Dec 14, 2015
Dynamic Lecturing
Christine Harrington [email protected] 8, 2014
Agenda
•Why Lecture?
•Maximizing learning via Lecturing
Why Lecture?
Let’s Explore the Research
An Experimental Study…
112 third and fourth graders learning
about ramps
Direct Instruction Good and Bad
Examples; Explanations
Discovery Based Learning
Randomly Assigned
Khlar and Nigam (2004)
Direct Instruction was more effective!
Exploration Assessment0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Direct InstructionDiscovery
Khlar and Nigam (2004)
A Quasi-Experimental Study with 1st Year College Students
1098 First Year Students in Teacher Preparation
Program
Lecture (LLLL) Case-based Learning (CCCC)
Lecture and Case-based Learning
(LCLC)
Gradual Approach Lecture- Case Based
Learning (LLCC)
Quasi-experimental Study
Classes Randomly Assigned
Baeten, Dochy, & Struyven (2013)
What is Case-Based Learning?
1. Active Involvement- Constructing Knowledge
2. Teacher is Facilitator
3. Authentic Assignments
4. Cooperative Group Work
Direct Instruction with Gradual Introduction of Case-Based Learning Worked Best!
Gradual LLCC
LectureLLLL
Case-basedCCCC
GradualLLCC
Lecture and Case-based
LCLC
Baeten, Dochy, & Struyven (2013)
Clark, Kirschner & Sweller (2012)
Direct Instructionis BEST
for Novice Learners
Expertise Reversal Effect
Lee & Anderson (2013)
Direct Instruction Works Because…
More efficient
Reduces cognitive load
Lee & Anderson (2013)
Examples
Lee & Anderson (2013)
Processing Time…
Summarize the research
on direct instruction.
Maximizing Learning via Lecturing
7 Strategies for Maximizing Learning via Lecturing
1. Activating Prior Knowledge
2. Capture Attention and Emphasizing Important Points
3. Effective Multi-Media Use
4. Elaboration through Examples
5. Reflection Opportunities
6. Retrieval Practice
7. Questioning for Critical Thinking
Strategy 1:Activate Prior Knowledge
Activating Prior Knowledge: Learning is Incremental
Goswami (2008)
Activating Prior Knowledge
Working MemoryEnvironment Long-term Memory
Adapted from Willingham (2009)
Think, Pair, Share, Square
What is a teaching strategy that you
use or would like to use to activate prior
knowledge?
Dusting Off the Cobwebs
1. No Notes- What did you learn from today’s workshop?
2. Look at Notes- Fill in any information gaps
3. Large Group Discussion
Quick Quizzes
Strategy 2:Capturing Attention and Emphasizing Important Points
How do YOU capture attention?
Capturing Attention• Voice
• Gestures
• Emotions
• Interesting Content or Activities
Emphasizing Important Points: Novices vs. Experts
• Novices focus on the details instead of the big picture
• Experts make more inferences
• Prior knowledge increase accurate inferences
Hrepic, Zollman, Rebello (2003)
Emphasizing Important Points
Hogan, Rabinowitz, & Craven 2003
Important!
Brain-writing Exercise…
1. Write down one way you can emphasize main points during a lecture.
2. Pass card to your right. Write down another way you can emphasize main points. You can’t use a strategy you’ve written on another card or that you’ve read.
Strategy 3:Using Multi-Media Effectively
Turn and Talk
What makes a Power Point slide effective?
Multi-Media: We are all Visual Learners
Mayer (2009)
Less is More!
XMayer (2009)
5 Steps to Effective Media Learning
Choose relevant words
Choose relevant pictures
Organize words
Organize images
Integrate words and imagesMayer (2009)
Draw Attention to Important Concepts
Mayer (2009)
The “Be Quiet” Principle (also known as the Redundancy Principle)
Mayer (2009) brings attention to the fact that when you have a visual aid such as a Power Point slide that contains a lot of words (like this one!), it makes it difficult for the student to process the information. There are competing channels fighting for attention. You want to listen and you want to read. You end up trying to both and not doing either one very well. He argues that because images are so powerful it is often best to use an image as a back drop to your narration. If you need to use a lot of words on a slide, then “be quiet” (these are my words not Mayer’s words!) and let them read it. Then, you can explain it more once they are finished reading.
Use Conversational Language rather than Formal Language
Mayer (2009)
Processing Time…
Summarize the research on effective
multi-media use.
