DTE_UserGuide

DepthTeam Express Software User Guide

2012 Halliburton

January 2012

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5000.8.0.0 Contents 4

Contents

Introduction .................................................................................................. 15

Overview ............................................................................................................. 15

Using This Manual ............................................................................................. 16

Audience ....................................................................................................... 16

Conventions ................................................................................................. 16

Setting Environment Variables ........................................................................ 20

Related Documentation and Help .................................................................... 21

Help Menu ..................................................................................................... 21

Data Manager Window Help ........................................................................ 21

Data Dialog Help ........................................................................................... 21

Bubble Help .................................................................................................. 21

Related Documentation ............................................................................... 22

Quick Start to a Fully Calibrated Model ............................... 23

Overview ............................................................................................................. 23

Starting DepthTeam Express Software ........................................................ 24

Launch OpenWorks Software .................................................................. 24

Launch DepthTeam ExpressSoftware .................................................... 25

Building the Model Framework ............................................................... 25

Start the 3D Viewer ...................................................................................... 28

Adjust the display parameters .................................................................... 28

Loading Your Data ............................................................................................. 31


5000.8.0.0 Contents 5

Load Time-Depth Tables ............................................................................. 31

Load Well Picks ............................................................................................ 37

Load Horizons .............................................................................................. 38

Using Horizons in the Velocity Model ............................................................. 39

Horizon Gridding .......................................................................................... 39

Use Horizons / Structural Interpolation ..................................................... 41

Using Well Picks in the Velocity Model ........................................................... 42

Using Seismic Velocities in the Velocity Model ............................................. 47

Load Seismic Velocities .............................................................................. 47

QC and Edit Seismic Velocities .................................................................. 49

Dix Convert Edited Seismic Velocities ................................................... 61

Checking the Model ........................................................................................... 65

Viewing the Calibration ScoreCard ......................................................... 65

Extracting a Velocity Map ............................................................................ 66

Building a Model ....................................................................................... 77

Overview ............................................................................................................. 78

Overview ............................................................................................................. 79

Typical Model Building Workflow .................................................................... 81

Using the Model Manager ................................................................................. 82

Menubar Options and Toolbar Icons .......................................................... 82

Model Manager Table ................................................................................... 85

Choosing a Well List ......................................................................................... 87

Choosing a TD Conversion Preference in OpenVision .................................. 88

Choosing a Volume Interpolation Method ...................................................... 89


5000.8.0.0 Contents 6

Interpolation Methods .................................................................................. 89

Creating and Opening a Model ......................................................................... 94

Creating a New Model .................................................................................. 94

Opening an Existing Model ......................................................................... 104

Setting Model Decimation Parameters ............................................................ 106

Setting Interpreter/Source Priority ................................................................... 108

Loading Data ...................................................................................................... 110

Creating Error Files and Log Files ................................................................... 115

Creating an Error File .................................................................................. 115

Creating a Log File ....................................................................................... 115

Using a Log File ........................................................................................... 116

Using the Data Managers .................................................................................. 117

Pick Manager ................................................................................................ 118

Time/Depth Function Manager .................................................................... 119

Surface Manager .......................................................................................... 120

Velocity Cube Manager ................................................................................ 121

Calibrating a Model ........................................................................................... 122

Technical Discussion .................................................................................. 123

Generating a Calibration ScoreCard .......................................................... 124

Model Building Discussion ......................................................................... 126

Converting from Time to Depth ........................................................................ 128


Performing Time to Depth Conversion ...................................................... 128

Saving and Exporting a Model ......................................................................... 130

Saving a Model ............................................................................................. 130


5000.8.0.0 Contents 7

Exporting a Model ........................................................................................ 132

Building a Model with Surface Intersections .................................................. 134

Surface Clipping Rules ................................................................................ 135

Viewing Your Model ............................................................................... 139

Overview ............................................................................................................. 140

Viewing In OpenVision Software .................................................................. 141

Viewing In DepthTeam 3D Viewer .................................................................... 142

