© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018 Dynamic Grid Support through Application of Renewables and Storage Inverter Advanced Functionalities
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Dynamic Grid Support through Application of Renewables and Storage Inverter Advanced Functionalities
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
NRCan Organizational Structure // Smart Grid
Office of Energy Research and Development
CanmetENERGY4 R&D Labs
Strategic Science-Technology Branch
Trade & Science Policy
Varennes, QCSmart Grid
Natural Resources Canada Minister’s Office
Deputy Minister’s Office
Innovation and Energy Technology Sector (IETS)Frank Des Rosiers, Assistant Deputy Minister
Energy Sector (ES)Jay Khosla, Assistant Deputy Minister
Energy Resources Branch
Office of Energy Efficiency
Net-Zero Energy Labelling Programs
Other Branches
Renewable & Electrical Energy
DivisionNARIS
Energy S&T Programs
Energy Innovation Program
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources (2018)
3. Renewable Integration
Limits
1. Demand Flexibility 5. Advanced
Inverter Functions
4. StorageIntegration
2. Standards and
Regulatory Development
Canm
etEN
ERGY
-Sm
art G
rid R
&D
Proj
ects
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
CanmetENERGY – Advanced Inverter Team
Alexandre Prieur Janos Rajda
Dr. Nayeem Ninad Dave Turcotte Estefan Apablaza Alexandre Gagné
Dr. Lisa Dignard Youssef Achouri
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
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Presentation Topics
1 Increased DER Penetration / Advanced Inverter Functionalities
2 What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario
3 40 MW Cochrane and 10 MW Silvercreek Solar Projects
4 HydroOne’s Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement
5 Interconnection Standard Update: CSA 22.3 No. 9
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Increased DER Penetration Requirements
The rapid rise of penetration of PV and wind based DER in Ontario made real or perceived issues, related to high penetration, rise to the surface:
Feeder, substation transformer hosting capacity limits Inverter fault current contribution to the system fault current Feeder breaker limited fault current closing and interrupting capacity Power quality (flickers, harmonics, unbalance) voltage deterioration Voltage rise issues at points of interconnection (POI) and along the feeder Risks of grid sections islanding, harmonic resonances Voltage and frequency stability issues due to variability of renewable sources
and decreased aggregate system inertia due to inverter frequency follow
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Increased DER Penetration Calls for Advanced Functionalities
• Increased penetration issues calls for wider application of advanced functionalities capable:• Power unidirectional inverters (PV, wind, fuel cell, ...)• Power bidirectional converters (storage)
• Advanced a.k.a. “Smart” functionalities and DER inverter and converter fleet controllers include capabilities for:• Voltage Support• Frequency Support• Grid Protection
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Overview of Advanced “Smart” Inverter Functionalities
• Most of PV inverter manufacturers, which sell in Europe, keep their “smart” inverter functionalities turned on, while the same functionalities are by most part kept turned off on a default basis in Canadian and US jurisdictions
• IEEE 1547, 2014th Amendment (a) revises the IEEE 1547-2003 standard requirements to allows DER devices to regulate voltage if the interconnecting utility approves this mode of operation
• UL 1741 SA – 2016 specifies the test methods for DER devices to ensure they meet CA Rule 21 requirements, to stay online and help stabilize the grid voltage and frequency during abnormal operation events
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Overview of Advanced “Smart” Inverter Functionalities
Power Factor (PF) Control, Fixed or as Function of Active Power, P Intelligent Volt / VAR, Configurable Curves, AVR (Auto Voltage Regulation) Volt / Watt, Configurable Curves for Max Watts vs. Voltage, Schedule Follow Frequency / Watt, Control, Set of Functions 1 and 2 per EPRI Low and High Voltage & Frequency Ride Through, Configurable Boundaries Dynamic Reactive Power, Q Control, Dynamic Reactive Current Peak Power, P Limiting, Curtailment and Ramp Rate Control
• Further reading: Common Functions for Smart Inverters: 4th Edition, EPRI, Dec 2016. 3002008217, https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/000000003002008217/
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Data Acquisition System
PV ArraySimulator
Equipment Under TestGrid Simulator
SunSpec SVP / Hardware in the loop (HIL)
AC and DC MeasurementsRooftopPV Array
