ジュゴン訴訟と Akwé Kon Dugong Lawsuit and Akwé Kon 河村 雅美(沖縄・生物多様性市民ネットワーク) Dr. Masami Kawamura (Citizens’ Network for Biological Diversity in Okinawa) 生物多様性条約の中でのジュゴン保護 Dugong in the Context of CBD
ジュゴン訴訟と Akwe KonDugong Lawsuit and Akwe Kon
河村 雅美(沖縄・生物多様性市民ネットワーク)Dr. Masami Kawamura (Citizens’ Network for Biological Diversity in Okinawa)
生物多様性条約の中でのジュゴン保護 Dugong in the Context of CBD
今日の話 Today’s topic
-ジュゴン訴訟とは何か? What is Dugong Lawsuit ?
-Akwe Kon (CBDアセスガイドライン ) Akwe Kon (The CBD Guidelines)
- ジュゴンを「生物多様性条約」の中で考える Put the Okinawa Dugong in the context of CBD
Asia Times
ジュゴン訴訟とは何か? What is Dugong Lawsuit ?
ジュゴン訴訟とは (1)
2003年 9月、沖縄県辺野古沖に「普天間飛行場代替施設」として計画されている米軍基地の建設を阻止することを目的とし、米国で起こされた裁判。 原告:沖縄住民 3名、 日米の環境 NGO(ジュゴン保護基金、 Center for Biological Diversity, Turtle Island Restoration Network) 日本環境法律家連盟( JELF)
被告: 当時の国防長官ラムズフェルド(現在はロバート・ゲイツ)
代理人: 米国の環境訴訟を専門とする Earthjustice
What is Dugong Lawsuit ? (1)
Dugong Lawsuit was filed in 2003 to stop the new US air base in Henoko.
Plaintiffs :
3 Okinawa local peoples,
Japanese and US environmental NGOs ( Dugong Protection Fund, Center for Biological Diversity, Turtle Island Restoration Network), Japan Environmental Lawyers Federations,
Defendant : Department of Defense, DoD
Plaintiffs are represented by Earthjustice
ジュゴン訴訟とは (2)
・ 原告: 「普天間飛行場代替施設」 は、米国連邦政府の事業でありジュゴンへの影響を考慮せずに行われていることが、米国国家歴史保存法 (National Historical Preservation Act, NHPA)に違反していると主張。
・ 2008年 1月 原告勝訴
©Takuma Higashionna
What is Dugong Lawsuit ? (2)
Plaintiffs argued that US new base, Futenma Relocation
Facilities, is US Government’s undertaking
and that DoD violated the National Historical Preservation Act.
The ruling was delivered in January 2008 in favor of plaintiffs.
ジュゴン訴訟の判決 Ruling of Dugong Lawsuit
①国防総省は国家歴史保存法( NHPA )を遵守しなかったので、
これから同法を遵守せよ。
Court ruled that DoD violated the NHPA because DoD did not take into account the military base construction’s possible adverse effects on the dugong. The court ordered DoD to comply with the NHPA Earthjustice told that this order was exceptional.
② 遵守の方法を裁判所に示せとの命令 ( 現在、最終判決を待っている) . , Court ordered them to submit documents, which would show how they would comply with the NHPA.
We have been waiting for the court’s final order since January, 2009.
国家歴史保存法( NHPA)とは( 1)National Historical Preservation Act
手続き法procedural law
米国内の歴史的文化財の保護を目的として 1966年制定 established in 1966 to protect US’s historical and cultural
properties such as buildings and objects.
Citizen's Guide to Section 106 Review ( http://www.achp.gov/citizensguide.pdf )
国家歴史保存法とは( 2)National Historical Preservation Act
Citizen's Guide to Section 106 Review ( http://www.achp.gov/citizensguide.pdf )
アメリカ先住民の伝統文化をも保護する法律へと変容
Consultation with Native Americans
http://www.achp.gov/Case%20Digest%20Fall%2008.pdf
application of the NHPA was expanded to Native American’s traditions and cultures
なぜ日本で?Why Japan?
域外適用条項(国内法 106条を国外に適用する 402 条) の存在
世界遺産条約の執行のために制定 section in the NHPA, which enables the NHPA to be
applied to cases outside the US for participating in UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention
なぜジュゴンが?Why Dugong ?
米国 US 日本 Japan
Japan’s List of Cultural Properties Protection Law is equivalent to US National Register of Historic Places.
国家登録簿( US National
Register of Historic Places)
文化財保護目録Japanese List of
Cultural Properties Protection Law 天然記念物
Natural Monument
裁判所同等と判断
NHPAを遵守するとは?What DoD has to to do to comply with NHPA?