Troubleshooting the 3D Viewer Connection ................................................... 145

Setting Display Parameters .............................................................................. 148

Session ......................................................................................................... 148

Time/Depth Functions ................................................................................. 150

Surfaces ........................................................................................................ 154

Velocity Functions ....................................................................................... 158

Displaying Model Velocities ........................................................................ 161

Using a Cloned View ......................................................................................... 171

Managing Well Picks ............................................................................. 173

Overview ............................................................................................................. 173

Model Building Workflow .................................................................................. 174

Using the Pick Manager .................................................................................... 175

Menu Options and Toolbar Icons ............................................................... 176

Update Method ............................................................................................. 177

Pick Manager Table ...................................................................................... 178

Loading Well Picks ............................................................................................ 180

Assigning Surfaces to Picks ............................................................................ 181


5000.8.0.0 Contents 8

Using Well Picks in the Velocity Model ........................................................... 182

Interpolating Well Picks .................................................................................... 187

Displaying a Well Pick Report .......................................................................... 189

Report on Model Building Using Well Picks .............................................. 190

Report on Calibration Using Well Picks ..................................................... 191

Analyzing Uncertainty ....................................................................................... 193

Managing Time/Depth Functions ............................................... 195

Overview ............................................................................................................. 195

Model Building Workflow .................................................................................. 196

Using the Time/Depth Function Manager ........................................................ 197

Menu Options and Toolbar Icons ............................................................... 197

Update Method ............................................................................................. 200

Time/Depth Function Manager Table ......................................................... 200

Loading Time/Depth Functions ........................................................................ 203

Datuming Time/Depth Functions ................................................................ 203

T/D Function Processing ............................................................................. 204

Handling Time Shifts in OpenWorks T/D Functions ................................. 207

Interpolating Time-Depth Functions ................................................................ 210

Deviated Wells .............................................................................................. 211

How velocities are interpolated in the vicinity of a deviated well ........... 212

Performing Function Conversion .................................................................... 220

Smoothing Functions ........................................................................................ 222

Decimating Functions ....................................................................................... 224

Displaying a Time/Depth Functions Report .................................................... 226


5000.8.0.0 Contents 9

Displaying and Editing Time/Depth Functions ............................................... 228

Using the Function Viewer/Editor ............................................................... 228

Editing well functions .................................................................................. 232

Managing Surfaces ................................................................................ 235

Overview ............................................................................................................. 235

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 236

Using the Surface Manager .............................................................................. 237


Update Method ............................................................................................. 240

Surface Manager Table ................................................................................ 241

Loading Surfaces .............................................................................................. 243

Loading an ASCII Surface ................................................................................. 245

Exporting a Surface to an ASCII File ............................................................... 246

Gridding vs. Interpolating ................................................................................. 247

Gridding Surfaces ............................................................................................. 248

Horizon-based Quality Control ......................................................................... 250

Improved Gridding and Interpolation ......................................................... 251

Interpolating Surfaces ....................................................................................... 252


Procedure ..................................................................................................... 253

Smoothing Surfaces .......................................................................................... 254

Performing Math Operations on Surfaces ...................................................... 256

Constant Operations .................................................................................... 257

Map Operations ............................................................................................ 258


5000.8.0.0 Contents 10

Creating Statistical Maps from Surfaces ......................................................... 259

Displaying a Surface Report ............................................................................. 262

Extracting Surfaces from Volumes .................................................................. 264

Linear Velocity Analysis ................................................................................... 266

Linear Velocity Analyzer .................................................................... 267

Overview ............................................................................................................. 267

Theory ................................................................................................................. 268

Vo and K ........................................................................................................ 268

Determining Vo and K .................................................................................. 270

Optimizing Vo using Depth and Velocity Error Analysis ......................... 271

Selecting a Reference Surface .................................................................... 273

Features .............................................................................................................. 275

Starting the Linear Velocity Analyzer ......................................................... 276

Analysis Interval Definition ......................................................................... 277

Gradient Range and Analysis Parameters ................................................. 279

LVA Spreadsheet ......................................................................................... 280