RLC Loads
Arbitrary Waveform Generator
Existing Planned In construction
IEC TR 61850-90-7 ADVANCED FUNCTIONS CURRENT AND PLANNED TEST INFRASTRUCTURE AT CANMETENERGY
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
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Presentation Topics
1 Increased DER Penetration / Advanced Inverter Functionalities
2 What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario
3 40 MW Cochrane and 10 MW Silvercreek Solar Projects
4 HydroOne’s Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement
5 Interconnection Standard Update: CSA 22.3 No. 9
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario
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Source: MDP_RUL_0002_04 -A Chapter 4 Grid Connection Requirements – Appendices Market Rules
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario
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Two IESO Transmission Grid connected multi-megawatt PV Projects: 1. 40 MW Cochrane Solar Project, http://cochrane.northlandpower.ca/2. 10 MW Silvercreek Solar Park, http://silvercreeksolar.com/
1. Cochrane, ON
2. Aylmer, ON
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
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Presentation Topics
1 Increased DER Penetration / Advanced Inverter Functionalities
2 What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario
3 40 MW Cochrane and 10 MW Silvercreek Solar Projects
4 HydroOne’s Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement
5 Interconnection Standard Update: CSA 22.3 No. 9
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
40 MW Cochrane Solar Project
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PV Plant Single-line Diagram (SLD)4 x 10MW PV Plants, 3 plants physically, 21km apart of 4th
plant and plant POI
14 Inverter units of 832kVA at 40ºC max ambient size, amounts to 11.65 MVA capacity for each 10MW PV plant; 6 MVARs capacity allocated for AVC (Volt-VAR) function
Source: System Impact Assessment ReportDocument ID : IESO_REP_0753
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
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40 MW Cochrane Solar Project
Voltage Ride-Through Capability
Frequency Ride-Through CapabilityThe Market Rules state that the generation facility directly connecting to the IESO-controlled grid shall operate continuously between 59.4Hz and 60.6Hz and for a limited period of time in the region above straight lines on a log-linear scale defined by the points (0.0s, 57.0Hz), (3.3s, 57.0Hz), and (300s, 59.0Hz).
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
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10 MW Silvercreek Solar Project
S
Source: System Impact Assessment Report(Apr 2014 Addendum), IESO_ CAA ID: 2011-450
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
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Solutions to meet IESO’s AVC interconnection requirements included SMA CP inverter series’ advanced inverter functionalities along with advanced power plant controller (PPC) for the PV inverter fleet of 16 units of 720 kVA size each or at the project level:
10 MW Silvercreek Solar Project
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
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Presentation Topics
1 Increased DER Penetration / Advanced Inverter Functionalities
2 What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario
3 40 MW Cochrane and 10 MW Silvercreek Solar Projects
4 HydroOne’s Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement
5 Interconnection Standard Update: CSA 22.3 No. 9
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
HydroOne Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement
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• The DG shall operate such that the power factor a the PCC is 0.966 leading (absorbing reactive power)
Ontario DSO, HydroOne DG Technical Interconnection Requirements, R3states in clause:
HydroOne during the CIA (Connection Impact Assessment) study determines the power factor as in following CIA Report example for Belleville South L.P. 10 MW Solar Generation Project ID 11,960:
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
HydroOne Interconnection Power Factor Requirement
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Rationale behind the DG project specific power factor specs:
4.1 Feeder Steady State Voltage
Study Conditions and Criterion:a) Impact of DG connection on voltage regulation of the feeder and compliance with
CSA Standard CAN3-C235-83 ‘’Preferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems, 0 to50,000 V Electric Power Transmission and Distribution’’ was considered. Thevoltage at the PCC and over the entire feeder shall remain between 0.94p.u and1.06 p.u of the nominal system voltage.
