Dtm Ix. Proses Hilir

8/17/2019 Dtm Ix. Proses Hilir

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PROSES HILIRPROSES HILIR(Downstream Process)(Downstream Process)

m. k. DASAR TEKNOLOGI MIKROBIAL

TIN !"# ($%)

DEPARTEMEN TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRIPERTANIAN

FATETA IPB2011

Dosen & L'eset'n' Hartoto


2/41

RANAH PROSES HILIRRANAH PROSES HILIRPROSES HULU

Bahan baku

Persiapan bahan

Fermentasi

Sterilisasi

PROSES HILIR

Penanganan/pembuangan

Residu

residu

‘brothPemisahan

!iltratIsolasi produk

biomassaPenanganan/

pembuangan

biomassa

Pembuangan/daur

ulang "re#$#le%

Peman!aatan/pembuangan

Downstream & ‘a!ter the !ermentation pro#ess


3/41

DIAGRAM ALIR BIOPROSES

Substrat

Persiapan media

!ermentasi

Sterilisasi Inokulum

Fermentasi

'nalisis Pendahuluan

H(O

)eknologi Pen#ampuranPengaturan pH

Penambahan garammineral* Sumber +

dan , dll

Energi'erasi

Pengukuran

- pengontrolan

+O( dan gas lain

Panas


4/41

Pemisahan Biomassa dan#airan kultur

Isolasi Produk

Puri!ikasi Produk -

Formulasi

Produk 'khir Pembuangan Residu

Biomassa

Residu Fermentasi

Residu Fermentasi


5/41

Proses hilir & s*'t +er* tekn'k ,an- te+at an 'a,a t'n--'

% / 0% 1 tota* 'a,a +roks'

2ara menrnkan 'a,a &&

#.#. Men'n-katkan konsentras' +rok ,- '3as'*kanMen'n-katkan konsentras' +rok ,- '3as'*kan

$ tekno*o-' k*t'4as'$ tekno*o-' k*t'4as'

$ reka,asa -enet'ka$ reka,asa -enet'ka. Proses 3'*'r 'at *e'3 e5's'en. Proses 3'*'r 'at *e'3 e5's'en


6/41

KRITERIA PEMILIHANKRITERIA PEMILIHAN

METODE PROSES HILIRMETODE PROSES HILIR

Lokas' +rok ('ntra"ekstrase**er)Lokas' +rok ('ntra"ekstrase**er)

Konsentras' +rok a*am ca'ran k*t'4as' (6rot37)Konsentras' +rok a*am ca'ran k*t'4as' (6rot37)

S'5at$s'5at k'm'a an 5's'k +rok (kran +art'ke*8 ke*artan8S'5at$s'5at k'm'a an 5's'k +rok (kran +art'ke*8 ke*artan8

ens'tas8 '5s'5'tas8 matan **)ens'tas8 '5s'5'tas8 matan **)

Pen--naan +rokPen--naan +rok +an-an8 5armas' **+an-an8 5armas' **

Stanar t'n-kat kemrn'an m'n'ma* ,an- 'tentkanStanar t'n-kat kemrn'an m'n'ma* ,an- 'tentkan

Aan,a sen,awa +en-otor (m's. +'-men) a*am ca'ran Aan,a sen,awa +en-otor (m's. +'-men) a*am ca'ran

k*t'4as'k*t'4as'

Har-a 9a* +rokHar-a 9a* +rok


7/41

KARAKTERISTIK BIO$PROD:KKARAKTERISTIK BIO$PROD:K

#.Konsentras' rena3 an cam+ran kom+*eks#.Konsentras' rena3 an cam+ran kom+*eks

(se*8 kom+onen me'm ; +rok metao*'k)(se*8 kom+onen me'm ; +rok metao*'k) Konsentras' (-"*)Konsentras' (-"*)