Using the QC Model dialog ......................................................................... 281

Typical Workflow ............................................................................................... 286

Starting LVA ................................................................................................. 287

Using The QC Model dialog ........................................................................ 289

Using the QC Graph ..................................................................................... 291

Creating VoK Maps ...................................................................................... 301

Creating the VoK velocity volume .............................................................. 302

Comparing Velocities with the Velocity Gradient Method ....................... 305


5000.8.0.0 Contents 11

Managing Velocity Cubes ................................................................. 309

Overview ............................................................................................................. 309

Model Building Workflows ................................................................................ 310

Workflow 1: Incorporating Stacking Velocities ......................................... 310

Workflow 2: Analytic Equations ................................................................. 310

Using the Velocity Cube Manager .................................................................... 312


Update Method ............................................................................................. 315

Velocity Cube Manager Table ..................................................................... 316

Loading Velocity Cubes .................................................................................... 317

Tying PreStack Depth Migrated data to wells (Depthing) ........................ 317

Importing Velocity Cubes-ASCII ...................................................................... 319

Importing Velocity Cubes-SEGY ...................................................................... 324

Importing Velocity Cubes-SeisWorks .............................................................. 328

Exporting a Velocity Cube ................................................................................ 330

Smoothing a Velocity Cube .............................................................................. 331

Performing Dix Inversion .................................................................................. 333

Dix Equation ................................................................................................. 333

Overview ....................................................................................................... 333

Procedure ..................................................................................................... 338

Building Models with Analytic Velocities ........................................................ 346

Converting Velocity Cubes ............................................................................... 350

Performing Math Operations on Velocity Cubes ............................................ 353

Constant Operation ...................................................................................... 353

Volume Operation ........................................................................................ 354


5000.8.0.0 Contents 12

Creating Statistical Volumes from Velocity Volumes .................................... 356

Extracting Values from Velocity Cube ............................................................. 360

Velocity Function Manager ............................................................................... 363

Menubar and Toolbar Icons ........................................................................ 365

Update Method ............................................................................................. 366

Header Information ...................................................................................... 367

Velocity Functions Table ............................................................................. 367

Editing Velocity Cubes ................................................................................ 368

Example ........................................................................................................ 374

Maximizing Performance ............................................................................. 382

Saving Models with Negative Velocities ......................................................... 384

Appendix A: Displaying Tables and Reports .................................................... 385

Overview ............................................................................................................. 385

Sorting Rows ..................................................................................................... 386

Searching and Filtering Table Rows ................................................................ 390

Column Selection .............................................................................................. 393

Moving Selected Rows to the Top ................................................................... 395

Saving Tables to ASCII ..................................................................................... 396

Using the Vicinity Selector ............................................................................... 397

Displaying a Histogram ..................................................................................... 399

Displaying a Crossplot ...................................................................................... 401

Using Column Painter ....................................................................................... 403

Dynamic Reports ............................................................................................... 405

Displaying Reports ............................................................................................ 407


5000.8.0.0 Contents 13

Appendix B: Sierra Gridder ............................................................ 409

Overview ............................................................................................................. 409

Technical Discussion ........................................................................................ 411

Gridding Parameters ......................................................................................... 416

Gridding Tips ..................................................................................................... 420

Appendix C: Calibration .................................................................... 421

Calibration Theory ............................................................................................. 422

Calibration with Functions ............................................................................... 423

Calibration with Functions and Maps .............................................................. 425

Calibration with Well Picks ............................................................................... 429

Appendix D: Importing Reports to SeisWorks ................................................ 437

Overview ............................................................................................................. 437

Importing a Well Pick Calibration Report ........................................................ 438

Importing a Surface Report .............................................................................. 444

Appendix E: File Formats ................................................................. 451

Overview ............................................................................................................. 451

2D .v2d ................................................................................................................ 452

TDQ.avf File Format .......................................................................................... 454

VELF File Format ............................................................................................... 462

ProMAX XYTV Format ....................................................................................... 465

