Durim bajrami, projekti nga gjuha angleze

Fakulteti i Ndërtimtarisë Fakulteti i Ndërtimtarisë dhe Arkitekturës dhe Arkitekturës KonstruktivKonstruktiv

PUNOI : Durim BajramiPUNOI : Durim BajramiPROF. : Nedime BeleguPROF. : Nedime Belegu

THEMETHEME

• The Great ALBANIA• English Grammar• Translated Words

Ethnic Albania is a term used primarily by Albanian nationalists to denote the territories claimed as the traditional homeland of the ethnic Albanians. These territories include Albania, Kosovo, Presheva, Medvegja and Bujanovci in Serbia, and parts in Montenegro (Podgorica, Ulcinj), etc. Parts of the Epirus region of Greece referred to by Albanians as Çamëria are also sometimes included in this definition. According to the Gallup Balkan Monitor 2010 report, the idea of a Greater Albania is

supported by the majority of Albanians in Albania (63%), Kosovo (81%) and the Republic of Macedonia (53%). In different territories in Balkans that are inhabited by Albanians, armed forces were

created during the 90s.

Beginning in the 7th century BC, Greek colonies were established on the Illyrian coast. The most important were Apollonia, Avlona (modern-

day Vlorë), Epidamnos (modern-day Durrës), and Lissus (modern-day Lezhë).

The rediscovered Greek city of Buthrotum (modern-day Butrint),

In the westernmost parts of the territory of Albania along with the Illyrian tribes lived the Bryges, a Phrygian people, and in the south lived the Greek tribe of the Chaonians.

In the Middle Ages, the name Arberia (see Origin and history of the name Albania) began to be increasingly applied to the region now comprising the nation of Albania.

Beginning in the late-14th century, the Ottoman Turks expanded their empire from Anatolia to the Balkans (Rumelia).

By the 15th century, the Ottomans ruled most of the Balkan Peninsula.

Many Albanians had been recruited into the Janissary, including the feudal heir Gjergj Kastrioti who was renamed Skanderbeg (Iskandar Bey) by his Turkish trainers at Edrine.

After some Ottoman defeats at the hands of the Serbs, Skanderbeg deserted and began a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.[34]

After deserting, Skanderbeg re-converted to Roman Catholicism and declared a holy war against the Ottoman Empire,[34] which he led from 1443 to 1468.

Under a red flag bearing Skanderbeg's heraldic emblem,

an Albanian force held off Ottoman campaigns for twenty-five years and overcame sieges of Krujë led by the forces of the Ottoman sultans Murad II and Mehmed II.

However, Skanderbeg was unable to receive any of the help which had been promised him by the popes.

He died in 1468, leaving no worthy successor. After his death the rebellion continued, but without its former success.

The loyalties and alliances created and nurtured by Skanderbeg faltered and fell apart, and the Ottomans reconquered the territory of Albania in 1478.

Shortly after the fall of Kruje's castle, some Albanians fled to neighboring Italy, giving rise to the modern Arbëreshë communities. However, in the 19th century after the fall of the Albanian pashaliks and the Massacre of the Albanian Beys an Albanian National Awakening took place and many revolts against the Ottoman Empire were organized. Such revolts included the Albanian Revolts of 1833-1839, the Revolt of 1843-44, and the Revolt of 1847. A culmination of the Albanian National Awakening were the League of Prizren and the League of Peja, but they were unsuccessful to an Albanian independence, which occurred only in 1912, through the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Kosovo is landlocked and borders Central Serbia north and eastward, the Republic of Macedonia to the south, Albania to the west and Montenegro to the northwest (the latter three recognise it as independent).

The largest city and the capital of Kosovo is Pristina (alternatively spelled Prishtina or Priština), while other cities include Peja, Prizren, Gjakova, and Mitrovica.

During classical antiquity, the territory roughly corresponding to present-day Kosovo was inhabited by the Dardani.[10] Subsequently, Dardani were conquered by the Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian and Serbian empires.