$ PST$ PST !%$$%$ Asam or-an'k$ Asam or-an'k ?%$#%% ?%$#%%

$ Ant''ot'ka (Pen's'*'n G)$ Ant''ot'ka (Pen's'*'n G) #%$!%#%$!%

$ En@'m$ En@'m $


8/41

?. T'ak sta'*?. T'ak sta'*

+H8 s38 kekatan 'on8 9en's +e*art ,an- '-nakan8+H8 s38 kekatan 'on8 9en's +e*art ,an- '-nakan8 'rsak m'kroa kontam'nan **'rsak m'kroa kontam'nan **

a+at '3'nar' en-an +en'n-'nana+at '3'nar' en-an +en'n-'nan


9/41

)'H'P', U.U. PROSES HILIR)'H'P', U.U. PROSES HILIR

#.#. Pem'sa3an se* m.o" +art'ke* t'ak *artPem'sa3an se* m.o" +art'ke* t'ak *art

((5'*tras'8 sentr'5-as'8 se'mentas'5'*tras'8 sentr'5-as'8 se'mentas'))

. Iso*as' +r'mer. Iso*as' +r'mer 'so*as' +rok ar' ca'ran k*t'4as''so*as' +rok ar' ca'ran k*t'4as' +emekatan (+emekatan ( e*m mrn'e*m mrn'))

((ekstraks' en-an +e*art8 +res'+'tas'8 *tra5'*tras'ekstraks' en-an +e*art8 +res'+'tas'8 *tra5'*tras'))

!. Pr'5'kas'!. Pr'5'kas' +en-3'*an-an8 kontam'nan +en-3'*an-an8 kontam'nan

(6(65ract'ona* +res'+'tat'on78 k3romato-ra5'5ract'ona* +res'+'tat'on78 k3romato-ra5'))?. Iso*as' +rok ta3a+ ak3'r?. Iso*as' +rok ta3a+ ak3'r sesa' 5orm*as'"sesa' 5orm*as'"

a+*'kas' ak3'r ata 'str's'"trans+ortas'a+*'kas' ak3'r ata 'str's'"trans+ortas'

CC 6Po*'s3'n-76Po*'s3'n-7 6rm"s+ra, r,'n-8 +en-er'n-an6rm"s+ra, r,'n-8 +en-er'n-an

ek (5ree@e r,'n-)8 kr'sta*'sas'ek (5ree@e r,'n-)8 kr'sta*'sas'

+airan ulti0asi/Fermentasi


10/41

PROSES HILIR IDEALPROSES HILIR IDEAL

D'+ero*e3 +rok erka*'tas t'n--'D'+ero*e3 +rok erka*'tas t'n--'

Proses ce+at ; e5's'enProses ce+at ; e5's'en

In4estas' +era*atan t'ak ma3a*In4estas' +era*atan t'ak ma3a*

B'a,a o+eras' rena3B'a,a o+eras' rena3

Pem'*'3an +roses 3'*'r 3ars te+at


11/41

KLASIIKASI METODE PEMISAHANKLASIIKASI METODE PEMISAHAN

Pr'ns'+ +em'sa3anPr'ns'+ +em'sa3an MetoeMetoe+em'sa3an+em'sa3an

:kran +art'ke*:kran +art'ke*(m)(m)

:kran +art'ke*:kran +art'ke* $

'er5'*tras''er5'*tras'

$ M'kro5'*tras'M'kro5'*tras' F %% / #%F %% / #% % / %.


12/41

KLASIIKASI METODE PEMISAHANKLASIIKASI METODE PEMISAHAN

Prinsippemisahan

Met!epemisahan

U"#ran parti"e$%&m'

Ke$ar#tan -A!sr(si-E"stra"si

) 0*002

M#atan $istri" -E$e"tr+resis-E$e"tr!ia$isis-Pert#"aran in

2 , 0*020*02 , 0*0002-0*02 , 0*0002-

B(t .enis%!ensitas'

-Se!imentasi-De"antasi-Sentri+#/asi-U$trasentri+#/asi

10001000 , -1000 , 0*- 2 , 0*02


13/41

Pem'sa3an +art'ke* terss+ens' ar' ca'ran"-as

Men--nakan me'm !ilter er+or' ,an- mena3an

+art'ke* (Cretentat)8 teta+' me*ewatkan ca'ran"-as (C5'*trat)

Proses mm ntk sema ska*a o+eras'

5'*ter

s*rr,

6'*ter cake7

.

.

$$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$

$

5'*trat

FIL)R'SI


14/41

PER'L')', FIL)R'SIPER'L')', FIL)R'SI

#.#.

Rotar, acm Drm '*ter Rotar, acm Drm '*ter

$$ rm ersekat ,an- '*a+'s' 5'*ter ka'n"*o-amrm ersekat ,an- '*a+'s' 5'*ter ka'n"*o-am

'maskkan tan-k' ca'ran k*t'4as' (a-'an ,-'maskkan tan-k' ca'ran k*t'4as' (a-'an ,-

terenamterenam !