Sierra File Format ........................................................................................... 467

XYTV File Format ............................................................................................... 470


5000.8.0.0 Contents 14

Custom ............................................................................................................... 471

SEGY Format ..................................................................................................... 472

Appendix F: Interval Velocityand Instantaneous Velocity ............................................................. 475

Overview ............................................................................................................. 475

Appendix G: How Velocities are Extracted from a Vol-ume ....................................................................................................................... 481

Overview ............................................................................................................. 481

Appendix H: Special Characters ................................................ 489

Appendix I:Frequently Asked Questions ......................................................... 491

Glossary ........................................................................................................... 505

Index .................................................................................................................... 515

Introduction DepthTeam Express Software User Guide

5000.8.0.0 Overview 15

Introduction

Overview

DepthTeam Express software is a velocity model building and depth conversion package. This geophysical application can quickly build a 3D gridded velocity volume from data readily available to the seismic interpreter. Typically, this data consists of time/depth (T/D) functions, checkshots, well picks, time surfaces, and seismic velocities. Once a velocity volume is built, it can be used for time-to-depth conversion of seismic trace data, faults, grids and seismic horizons.

You can visually check the accuracy of your model during the v process, using OpenVision software or the DepthTeam 3D Viewer which is activated directly from DepthTeam Express software. You can edit data to improve your model and instantly view the changes.

DepthTeam Express software uses a robust calibration process to combine different input data. This allows the velocity model to be built using all the relevant geophysical and geological data while maintaining the hardness of a particular data type. Additionally, an uncertainty analysis provides a method of estimating the uncertainty when making crucial velocity or volumetric predictions using your model.

In This Chapter:

Using This Manual

Setting Environment Variables

Related Documentation and Help

5000.8.0.0 Using This Manual 16


Using This Manual

This manual describes how to effectively use DepthTeam Express software. It outlines the menu structure and provides illustrations to highlight program features and to aid in program usage. It is recommended that you supplement the material in this manual with Landmarks training classes (www.lgc.com).

Audience

This manual is intended for use as a user guide for DepthTeam Express software and associated applications that communicate with it. It presents many concepts useful to those involved in velocity model building.

Conventions

Please note the following conventions used in this manual.

Style

Bulleted lists summarize features.

Boldface designates a menu command or push-button option when used in a procedure or the general text.

Information that is particularly important is presented as a NOTE. An example is shown below.

If an action could result in harm to the user or to the users data, the information is presented in the above format with the heading Warning.

Courier font signifies program code and characters that you type.

When you must supply information at a particular prompt, such as the name of the application, the word indicating what you should supply is set in Courier Italic font and surrounded by brackets. For example: .

NOTE

Required text entry fields, i.e. fields where information must be entered, are marked in red.



Menu Selection

We use an to indicate a hierarchy of selection. For example, View Display Parameters... indicates that you should select View from the menubar, and then Display Parameters... from the View pulldown menu.

The ... after a menu option indicates that a dialog box will appear when this option is selected.

Dialog Box Buttons

The following buttons appear repeatedly in dialog boxes:

OK accepts and implements the specified settings and closes the dialog box. Where appropriate, OK redisplays the model.

Apply accepts and implements the specified settings but leaves the dialog box open. Where appropriate, Apply redisplays the model.

Cancel closes the dialog box without implementing any new settings.

Stop Process (where Process can be Read, Write, Calibration, and Interpolation) not only closes the dialog box but cancels or stops the process associated with it.

5000.8.0.0: In some cases, there are specific implications in doing this that will be highlighted by a following pop-up indicating them.

Help brings up the online documentation related to the dialog box.

Error and Warning Message Buttons

If an error has occurred, you will receive an Error or Warning message. These message boxes contain the following buttons:

Dismiss closes the message box.

More Info pops up another Error or Warning message containing the following buttons:

Dismiss closes the message box.



Save to File saves the error or warning message to an ASCII file. This can be useful information in resolving database problems.

Less Info closes the dialog box and restores the first Error or Warning message box.