Strategy 4:Elaboration via Examples
Elaboration via Examples
Examples
Motivation
Learning
Wlodkowski & Ginsberg (1995)
Elaboration via ExamplesSimpson, Olejnik, Yu-Wen Tarn, and Supattathum (1994)
50 students randomly assigned:
Verbatim rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
3 week training; 1 hour per week
Training:
• Rational for technique• Examples• Directions on how to use the
strategy• Activities• Process check and quizzes
Elaboration via ExamplesSimpson, Olejnik, Yu-Wen Tarn, and Supattathum (1994)
Post-test Delayed Post-test0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Verbatim RehearsalElaborative Rehearsal
Examples lead to Better PerformanceCarrol (1994)
40 High School Students
Worked Example Practice
In class
assig
nment
Homework
Post-test
Delayed Post-
test0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.55
Errors- PracticeErrors- Worked Example
Elaboration: What Works Best?Hamilton (1997)
Relational Elaboration
Focusing on similarities and differences
between concepts led to highest levels of
achievement
Elaboration Depends on Prior Knowledge
“Elaborative interrogation is most effective when the learner is able to access a well-developed knowledge base while imagery appears to be less dependent on priorknowledge.”
(Willoughby, Wood, & Khan, 1994, 287)
Elaborative interrogation:
Why?
Turn and Talk…How do you use examples?
Strategy 5:Brief Reflection Opportunities
Cognitive Engagement Matters the Most!
Mayer (2009)
Brief Reflection Opportunities
• One Minute Papers
• Turn and Talk or Think Pair Share
• Compare Notes
• Quick Quizzes
• 5 Paper Fast Pass
Comprehension Checks
Hogan, Rabinowitz, & Craven (2003)
Brief Reflection Opportunities: How Often?
Prince (2004)
The Power of Pausing
Free Recall of Concepts0
5
10
15
20
2522.97
16.63
PauseNo Pause
Three 2 minute Pauses to Review Concepts and Share Notes
Objective Test 12 days later0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
84.3976.28
PauseNo Pause
Ruhl, Hughes, & Schloss (1987)
The Power of Writing Summaries During Class
Written Summaries Reviewed Notes No Pause0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Delayed Free Recall- 12 Days Later
Delayed Free Recall
79 Students randomly assigned21 minute video lecture with two 4 minute pauses
Davis & Hult (1997)
Written Summaries
Factual Conceptual0.48
0.5
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.6
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.680.66
0.6
0.63
0.55
WritingThinking
• 978 Students in 32 Recitation Sections
• Sections were randomly assigned to writing or thinking conditions
• 5 minutes for writing or thinkingDrabick, Weisberg, Paul & Bubier (2007)
Quick Quiz
True or False
1. According to Mayer (2009), cognitive engagement is more important than behavioral engagement.
2. Prince (2004) suggests that a brief active learning technique is used after 30 minutes of lecturing.
3. Written summaries improved retention of information and exam performance.
Strategy 6:Using Practice Retrieval Techniques
A Research StudyRoediger & Karpicke (2006)
Study Technique
SSSS SSST STTT
180 college students
S = Study; T= Test
Retention ofInformation
Retrieval is a MEMORY tool!!!
Immediate Delayed0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SSSSSSSTSTTT
Roediger & Karpicke (2006)
Quizzing Research
•Weekly quizzing
•Testing until you get it correct
Landrum (2007); Di Hoff, Brosvic, & Epstein (2003); Epstein, Epstein, & Brosvic (2001)
An Alternative to the “Pop Quiz”-Random Quizzing Works!
Ruscio (2001)
5 Paper Fast Pass
Write down one way you use (or plan to use) retrieval practice
DURING class.
More Retrieval Ideas• Shout Outs
• Dusting off the Cobwebs
• Polling
• One Minute Papers or Presentations
Strategy 7:Questioning for Critical Thinking
Types of QuestionsFactual:
One Correct AnswerCritical Thinking:
More than One Correct Answer
Learning Purpose Socratic QuestionsClarifying Explanations What do you mean by….?
Provide an additional example of….
How does this compare and/or contrast to….?
What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of… ?
Questioning Assumptions What other explanations might account for this?
What are the assumptions behind this statement?
Exploring Additional Evidence
How can we find out more about this topic?
How does this connect to the concepts we’ve discussed previously?
What additional evidence can you find to support or refute this idea?
Multiple Perspectives What would someone who disagrees say?
What are the cultural implications?
Real World Implications What are potential consequences or implications of this?
Provide a real world example of….
Self-Reflective Processes Why should this issue matter?
What is the importance of learning about this issue?
What other questions do you now want to explore?
Teach Students How to Develop QuestionsKing (1995)
• Reciprocal Peer Questioning
• Reading Questions
• Share and Compare
Questioning leads to Higher AchievementKing (1991)
56 9th Grade Honors Students
Self-questioningSelf-questioning
and peer reciprocal questioning
Discussion groups Control- independent study
Questioning leads to Higher AchievementKing (1991)
Post-test 10 day post-test0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Self-questioningSelf and Peer QuestioningDiscussionIndependent Review
Let’s Try It: Questioning Technique
1. Work with a partner to create a question related to all 7 strategies we’ve discussed.
2. Exchange questions with a different group and answer the questions posed.
Let’s Summarize What We’ve Discussed…
Prior Knowledge
Attention and Importance
Multi-Media
Examples
Reflection
Practice Retrieval
Questioning
THANK YOU AND BEST WISHES WITH DYNAMIC LECTURING!
Questions? Contact Dr. Harrington at [email protected]