15/41


16/41

(3 Lea! Filter (3 Lea! Filter

$ a+at 'o+eras'kan se+ert' J4acm"+resre 5'*ter$ a+at 'o+eras'kan se+ert' J4acm"+resre 5'*ter

$ se*ama 5'*tras' t'ak '+tar$ se*ama 5'*tras' t'ak '+tar ak3'r 5'*tras' '+tarak3'r 5'*tras' '+tarntk +eman-an +aatanntk +eman-an +aatan

$ 6'*ter a'7 (tana3 'atomeae **) 'tama3 +aa m+an$ 6'*ter a'7 (tana3 'atomeae **) 'tama3 +aa m+an

$ a+at '-nakan secara tertt+$ a+at '-nakan secara tertt+


17/41

Lea5 '*ter Lea5 '*ter


18/41

!. '*ter Press!. '*ter Press$ 6+*ate7 ; 65rame7 erser'$ 6+*ate7 ; 65rame7 erser' t'a+ 6+*ate7 '*a+'s' 5'*tert'a+ 6+*ate7 '*a+'s' 5'*ter

seer3ana an mra3seer3ana an mra3

$ 6Brot37 'tekan - tekanan ( % ar)$ 6Brot37 'tekan - tekanan ( % ar) +aatan+aatan terta3an ' a- *m e9ana ; 5'*trat 'ke*arkan me*a*'terta3an ' a- *m e9ana ; 5'*trat 'ke*arkan me*a*'

sa*ran +aa +ermkaan 6+*ate7sa*ran +aa +ermkaan 6+*ate7

$ '-nakan ntk$ '-nakan ntk ss+ens' ,an- s*'t '$5'*ter (kenta*)ss+ens' ,an- s*'t '$5'*ter (kenta*)

$ t'ak memer*kan 65'*ter a'7$ t'ak memer*kan 65'*ter a'7

$ o+eras' atc3 (cra3)$ o+eras' atc3 (cra3)$ wakt +en-3'*an-an 6cake7 +emers'3an ; +emasan-an$ wakt +en-3'*an-an 6cake7 +emers'3an ; +emasan-an

a*at *e'3 *amaa*at *e'3 *ama


19/41


20/41


21/41

2entr'5s & +era*atan ,an- '-erakkan en-an motor

conto3 erotas' sek'tar sm8 men--nakan

-a,a ,an- te-ak *rs t3 sm.

$Prinsip ker4a alat & se'mentas' (Hukum Stokes)

+em'sa3an +art'ke* a3an erasarkan +ereaan

ens'tas

$ aktor ,- mem+en-ar3' *a9 se'mentas' &

+ereaan ens'tas antara se* -n ca'ran

'ameter se*

4'skos'tas ca'ran

$ Sentr'5s Jatc3 ka+as'tasn,a teratas t'ak cocok ntk

ska*a esar $ Sentr'5s ,- '-nakan ntk +em'sa3an se* 'asan,a

'o+eras'kan secara s'namn- ata sem' s'namn-


22/41

+entri!ugation properties o! di!!erent #ell t$pes

Bacter'a

Sma** ce** s'@e

Res'*'ent

east ce**s

Lar-e ce**s

Res'*'ent

'*amentos 5n-'

M,ce*'a*

Res'*'ent

2*tre an'ma* ce**s

Lar-e ce**s

er, 5ra-'*e

H'-3 s+ee re're Low ce** ama-e

Lower s+ee re're

Low ce** ama-e

Lower s+ee re're

H'-3 water retent'on 'n

+e**et

er, ssce+t'*e to ama-e


23/41

Instr'a* centr'5-es

Tubular bowl Chamber Disc

aktor akse*eras'aktor akse*eras'