Mouse Buttons

Mouse buttons are named MB1, MB2, and MB3 as shown below.

Mouse Button Arrangement and Terminology (Right-Handed)

Since you will perform most operations with MB1, you can assume we are talking about MB1 unless we specify otherwise.

The mouse is used to point, click, drag, and select. These terms are described below:

Mouse Operation Instructions

Point Move mouse until pointer is at desired location.

Click Press MB and release rapidly.

Double-click Press MB two times rapidly.

Control-click Hold down Control key and click once.

Shift-click Hold down Shift key and click once.

Drag Hold down button(s), move mouse.

Select Click once or double-click at desired location.

Shade Drag the mouse pointer across a group of text, double-click to shade a word, or triple-click to shade a line or paragraph.

MB1 MB2 MB3

Three-Button Mouse



Set cursor Click MB1 in text at location where you want to start typing.

Mouse Operation Instructions

5000.8.0.0 Setting Environment Variables 20


Setting Environment Variables

Before starting DepthTeam Express or OpenWorks software, you will need to set the following environment variables for the purposes indicated:

To point to the OpenWorks installation:

setenv OWHOME /where_ever_it_is

To point to the installation directory for DepthTeam Express software:

setenv DTHOME /where_ever_it_is

To use/save ProMAX data types:

setenv PROMAX_DATA_HOME /where_ever_it_is

setenv PROMAX_ETC_CONFIG_FILE_HOME/path_to_config_file/config_file

setenv PROMAX_HOME/where_ever_it_is

To use/save Sierra data types:

setenv SIERRA_DATA_HOME /where_ever_it_is

setenv SIERRAHOME /where_ever_it_is

set path ({$path} {$SIERRAHOME/bin})


5000.8.0.0 Related Documentation and Help 21

Related Documentation and Help

We have provided help information in the form of online and printed documentation, as well as bubble help messages.

Help Menu

You can find most of what you need to know about DepthTeam Express software in this manual, which is available in a printed version and an online version. By clicking on Help on the right-side of the Model Manager menubar, you can access the following:

Online Manual displays the table of contents for the online DepthTeam Express Software User Guide, which links you directly with all chapters and sections. Contained within this manual is a functionality tutorial that teaches you how to use DepthTeam Express software to build a reasonable depth/velocity model quickly

Release Notes displays the release notes for this version of DepthTeam Express software.

Product Information displays version and copyright information.

Data Manager Window Help

Each of the Data Managers (Pick Manager, Time/Depth Function Manager, Surface Manager, and Velocity Cube Manager) contain a Help button that brings up the documentation relevant to the specific manager.

Data Dialog Help

In addition, some dialog boxes contain a Help button in the lower right corner. Click the Help button to access information specifically related to the dialog box.

Bubble Help

If you want a brief description about a menu option or icon, position the cursor over the menu option or icon. A short explanation of its use will appear immediately below your cursor.

5000.8.0.0 Related Documentation and Help 22


Related Documentation

The following manuals provide information related to the material in this manual. For more information, please consult the appropriate manual listed below.

OSF/Motif Users Guide provides information about the Motif Window Manager, published by Prentice Hall.

Using the X Window System provides information about the Motif Window Manager, published by Prentice Hall.

TDQ User Guide provides information on using TDQ software.

OpenVision Software provides information on using the OpenVision 3D Viewer.

DepthTeam 3D Viewer provides information on using the DepthTeam 3D Viewer.

Using OpenWorks provides information on using OpenWorks software.

SeisWorks manuals provides information on using SeisWorks software.

ProMAX Reference Manual for information on using ProMAX software.

Quick Start to a Fully Calibrated Model DepthTeam Express Software User Guide

5000.8.0.0 Overview 23

Quick Start to a Fully Calibrated Model

Overview

This chapter walks you through the process of building a velocity model. The steps start at the launch of the application and continue through building a fully calibrated model.

All datasets and names used in this tutorial should be replaced with your own data.