As a region within the Serbian medieval state, Serbs came to consider Kosovo as the cradle of Serbian culture, religion and national identity;[11][12][13][14] despite the fact that medieval Serbia did not evolve from Kosovo itself.

After the Kosovo War and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the territory came under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK),

most of whose roles were assumed by the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) in December 2008.[16] In February 2008, the Assembly of Kosovo declared Kosovo's independence as the Republic of Kosovo.

Albanians refer to the area as the Lugina e Preshevës or simply “lugina", and usually associate the municipality of Medveđa at the northern edge with the area. In Serbian official statements, the area is usually referred to as the territory of municipalities of Preševo and Bujanovac and also Medveđa but only when denoting political context of the region.

the region. In 2001, as a follow-up to the Kosovo War, there were reported clashes between Yugoslav security forces and ethnic Albanian guerrillas linked to the UÇK. The aim of the movement was to take full control of Preshevës, Bujanocit dhe Medvegjës and hold them until such time as the adjacent lands, Kosovo and Western Macedonia, also came under Albanian control

The Albanians of the area are represented politically by the Albanian Coalition from Preševo Valley, which won one seat in the 2007 Parliamentary election.

Representatives from the municipalities of Preševo, Bujanovac and Medveđa have adopted a declaration asking for the formation of the "Preševo Valley region" in early August 2009

Podgorica is the capital and largest city of Montenegro .

In accordance with the decision of the Berlin Congress in 1878, Podgorica was integrated into Montenegro, marking the end of four centuries of Turkish occupation, and the beginning of a new era in the development of Podgorica and Montenegro. The city developed quickly and became a strong marketplace. Roads were built to all neighbouring towns and, in 1902, a tobacco plant became Podgorica's first significant commercial company.

The area is crossed with rivers and the city itself is only 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Lake Skadar. The Ribnica rivers flow through the city, while the Zeta, Cijevna, Sitnica and Mareza flow nearby. This richness in bodies of water is a major feature of the city.

The wider area of Ulqinit has been inhabited since the Bronze Age, based on dating of Illyrian tombs (tumuli) found in the village of Zogaj, in the vicinity of Ulqinit . The town is believed to have been founded in the 5th century BC by colonists from Colchis, as mentioned in the 3rd century BC poem by Apollonius of Rhodos.

Illyrians lived in the region at the time, and under Greek influence built immense so-called Cyclopean Walls. In 163 BC, the Romans captured Colchinium from the Illyrian tribe of Olciniates and renamed the town Olcinium (akaUlcinium) after the tribe. Under Roman rule the town received the status of Opidum Civium Romanorum (Town with Special Privileges).

Çamëria is a term used mostly by Albanians for parts of the coastal region of Epirus in southern Albania and northwestern Greece[1][2] Today, it is used mostly by Albanians as it is associated with the Cham Albanians. Most of what is called Chameria is divided between the Greek prefectures of Thesprotia andPreveza, the southern extremity of Albania's Sarandë District and some villages in eastern Ioannina Prefecture. The term is disused in Greece due in part to its perceived connotation of Albanian irredentism, and because the Greek toponyms Epirusand Thesprotia have been established for the region since antiquity

The region is named after Cham Albanians, by adding the suffix -eria, which in Albanian language denotes "land of the Chams".

In modern times, the region of Chameria was reduced to the dialectological territory of the Chams, stretching between the mouth of the Acheron river in the south, the area of Butrint in the north, and the Pindus in the east.[6] After the permanent demarcation of the Greco-Albanian border, only two small municipalities were left in southern Albania (Markat and Konispol), while the remainder of the territory fell under the Greek prefectures of Thesprotia (a name revived by the Metaxas Regime in 1936) and Preveza, with a few villages in Ioannina Prefecture

The region is mostly mountainous, with valleys and hills concetrated in the southern part, while farmlands are in northern part. Most of them with gridded roads and ditches are within the valleys in the central, southern and the western part. There are five rivers in the region, namely Pavllo in the north, Acheron, Louros Arachthosand Thyamis. Four of them are in Greece, with only the first in Albania

Grammar: Grammar: Present ConditionalsPresent Conditionals

Present Real Conditional

USEThe Present Real Conditional is used to talk about what you normally do in real-life

situations.