T*ar centr'5-eT*ar centr'5-e #!%%% / #=%%% -#!%%% / #=%%% -

23amer centr'5-e23amer centr'5-e 0%%% / ##%%% - 0%%% / ##%%% -

D'sc$stack centr'5-eD'sc$stack centr'5-e


24/41

Properties o! industrial #entri!uges

)ubular

$ H'-3 centr'5-a* 5orceGoo ewater'n-

Eas, to c*ean

+hamber Lar-e so*'s ca+ac't,

Goo ewater'n-

Bow* coo*'n- +oss'*e

5is# t$peSo*'s 'sc3ar-e

No 5oam'n-

Bow* coo*'n- +oss'*e

L'm'te so*'s ca+ac't, oamsD'55'c*t to reco4er +rote'n

No so*'s 'sc3ar-e

2*ean'n- '55'c*tSo*'s reco4er, '55'c*t

Poor ewater'n-

D'55'c*t to c*ean


25/41

ISOLASI PROD:KISOLASI PROD:K ekstrase**erekstrase**er *an-sn-*an-sn- 'ekstraks''ekstraks'

ProdukProduk

'ntrase**er'ntrase**er +emeca3an se*+emeca3an se*

63 .etode !isika7mekanika63 .etode !isika7mekanika

7 li8uid shear "high7pressure homogeni2er%7 li8uid shear "high7pressure homogeni2er%

7 solid shear "ekstrusi dg tekanan pd sel mo beku "7(97 solid shear "ekstrusi dg tekanan pd sel mo beku "7(9::+%+%

7 pengadukan dg ‘abrasi0es "glass ballotini%7 pengadukan dg ‘abrasi0es "glass ballotini%

7 pembekuan - pen#airan "kristal es merusak sel%7 pembekuan - pen#airan "kristal es merusak sel%

(3(3 .etode imia.etode imia

$$ 5eter4en "e3g3 sodium lauril su!at* );een* )riton


26/41

+ell disruption "!or intra#ellular en2$mes%

Soni#ation:se o5 3'-3 5reenc, son wa4es to 'sr+t ce** wa**s

an memranes2an e se as cont'nos *,s's met3oBetter s'te to sma** (*a$sca*e) o+erat'ons2an ama-e sens't'4e +rote'ns

Pressure #ells A++*, 3'-3 +ressre to ce**s ce**s 5ractre as +ressre's ar+t*, re*easeRea'*, aa+te to *ar-e$sca*e an cont'nos o+erat'ons Instr, stanar (Manton$Ga*'n ce** 'sr+tor)

En2$mi# l$sis 2erta'n en@,mes *,se ce** wa**s

L$so2$me 5or acter'a #hitinase 5or 5n-'On*, se5* on sma** *aorator, sca*e


27/41

ISOL'SI PRO5UISOL'SI PRO5U

63 Ekstraksi +airan7#airan63 Ekstraksi +airan7#airan

Pem'sa3an kom+onen sat ca'ran en-an +en--naanPem'sa3an kom+onen sat ca'ran en-an +en--naanpelarutpelarut ,an- a+at me*artkan kom+onen terset,an- a+at me*artkan kom+onen terset

Penentan 9en's +e*artPenentan 9en's +e*art n'*a' koe5's'en +art's'n'*a' koe5's'en +art's' ataata

'str's' (K)'str's' (K)

K CK CKonsentras' so*t a*am ra5'nat

K F %.< +em'sa3an *e'3 ma3 ekstraks' # ta3a+

K %.# Ekstraks' erta3a+ &

$ 62oncrrent7 (a*'ran seara3)

$ 62onter 2rrent7 (a*'ran er*awanan ara3)

Konsentras' so*t a*am ekstrak


28/41

Peralatan Ekstraksi dgn Pelarut =

Ska*a Kec'* (La) &

se+arat'n- 5nne*

Ska*a Instr' &centr'5-a* contactors8s+ra, co*mns8+*se co*mns

an m'er$sett*ers.

.i>er7settler


29/41

(3(3 5estilasi5estilasi

:ntk +en-am'*an ca'ran":ntk +en-am'*an ca'ran"+e*art+e*art (+rok k*t'4as'8 e.-(+rok k*t'4as'8 e.-

etano*8 aseton8 tano* ** )etano*8 aseton8 tano* ** )

Ta3a+an &Ta3a+an &

a.a. E4a+oras'E4a+oras' +em'sa3an +e*art ar' ca'ran k*t'4as'+em'sa3an +e*art ar' ca'ran k*t'4as'

.. Pem'sa3an a+ ca'ran ntk mem'sa3kan +e*artPem'sa3an a+ ca'ran ntk mem'sa3kan +e*art

,an- *e'3 4o*at'* an kran- 4o*at'*,an- *e'3 4o*at'* an kran- 4o*at'*

c.c. Konensas' a+ ntk mena+atkan +e*art kema*'Konensas' a+ ntk mena+atkan +e*art kema*'



