospray with SMPS (ES+SMPS) for Size Measurements of Nanoparticles Suspended in Liquids by Dr. Stan Kaufman
June 23rd Indoor Exposure to Ultrafine Particles: Sources and Measurements by Dr. Lance Wallace
July 21st Nanotechnology Workplace Emission Assessments by Kathy Erickson
• Size resolution <5% at 0.5m
• User adjustable size channels
• Size range: 0.3 – 10m in up to
16 channels
• Wide concentration range
from 0 to 3000 particles/cm3
• Fully compliant with ISO
21501-01/04
Optical Particle Sizer Model 3330
TSI PARTICLE NEWS
www.tsi.com/webinars
US +1 651-490-2811 EURO +49 241-52303-0 ASIA + 86 10 8251 6588 [email protected]
New WCPC’s Models 3787 & 3788
• 2.5nm detection
• Single particle counting to
4x105 particles/cm3
• <100 ms rise-time response
w/ 42 ms time constant
(fastest CPC available)
• Convenient, eco-friendly water
as working fluid Model 3788
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© 2010, TSI Incorporated
Thank You For
Your Attention
Any Questions?
Carsten Kykal ([email protected] )