Center for By-Products Utilization DURABLE CONCRETE THROUGH USE OF PULP AND PAPER MILL RESIDUALS by Yoon-moon Chun, Tarun R. Naik, and Rudolph N. Kraus Presented at the Presented at the Third International Conference on Composites in Construction, Ly Third International Conference on Composites in Construction, Ly on, France, on, France, July 11 July 11 - - 13, 2005. 13, 2005.
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Center for By-Products Utilization
DURABLE CONCRETE THROUGH USE OF PULP AND PAPER MILL
RESIDUALS
by Yoon-moon Chun, Tarun R. Naik,
and Rudolph N. Kraus
Presented at the Presented at the Third International Conference on Composites in Construction, LyThird International Conference on Composites in Construction, Lyon, France, on, France, July 11July 11--13, 2005.13, 2005.
Center for By-Products Utilization
UWM Center for By-Products Utilization
Reduce, reuse, and recycle for sustainable developments.Minimize use of manufactured materials.
Maximize environmental benefits: clean air, clean water, and resource conservation.
Center for By-Products Utilization
Basic ApproachBasic ApproachWA$TE is wasted if you waste it, otherwise itWA$TE is wasted if you waste it, otherwise it
is a resource. Resource is wasted if you is a resource. Resource is wasted if you ignore it and do not conserve it with holistic ignore it and do not conserve it with holistic
best practices and reduce societal costs. best practices and reduce societal costs. Resource is for the transformation of people Resource is for the transformation of people
and society. and society.
Focus on turning brown fields into green Focus on turning brown fields into green fields of the 21fields of the 21stst Century. Century.
Center for By-Products Utilization
Basic ApproachBasic Approach
Recycle. Recycle as is.Recycle. Recycle as is.
Recycle without additional processing, Recycle without additional processing, (i. e., without adding any cost to it).(i. e., without adding any cost to it).
Center for By-Products Utilization
Center for By-Products Utilization
Pulp and Paper MillWastewater Treatment Residuals
• Solid residue removed from mill wastewater before the water is discharged or reused.
• Removed in two steps (primary and secondary).
• Usually, dewatered before disposal or beneficial use.
Center for By-Products Utilization
Mill Wastewater Primary
Clarifier
Dewatering
Primary Residual
Secondary Residual
Clarified WaterSecondary
Clarifier
Dewatered Residual
Recovered Water
Paper Mill Wastewater Treatment Process
Center for By-Products Utilization
0102030405060708090
100
Landfill Burn LandApply
Reuse Other
Res
idua
ls M
anag
ed(D
ry w
eigh
t %)
197919881995
Wastewater treatment residuals managementin the U.S. paper industry
Center for By-Products Utilization
Pulp and Paper Mill Residual Solids in Concrete
• Approximately half of the residual solids generated in the USA is sent to landfills.
• Because of cellulose fibers in the residual solids, the residual solids could become an economical source of fibers for use in concrete.
Center for By-Products Utilization
Scanning electron micrograph of Residual C1
Center for By-Products Utilization
Objectives • Establish technical, economical, and
performance benefits of using pulp and paper mill residual solids in ready-mixed concrete.
• Improve properties and durability of concrete.
• Determine effects on rheological properties of concrete due to chemicals in the residual solids.
Center for By-Products Utilization
Reasons for Fiber Reinforcement of Concrete
• Inherently, concrete is a brittle material.
• By incorporating fibers into concrete, its toughness and tensile strength can be improved; and, also, shrinkage cracking can be reduced, leading to durable concrete and sustainable concrete structures.
Center for By-Products Utilization
Residual Fiber Reinforcing a Micro-crack in Concrete
Center for By-Products Utilization
0100200300400500600700
Aspect RatioL/D
Tensile Strength(MPa)
Modulus ofElasticity (GPa)
SteelCarbonWood Cellulose
Properties of Micro-fibers
Center for By-Products Utilization
Pulp and Paper Mill Residual Solids in Structural Concrete
• There have been very few investigations.• Best performance of concrete seems to be
achieved if the residual solids were collected prior to chemical conditioning and solidification.
Center for By-Products Utilization
Characteristics of Residuals
65.9 (43.6-99.6)LOI at 590°C (%)*57 (35-94)Wood Fiber (%)*