30/41

?3 hromatogra!i?3 hromatogra!i

Iso*as' ; +emrn'an metao*'t en-anIso*as' ; +emrn'an metao*'t en-an konsentras'konsentras'

rena3rena3

a.a. hromatogra!i 'dsorbsihromatogra!i 'dsorbsi conto3 & ntk ant''ot'ka stre+tom's'nconto3 & ntk ant''ot'ka stre+tom's'n

Asors' sen,awa o*e3 5ase +aat (asoran). Pem'sa3an Asors' sen,awa o*e3 5ase +aat (asoran). Pem'sa3anter9a' karena set'a+ sen,awa 'asors' en-an kekatanter9a' karena set'a+ sen,awa 'asors' en-an kekatanerea$eaerea$ea

sen,awa ,an- ''kat +a*'n- kat akan 'e*s' +a*'n-sen,awa ,an- ''kat +a*'n- kat akan 'e*s' +a*'n- ak3'r ak3'r

2onto3 asoran & karon akt'58 M- oks'a8 A* oks'a82onto3 asoran & karon akt'58 M- oks'a8 A* oks'a8

A* (OH) A* (OH)!!8 s'*'kat -e*8 s'*'kat -e*



31/41

.. hromatogra!i Penukar Ionhromatogra!i Penukar Ion

conto3 & ntk ant''ot'kaconto3 & ntk ant''ot'ka

Pertkaran antara 'on +aa 5ase ca'r an 5ase +aat ,an-Pertkaran antara 'on +aa 5ase ca'r an 5ase +aat ,an-

re4ers'*e tan+a men-a3 strktrn,are4ers'*e tan+a men-a3 strktrn,a

ase +aatase +aat res'n +enkar 'onres'n +enkar 'on

2onto3 &2onto3 &

R$2OO7NaR$2OO7NaQQ Q stre+tom,c'nQ stre+tom,c'n R$2OO7stre+tom'c'nR$2OO7stre+tom'c'nQQ Q NaOHQ NaOH

(res'n) (res'n)(res'n) (res'n)

R$2OO7stre+tom'c'nR$2OO7stre+tom'c'nQQ Q H2*Q H2* R$2OOH QR$2OOH Q stre+tom'c'nstre+tom'c'nQQ2*72*7

(res'n) (res'n)(res'n) (res'n)

Re-eneras' Res'n & R$2OOH Q NaOHRe-eneras' Res'n & R$2OOH Q NaOH R$2OO7NaR$2OO7NaQQ Q H Q HOO


32/41

c.c. hromatogra!i Filtrasi @elhromatogra!i Filtrasi @el

conto3 & ntk 4aks'nconto3 & ntk 4aks'n

Pem'sa3an erasarkan atasPem'sa3an erasarkan atas kran mo*ek*kran mo*ek*..

Mo* kec'* er'5s' ke a*am -e* *e'3 ce+at8 se3'n--aMo* kec'* er'5s' ke a*am -e* *e'3 ce+at8 se3'n--a

'e*s' +a*'n- ak3'r 'e*s' +a*'n- ak3'r

d3 hromatogra!i '!initasd3 hromatogra!i '!initas

conto3 & ntkconto3 & ntk en@'men@'m

$ Pem'sa3an erasarkan$ Pem'sa3an erasarkan strktr k'm'astrktr k'm'a ataata 5n-s'n,a5n-s'n,a

'nteraks' s+es'5'k antara +asan-an mo*ek*$mo*ek*'nteraks' s+es'5'k antara +asan-an mo*ek*$mo*ek*'o*o-'s &'o*o-'s &

a. en@'m $ sstrata. en@'m $ sstrat

. en@'m $ 'n3''tor . en@'m $ 'n3''tor

c. ant'-en $ ant'o'c. ant'-en $ ant'o'


33/41

POLISHI,@POLISHI,@

(Pen,e*esa'an)(Pen,e*esa'an)

KRISTALISASIKRISTALISASI

+em'sa3an +aatan ar' *artan (tekn'k +emrn'an+em'sa3an +aatan ar' *artan (tekn'k +emrn'an

sen,awa +aatan)sen,awa +aatan)

