Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasse

DYE REMOVAL BY ADSORPTION USING WASTE BIOMASS:

SUGARCANE BAGASSE

PROJECT GUIDE : Mrs. Sonali Dhokpande

Project By:

1. Ms Madhura Chincholi 2. Ms. Charmi Nagaria 3. Ms Priyanka Sagwekar

DYESDyes are organic compounds that can provide

bright and lasting color to other substances. Complex aromatic molecular structures which

make them more stable and difficult to biodegrade.

They are designed to resist fading upon exposure to sweat, light, water, and oxidizing agents

Types of dyes: Natural and synthetic. Used in the textile, leather, paper , rubber,

plastic, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food industries.

Textile industries ranks first in dye usage.

High Effluent Discharge.The wastewaters discharged from

dyeing processes exhibit1. High BOD2. High COD3. Visible Pollutant4. Hot, alkaline and contain high

amounts of dissolved solids.

Harmful EffectsToxicCarcinogenicMutagenicTeratogenicRetards photosynthetic activity

Inhibits growth of aquatic biota

PERMISSIBLE LIMITSThe maximum permissible COD limit is 250

mg/L The maximum permitted BOD content of <

100 to 300 mg/L.

TREATMENT METHODSBy Aerobic BiodegradationCoagulation using alum, limeChemical oxidation methods using chlorine and ozone

Membrane separation Degradation (Chemical, Photo, Bio)

Adsorption

ADSORPTIONAdsorption is

the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent.

Adsorption is a consequence of surface energy.

TYPES of ADSORPTIONPhysisorption (characteristic of weak van der

Waals forces)Chemisorption (characteristic of covalent

bonding). It may also occur due to electrostatic attraction.

Properties of AdsorbentGranular form.Should not offer a pressure drop.Large surface area per unit volume.Solid density.Porosity.Ability to develop force of attraction.

BAGASSE AS AN ADSORBENTBagasse is the fibrous matter that remains

after sugarcane are crushed to extract their juice.Available abundantly.It can also be used in raw form for adsorption.It is also used for some dyes in chemically activated

form. It is an effective and cost efficient adsorbent.It can be converted into granular form. In fact, in some dyes, bagasse is found more

efficient than AC or some adsorbents and can be regenerated.

MaterialsBagasse and Methylene Blue Dye

Fig. SEM images of SB at two different magnifications

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DYES REMOVED BY BAGASSEDYE NAME PARAMETERS ISOTHERMS

FOLLOWED

Orange- g pH, contact time, adsorption dose, initial dose of adsorbent.

Freundlich Isotherm

Methyl Violet pH, contact time, adsorption dose, initial dose of adsorbent.

Langmuir Isotherm

Rhodamine - B pH, dye concentration, adsorption dose, presence of surfactants.

Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm

Reactive Orange pH, contact time, adsorption dose, initial dose of adsorbent.

Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm

METHYLENE BLUE DYEDiscovered by Caro in 1876.A basic cationic dye, heterocyclic

aromatic chemical compound. Methylene Blue(MB) is a member of

thi-azine class of dyes and has ox-red properties.

Molecular formula : C16H18N3SClIUPAC name : 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)- phenothiazin-5-ium

chlorideSynonyms : 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)5-phenothiazinium

chloride, Aizen methylene blue BH, Basic blue 9, Tetramethylthionine chloride, etc.

Molecular weight : 319.85 gSolubility in water : Soluble (3.5%)Absorption maxima : 655.8 nmColour index : 52,015Appearance : Dark green powderUses : Optical oxygen sensor in food industry.

In Biology field as an antiseptic and stain for fixed and living tissues.

In chemistry as a photosensitizer for singlet oxygen generation.

As an organic dye in Textile Industry.