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
HydroOne Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement
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Rationale behind the DG project specific power factor specs:
Assessment Findings and Remarks:
The assessment showed that the DG shall operate such that power factor of thecontribution of the DG facility to Hydro One distribution system at the PCC must beat all times at 0.966 leading (i.e. absorbing reactive power from the Hydro onedistribution system) to meet the DG Voltage Performance Criteria.
The operating power factor may change if system conditions change (e.g. other generators or loads are connected to the system).
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
• The core “smart” grid, advanced inverter grid support functionalities like:
Intelligent Volt / VAR, Configurable Curves, AVR (Auto Voltage Regulation)
Low and High Voltage & Frequency Ride Through (VRT & FRT) weredemonstrated at least at two large-scale PV projects, which wereconnected to IESO operated transmission grid (Ontario TSO) and
Power Factor (PF) Control, Fixed setting were demonstrated at number ofmulti-megawatt PV projects , which were connected to HydroOne operatedistribution grids (Ontario DSO) by meeting their grid respectiveinterconnection code requirements.
Summary of What Inverter Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
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Presentation Topics
1 Increased DER Penetration / Advanced Inverter Functionalities
2 What Advanced Functionalities were Implemented in Ontario
3 40 MW Cochrane and 10 MW Silvercreek Solar Projects
4 HydroOne’s Interconnection Fixed Power Factor Requirement
5 Interconnection Standard Update: CSA 22.3 No. 9
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Current DER Interconnection Standards
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DistributionSystem
TransmissionSystem Utility Grid Codes
(50 kV)
Inverter basedC22.2 No.257
CSC/IEC TC8CSA C22.3 No.9
IEC TC8 (<35 kV)
IEEE 1547 (<10 MVA)
IEEE P1547 (Draft 2017)UL 1741 SA (Inverter Tests)
Canadian International
IEEE 1547.8 Grid Codes
(600 V)
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Canadian/US Standard Alignment
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Installations
(Mandatory)
Products
(Mandatory)
Utility guidelines
(Utility dependent)
Canada Canadian Electrical Code –Part 1 (CSA C22.1)
Canadian Electrical Code –Part 2
CSA C22.2 no. 107.1
CSA C22.2 no. 62109(IEC Standard adopted withdeviations)
Canadian Electrical Code –Part 3
CSA C22.2 no. 257
CSA C22.3 no. 9
US National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)
UL 1741 (using IEEE 1547.1)
UL 62109 (IEC )
IEEE 1547
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Current DER Interconnection Standards
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Current interconnection requirements related to product certification and project impact assessment are distributed amongst three CSA standards:
• C22.2 No. 107.1 (voltage, frequency and harmonic limits for inverters)• C22.2 No. 257 (requirements for interconnection of inverters at 600V or less)• C22.3 No. 9 (requirements for interconnection up to 50 kV – except for
inverters that are covered in 257)
There is a need to consolidate all the requirements about DER interconnection in a single standard that would be referred to by utilities, system designers as well by standards for DER product certification intended to be interconnected to the grid in Canada.
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
C22.3 No. 9 Standard Scope
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Published as CAN/CSA-C22.3 No. 9-08 standard on June 2008,Update No. 1 C22.3 No. 9-08 on February 2009
Full title: “Interconnection of distributed resources and electricity supply systems”
Scope includes specification of the technical requirements for the interconnection of distributed resources (DER) and distribution systems up to 50 kV line to line
This Standard covers all distributed resource technologies with an aggregate capacity of 10 MW or less at the point of common coupling (PCC)
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
C22.3 No. 9 Standard Scope
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C22.3 No. 9 Scope further covers the interconnection of:a) Inverter-based DER systems and distribution systems where the PCC is at
medium voltage; (for low voltage DER interconnection refers to C22.2 No. 257) and
b) Machine generator-based DER systems and distribution systems where the PCC is at low or medium voltage.