DoDが「普天間代替施設建設事業」がジュゴンに与える影響を 考慮する (take into account)義務を果たしていく
①ジュゴンの文化的価値への影響の調査・評価 影響があるか /ないか を決める
②事業に対する意見を述べる機会提供 「公聴会」「協議」
③文化財への悪影響の「回避」「緩和」方策の提示
What the DoD has to do to comply with NHPA?
=take into account the possible impacts of the base construction plan on the Dugong
1)conduct surveys on the possible impact of the base construction plan on the historical and cultural impacts on the Dugong.
2) they must seek the views of stakeholders such as local communities regarding the possible impacts on the dugong. (public hearing and consultation
3) present measures to avoid or mitigate the adverse effects of the base construction plan on the cultural and historical significance of the dugong.
「協議」 consultation
連邦機関は審査期間、しかるべき団体や個人と積極的に協議しなければならない。
“…the NHPA requires an agency to ‘stop, look and listen’”
http://www.achp.gov/citizensguide.pdf
市民の声を反映できるプロセス
democratic and interactive process, “consultation”, which help citizens make their voices heard.
協議の様子 Consulting
Citizen's Guide to Section 106 Review( http://www.achp.gov/citizensguide.pdf )
Consultation with Native Americans
Consultation with Native Americans
「ジュゴン訴訟」のジュゴンの位置づけ
ジュゴン ・・・文化的歴史的な価値を持つもの としての位置づけ ( cf. 絶滅危惧種、レッドデータリスト)
Dugong as an animal with historical and cultural significance
not as an endangered species, sea mammal on the “Red Data List,” environmental flagship species
→ジュゴンの文化的重要性を示す必要 plaintiffs are required to demonstrate cultural and
historical significance of Dugong.
ジュゴンの文化的な価値とは何なのか?what is the cultural and historical significance of the Dugong.
Dugong in Traditional Culture myths, legend, ancient poem and songs, folktales historical
literature, archeological objects, rituals
www.jaima.net/modules/yaeyama/images/title.jpg
©JELF
現在のジュゴン文化
ジュゴンにまつわる儀礼 一部でのみ rituals associated with the Dugong are practiced only in few
parts of Okinawa.
古宇利島:立て看板
© 浦島悦子 http://kichi-iranai.jp/d_10kumovement/e_kurasu/20070813/20070813.html
新たなジュゴン文化 New Cultural Products
絵本 picture books
歌 songs
Dr. Thomas F. King
( NHPA 専門家)
文化を示す・・・難しい問い How should we demonstrate cultural significance of the Dugong ? Tough question
“Let me think about this a bit more”
I'll keep
thinking.....
CBD Guidelines Akwe Kon
キング博士からの助言
Dr. Thomas F. King’s suggestion
Akwe Kon とは What is Akwe?
E
生物多様性条約のガイドライン「先住民族のおよび地域コミュニティーにより伝統的に占有あるいは用いられてき聖地、土地、および水域において実施するよう提案された開発またはこれらに影響を及ぼす可能性のある開発に関わる文化、環境、社会的影響アセス実施のための任意のガイドライン」
CBD Guidlines“Voluntary guidelines for the conduct of cultural, environmental and social impact assessments regarding developments proposed to take place on, or which are likely to impact on, sacred sites and on lands and waters traditionally occupied or used by indigenous and local communities”
Akwe Kon
文化、社会、ローカルコミュニティを重視したガイドライン
emphasizes environmental aspects, but also culture, society and local communities.
言語、ジェンダー、マイノリティグループの存在への配慮 it takes into consideration local language, gender and minority
groups
ジュゴンを守るとはどういうことかwhat protecting Dugong really means for us ? ・場、空間の大切さ recognize space and place where the dugong has been living
and evolving, We also should review and learn Dugongs’ cultural and historical value and recognize new cultural means,
・人々、コミュ二ティとの関係 recognize how significant the relationship between the
Dugong and the people, especially local community.
・文化 review and learn Dugongs’ cultural and historical value and
recognize new cultural means
まさに生物多様性条約の大切にしているもの What CBD highlights
沖縄の声とは何か?
reconsider what Okinawan people voices really mean
土地を奪わないで、文化を壊さないで They have been calling on US and Japanese Government for
not depriving their lands any more, not destructing their nature and culture
おわりに Closing
ジュゴン訴訟と Akwe Kon が教えてくれること What should we learn from Dugong Lawsuit and CBD
Guidelines Akwe: Koe give us an opportunity to reconsider what Okinawan people voices really mean?
ジュゴン保護と国際責任 Responsibility for international community in protecting
Dugong
©Mira
Thank you!