Fig.(a) Methylene blue solution Fig(b)Methylene Blue Powder

DIFFERENT ADSORBENTS STUDIED FOR METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION

ADSORBENT PARAMETERS STUDIED

ISOTHERMSFOLLOWED

Orange peels Dye concentration and pH

Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm

Banana peels Dye concentration and pH

Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm

Aquacultural shell powder

pH, dye and solid concentration and contact time

Langmuir isotherm

Rice husk ash pH, contact time,initial concentration and adsorbent dose

Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm

Activated carbon

pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage

Langmuir isotherm

Treated Activated carbon

contact time, solution pH and adsorbent dosage

Langmuir isotherm

MethodologyChemically Activated Bagasse

Raw BagasseStock Solution

Methodology for chemically activated bagasse

Bagasse from sugarcane mill Sun dry,grind and wash with distilled water

Soaked in 1/3rd by weight concentrated sulfuric acid for 48 h

for chemical activation

Washed with distilled water and soaked in 1%

sodium bicarbonate solution overnight to remove residue acid

Oven dried at 150- 160.C for 24 hours and

Sieved

Chemically activated bagasse adsorbent

Methodology for Raw Bagasse

Bagasse

from sugarcan

e mill

Sundried, grin

d and then soaked in distilled

water for 48 h.

Treated with Alkal

i NaHCO3 for 12

hours.

Washed with DW and treated

with formaldehyde

Dried in oven

at 50-

60°C for 24

hours.

Raw Bagasse.

Pictures of the Raw and Chemically Activated Bagasse

Dye solution

For the present study, MB have been supplied by Aldrich Sigma Ltd.

The dye stock solution of 1,000 ppm is prepared.

The experimental solutions of desired concentrations are prepared by diluting the stock solution with distilled water.

Different known concentration solutions used for calibration.

std curve.grf

Absorbance

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

Standard calibration curve for methylene blue at 655.8 nm

DPlotTrial

Versionhttp://www.dplot.com

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 30

2.5

5

7.5

10

12.5

15

17.5

20

22.5

25

y=-1.458+8.626x

PARAMETERS STUDIEDpHContact timeAdsorbent doseDye concentration

IDC.grf

Contact time (min)

% A

dsor

bed

Effect of initial dye concentration

DPlotTrial

Versionhttp://www.dplot.com

15 30 45 60 75 900

20

40

60

80

100

76.75

82.03

90.53 91.6693.51

54.15

61.32

67.83 68.49

83.79

50 ppm100 ppm

AD.grf

Contact time (min)

% A

dsor

bed

Effect of adsorbent dosage

DPlotTrial

Versionhttp://www.dplot.com

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 750

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0.4 g

0.6 g0.8 g1.0 g

0.2 g

0.4 g0.6 g0.8 g1.0 g0.2 g

ConclusionIncrease in pH increased the adsorption rate. For

pH values < 7 chemically activated bagasse was more effective , for pH ≥ 7 both adsorbents were found to be equally efficient.

For initial dye conc., the amount of dye adsorbed initially increased with time but attained equilibrium within 45 min.

For adsorbent dosage, in the first 15 min the adsorption rate rapidly increased and then it proceeded gradually till equilibrium. An optimum equilibrium %removal of 95.61 was achieved with 12 g/L by chemically activated bagasse of adsorbate conc. of 100 ppm.

Referencewww.indiaonestop.com/economy-macro-agro.htmRajeshwari Sivaraj, Sivakumar, S., Senthilkumar, P.,

Subburam, V., (2001): Carbon from cassava peel, an agricultural waste, as an adsorbent in the removal of dyes and metal ions from the aqueous solution. – Bioresource Technol 80 (3), pp.233-235

Mckay, G., Elgundi, M., Nassar, M. M.,. (1988): External mass transport process during the adsorption of dyes on to the Baggasse pith. – Water Res 22(12), 1527-33

APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2(2): 35–43.http://www.ecology.kee.hu • ISSN 1589 1623© 2004, Penkala Bt., Budapest, Hungary

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