$ Pr'ns'+ & +ementkan +aatan kr'sta* ar' *artan *ewat$ Pr'ns'+ & +ementkan +aatan kr'sta* ar' *artan *ewat

9en3 (s+ersatrate) 9en3 (s+ersatrate)

2onto3 &2onto3 & Proks' asam s'tratProks' asam s'trat Proks' asam am'no ( asam -*tamat8 *'s'n)Proks' asam am'no ( asam -*tamat8 *'s'n)

Proks' asam MSGProks' asam MSG


34/41

3tt+&""www.tkk.5'":n'ts"23emEn-"researc3"2r,sta**'@at'on"SwenDTB.-'5

'e*, se

cr,sta**'@er t,+e(S;enson 5ra!t tube)


35/41

PENGERINGANPENGERINGAN

A-ar mema3kan +enan-anan an +en-an-ktan A-ar mema3kan +enan-anan an +en-an-ktan 3ars '9a-a 4'a'*'tas8 akt'4'tas ; n'*a' -'@' +rok3ars '9a-a 4'a'*'tas8 akt'4'tas ; n'*a' -'@' +rok

See*m +en-er'n-anSee*m +en-er'n-an a+at 'sentr'5-as'"5'*tras'a+at 'sentr'5-as'"5'*tras'

kaar a'r +rok erkran-8 se3'n--a +en-er'n-an *e'3kaar a'r +rok erkran-8 se3'n--a +en-er'n-an *e'3

ce+atce+at

AASpra$ dr$ingSpra$ dr$ing

2ara +en-er'n-an ca'ran men--nakan ara +anas2ara +en-er'n-an ca'ran men--nakan ara +anas

ca'ran '+om+a me*a*' 6atom'@er78 se3'n--aca'ran '+om+a me*a*' 6atom'@er78 se3'n--a '3as'*kan'3as'*kan

tetesan 3a*s ke a*am e9ana +en-er'n-tetesan 3a*s ke a*am e9ana +en-er'n- +ower +ower


36/41

S+ra, r,'n-S+ra, r,'n-

&3tt+&""c*ass.5st.o3'o$state.e"..."#?S+ra,r,'n-.3tm


37/41

2onto3 & Proses H'*'r Ra-' Rot'2onto3 & Proses H'*'r Ra-' Rot'

2a'ran k*t'4as' S. cerevisiase

2entr'5-as' '*trat

Rotar, acm '*ter

(+en-er'n-an)

)epung Ragi Roti

Pasta Ra-'


38/41

Proses H'*'r Asam S'tratProses H'*'r Asam S'trat

2a'ran k*t'4as' A. niger

Rotar, '*ter m'se*'m mo

'*trat Q 2a(OH)

Ka*s'm s'trat

(Q) HSO?

2aSO?

Kr'sta*'sas'

Sentr'5-as'

Pen-er'n-an

Asam S'trat

E4a+oras'

'

'

Asam s'trat

Rotar, '*ter

Rotar, '*ter


39/41

Proses H'*'r Pen's'*'nProses H'*'r Pen's'*'n

2a'ran k*t'4as'

Rotar, 4acm '*ter M'se*'a mo

Ekstraks' - centr'5-a* etractor

(+e*art & am'* asetat"t'* asetat)

E4a+oras' ; Kr'sta*'sas'

Pen-er'n-an

(4acm Dr'er) Penisilin

Re$ekstraks' - a'r

(Q55er)


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+ontoh = Formulasi En2im 5eter4en

Protease a*ka*'n ar' Bacillus s+

Bentk awa* & dry powder +eker9a a*er-' ; -an--an k*'t

Formulasi & enka+s*as' &

$ e tak eteran-an

$ +art'ke* *art ce+at $ tak men-3as'*kan a ; warna

$ a,a s'm+an *e'3 a'k8 me*'nn-' t3 kom+onen *a'n

conto3 +emt'3 (bleaching agent )


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Proses Enkapsulasi Protease

2a'ran 5ermentas' (rot3) 5'*tras' +res'+'tas' en@'m

5'*tras' +en-er'n-an 'sar'n- +ower

Formulasi &

en@'m +ower 'cam+r a't'5 +ensta'* eto,*ate$2#>$5att,

a*co3o* terentk o*a *a* '*a+'s (m'n,ak +ara5'n ata

PEG) a-ar t'ak ere se*ama +enan-anan

Dtm Ix. Proses Hilir

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