Examples:If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or some flowers.When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.If the weather is nice, she walks to work.Jerry helps me with my homework when he has time.I read if there is nothing on TV.A: What do you do when it rains?

B: I stay at home.A: Where do you stay if you go to Sydney?

B: I stay with my friends near the harbor.

IMPORTANT If / WhenBoth "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if" suggests that

something happens less frequently. Using "when" suggests that something happens regularly.

Examples:When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.

I regularly have days off from work.If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.

I rarely have days off from work.

Present Unreal Conditional

USEThe Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do in

imaginary situations.

Examples:If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she doesn't have much

money.I would read more if I didn't watch so much TV.Mary would move to Japan if she spoke Japanese.If they worked harder, they would earn more money.A: What would you do if you won the lottery?

B: I would buy a house.A: Where would you live if you moved to the U.S.?

B: I would live in Seattle.

EXCEPTION If I were ...In the Present Unreal Conditional, the form "was" is not considered grammatically

correct. In written English or in testing situations, you should always use "were." However, in everyday conversation, "was" is often used.

Examples:If he were French, he would live in Paris.If she were rich, she would buy a yacht.I would play basketball if I were taller.I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.I would buy that computer if it was cheaper. Not Correct (But often said in

conversation.)

IMPORTANT Only use "If"Only the word "if" is used with the Present Unreal Conditional because you are discussing

imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.Examples:I would buy that computer when it were cheaper. Not CorrectI would buy that computer if it were cheaper. Correct

EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal VerbsThere are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:would + can = couldwould + shall = shouldwould + may = mightThe words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be

used in these special forms.

Examples:If I went to Egypt, I would can learn Arabic. Not CorrectIf I went to Egypt, I could learn Arabic. CorrectIf she had time, she would may go to the party. Not CorrectIf she had time, she might go to the party. CorrectThe words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you cannot

combine them with "would."

Examples:If I had more time, I would could exercise after work. Not CorrectIf I had more time, I could exercise after work. CorrectIf he invited you, you really would should go. Not CorrectIf he invited you, you really should go. Correct

DICTIONADICTIONARYRY

Seminary from English Language

Nr.

English Transcription Shqip

1. glass [glæs] qelq

2. ceramics [sə'ræmıks] qeramik

3. carriage ['kærıdʒ] karroce

4. barrel canon ['bærəl kænən] cilinder

5. screwdriver ['skru:,draıvər] kaqavida

6. insulator ['ınsə,leıtər] izolant

7. complex ['kɒmpleks] bllok

8. tree [tri:] dru

9. window ['wındəʋ] dritare

10.

insolation [,ınsəʋ'leıʃən] ] izolim

11.

isothermal [,aısə'ɵɜ:rməl] izotermal

12.

gypsum ['dʒıpsəm] gips

13.

cable ['keıbəl] kabllo

14.

project [prə'dʒekt] projekt

Seminary from English Language

Nr.

English Transcription Shqip

15.

concrete mixer

['kɒŋkri:t mıksər]

betoniere

16.

brick [brık] tulle

17.

ebb and flow [Eb ænd flow] batice dhe zbatice

18.

frontal ['frʌntəl] ballor

19.

grocer ['grəʋsər] bakall

20.

dwelling ['dwelıŋ] banes

21.

colaboration [coləboræʃən] bashkepunim

22.

pedium [‘pi:dıəm] bazament

23.

front [frʌnt] ] Ballin

24.

basement ['beısmənt] podrum

25.

clay [kleı] baltë

26.

cellular ['seljələr] belular

27.

damp [dæmp] frenoj

28.

clip [klıp] foshete

Seminary from English Language

Nr.