• Description of typical distribution system characteristics and its interaction with DER systems
• Interconnection system requirements that connects the DER to the distribution system
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
C22.3 No. 9 Standard Scope
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C22.3 No. 9 Scope (continued listing):
Interconnection systems type or design, production and commissioning tests and their maintenance and installation modifications
Table 1 through Table 6 of “Maximum harmonic current distortion” through “Synchronization criteria for synchronous generators”
Informative Annex A through Annex C of “Single-line diagrams of typicalDER interconnections” through “Transformer winding connections for DER systems connected to distribution systems”
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
C22.3 No. 9 Standard Scope
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C22.3 No. 9 Approach taken to Standard Writing/General Observation:
Inclusion of selected core IEEE requirements pertinent to Canada
For majority of Interconnection system tests throughout the C22.3 No. 9 standard frequent references were made to specific clauses of IEEE 1547.1-2005 “Standard Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power System”
Transmission system interconnected DER projects were not considered
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
C22.3 No. 9 Update
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Items that will most likely be included in the new edition of C22.3 No. 9: Relocation of interconnection requirements and set-points that are presently
in product standards (C22.2 No. 107.1) into the new, Ed. 2 interconnection standard
Wider over- and under-voltage ride through, with and without reactive current injection, over- and under-frequency ride through
Distinct sections addressing DER product and system size considerations, like Baseline and Supplemental size considerations
• Inclusion of annexes for System Impact Assessment (SIA) template, e.g. 1547.7 – IEEE Guide for Conducting Distribution Impact Studies for DER Interconnection, and IEEE 1547.8 recommendations
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
C22.3 No. 9 Update
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Items that are proposed for consideration and may potentially be integrated:
Grid voltage and frequency support capabilities through advanced inverter and converter “smart functionalities”, perhaps to the extent included in IEEE P1547
Existing power quality (PQ) levels in order to fairly evaluate the PQ impact of particular DER contribution at POI
Energy storage requirements for accommodating the fluctuating nature of renewables and active power, P change in response to frequency deviations
Defining criteria to assess penetration rates for fair assessment of their impact on grid hosting capacities
Grid sub-sections planned islanding and dynamic micro-grid formation
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
C22.3 No. 9 Update
Items that are proposed for consideration and may potentially be No. 9 Ed.2 integrated:
An example of piecewise linear Q as f(P) characteristics(Source: P1547/D7.0, Figure 6)
An example of piecewise linear V as f(Q) characteristics(Source: P1547/D6.7.2, Figure 5)
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
CanmetENERGY-Varennes PV Inverter Test Bench ConfigurationStandard setup for a grid test and single commercial inverter at CanmetENERGY-Varennes
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Testing Inverter Advanced Function at CanmetENERGY-VarennesVolt-Var parameter following the P1547/D6.7.2, Figure 5 :
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Result of Volt-Var at 100% Power Level
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Testing Inverter Advanced Function at CanmetENERGY-Varennes
Voltage range (p.u.)
Operating Mode / Response Minimum ride-through time (s)
V > 1.2 Cease to energize N/A
1.1 < V ≤ 1.2 Momentary cessation 12
0.88 ≤ V < 1.1 Continuous operation infinite
0.7 ≤ V < 0.88 Mandatory operation 20
0.5 ≤ V < 0.7 Mandatory operation 10
V < 0.5 Momentary cessation 1
Table 16 of IEEE P1547/D7.0
Voltage ride-through test
LV2 region
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Result of Voltage Ride-through LV2 at 100% Power Level
10 s(Mandatory operation)
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Summary and Q&A Session
C22.2 No. 257 and C22.3 No. 9 consolidation and update effort into a single C22.3 No. 9 Ed. 2 standard is becoming critical as the renewable DER penetration is accelerating
With increased penetration DER grid dynamic voltage and frequency support capabilities through advanced inverter and converter “smart” functionalities, perhaps to the extent included in IEEE P1547, would be a step forward toward events robust and timely updated electricity system in Canada
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Q & A Session
Time for your Questions, Comments, … and our Answers!
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018
Alexandre PrieurCanmetENERGYNatural Resources Canada1615, Lionel-BouletVarennes, QuébecJ3X 1S6
Tel.: 450-652-4811Fax.: 450-652-5177
Email: [email protected]: http://canmet-energy.nrcan.gc.ca
Contact