English Transcription Shqip

29.

former ['fɔ:rmər] formist

30.

ratio ['reıʃəʋ] fuqi

31.

builder ['bıldər] firme ndertimi

32.

mortar ['mɔ:rtər] llaq

33.

enamel [ı'næməl] llak

34.

nail [neıl] gozhde

35.

scull , spade [Skʌl , speıd] lopate

36.

blak [blek] tra

37.

girder ['gɜ:rdər] tra mbajtes

38.

transom ['trænsəm] tra terthor

39.

fishplate ['fıʃ,pleıt] pllake bashkuese

40.

handsaw ['hænd,sɔ:] share dore

41.

bandsaw ['bændsɔ:] lloj share

42.

power saw ['paʋərsɔ:] sharre elektrike

Seminary from English Language

Nr.

English Transcription Shqip

43.

urbanization [,ɜ:rbənə'zeıʃən] urbanizim

44.

bridge [brıdʒ] ure

45.

screwnail ['skru:neıl] vide per dru

46.

trip hammer ['trıp,hæmər] qekan mekanik

47.

maul,hammer [mɔ:l] , ['hæmər] qekiq

48.

mallet ['mælıt] qekiq druri

49.

cementation [,si:mən'teıʃən] qimentim

50.

quadrate ['kwɒdreıt] drejtkendesh

51.

cement [sı'ment] qimento

52.

footgear,kneeboot

['fʋt,gıər , 'ni:bu:t]

qzme

53.

claw [klɔ:] dare

56.

decagon ['dekə,gɒn] dhjetekendesh

57.

gauge,diameter

[geıdʒ] diameter

58.

diagonal [daı'ægənəl] diagonale

Seminary from English Language

Nr.

English Transcription Shqip

59.

magazine [,mægə'zi:n] dhome , magazine

60.

cast [kæst] dredh

61.

performance [pər'fɔ:rməns] efektshmeri , rendi.

62.

deformation [,di:fɔ:r'meıʃən] deformim

63.

erector [ı'rektər] elektricist

64.

power ['paʋər] energji

66.

cleat [kli:t] Gozhdë, rrip , mbajtëse

67.

hammerer ['hæmərər] godites me qekan

68.

intakte [intækt] intakte

69.

cantilever ['kæntə,levər] krah , konsol , hark

70.

axle bearing ['æksəl,beərıŋ] kushinetë boshtore

71.

trip [trıp] leshoj

72.

release [ri:'li:s] leshues

73.

bracing,bracer

['breısıŋ ] , ['breısər]

lidhje

Seminary from English Language

Nr.

English Transcription Shqip

74.

fatigue [fə'ti:g] lodhje e metaleve

75.

tolerance ['tɒlərəns] lejes

76.

pinnacle ['pınəkəl] maje

77.

pitch [pıtʃ] hap

78.

punch [pʌntʃ] shpues

79.

employee [,emplɔı'i:] punonjës

80.

clearance ['klırəns] hapsire

81.

tool [tu:l] vegël

82.

integrate ['ıntə,greıt] bashkoj

83 cowl [kaʋl] kapak

84.

compressor [kəm'presər] kompresor

85.

communicator

[kə,mju:nə'keıtər]

komunikator

86.

cantilever ['kæntə,levər] konsol

87.

mantl ['mæntəl] koperton

Seminary from English Language

Nr. English Transcription Shqip

90. bonnet ['bɒnıt] mbulesë

91. axle cap [æksəl cæp] kapuq , bucele

92. body ['bɒdı] shasi

93. steam jacket

[,sti:m'dʒækıt] kemish avulli

94. damper,clip

['dæmpər , klıp] kllape

95. crankshaft ['kræŋk,ʃæft] kollodok

96. cornice ['kɔ:rnıs] kornize

97. metals ['metəlz] metale

98. abradant [ə'breıdənt] gerryes

99. pig-iron ['pıg,aıərn] gize

100.

inlet ['ınlet] hyrje

101.

absorber [goditjeshues] shuese

102.

boss [bɒs] gunge

103.

mercury ['mɜ:rkjərı] zhive