Features that you will run first hand in this exercise:

Seismic Velocity Editing Horizon-based Quality Control Dynamic Reports Model Scorecard

Features that you will use, but are in the background:

Faster performance due to improved data loading Improved gridding Improved interpolation

5000.8.0.0 Starting DepthTeam Express Software 24


Starting DepthTeam Express Software

Launch OpenWorks Software

If it is not already running, start OpenWorks software.

From the OpenWorks Launcher, you will need to set the project and other key information.

1. Click on Project Project Status to bring up the Project Status Tool.

2. Fill out the Project, Measurement System, and Well List entries applicable to your project.

3. Click on Options Exit to close the tool.



Launch DepthTeam ExpressSoftware

1. Start DepthTeam Express software from the OpenWorks launcher by clicking on Applications > Attributes & Velocity > DepthTeam Express.

Once DepthTeam Express software is launched, the Model Manager appears.

2. Start the model building process by starting the New Model Wizard. Click on the New Model icon or select File New on the Model Manager menubar.

Building the Model Framework

1. When the New Model Wizard appears, type in a short model name. You may input an optional description to describe the model you are building. Click Next.



2. After naming the model, choose the databases from which you plan to load data. In this example, we will use OpenWorks and SeisWorks data. Select your OpenWorks and SeisWorks projects, and Interpreter. Click Next.

3. Default the units to what your SeisWorks project is set to and click Next.

4. Default the aerial extent from SeisWorks as line/trace entry and click Next.

5. Once you get to step 5, set the extents of the model you want to build. To get a feel of the product, it is best to take the defaults. If you make the grid node spacing too small, you will suffer a huge performance penalty, so to get a feel of the new functionality we suggest using the defaults by clicking Next. Once you have a feel for the new features, you can start over and easily build the model to your projects specifications.

NOTE

The New Model Wizard walks you through six easy steps to build an empty model that you will populate with velocity data later in this example.



6. On step 6, make sure the datum is set to that of your SeisWorks survey.

NOTE

In this example, the aerial extents are defined from SeisWorks. If projects are available, the extents can also be defined from ProMAX or Sierra software, or by typing in real world coordinates.



7. Select Finish to build an unpopulated model.

Start the 3D Viewer

To view the model, launch the 3D Viewer by clicking on the 3D Viewer icon or by selecting Tools 3D Viewer from the Model Manager menubar.

Once the 3D Viewer appears and is fully connected to DepthTeam Express (this can take 40-60 seconds), you will see a constant colored velocity model. As no data has been loaded, the model displays a constant value.

Adjust the display parameters

You will want to optimize the 3D Viewer display.

1. To set display parameters, place your cursor in the velocity model and click MB3 and then Modify.

click MB3 Modify



This will bring up the Display Parameters dialog box. You can also view this by selecting View Display Parameters on the Model Manager.

2. With the Display Parameters dialog box up, select the Session tab and change the Min and Max values that will span the expected velocity range of your model. Then select Apply.

3. This step is optional, but highly recommended. Select the Animator tab on the Display Parameters dialog box and click on a velocity model in the Volumes list. Now select the Options tab and slide the % Transparency slider to 0%.

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NOTE

After data is loaded, you can select Set from Model and the model limits will automatically be determined.



4. Click OK. This will make the velocity model opaque, making it easier to see details.


5000.8.0.0 Loading Your Data 31

Loading Your Data

Load Time-Depth Tables

First we will load Time-Depth tables.

1. Click on the Data Load icon or select File Load Data on the Model Manager.

2. With the Data Load GUI open, select Time-Depth Tables. This will display a list of Time-Depth tables in the right panel as shown below.

For this example, you are only interested in a few of the Time-Depth tables. To aid in the selection of your data, we will use the new sort capabilities of the data tables. In this case, the Time-Depth tables we are looking for all have SEG00_BZ_1 in their



name. Therefore, we will first filter the data so that only those Time-Depth tables are found.

Search & filter data

3. To do this, click on the Search/Filter icon.

4. For this example, you would select SEG00_BZ_1 and click on Filter (after looking at the results in the data load window, you may click on Dismiss at anytime):

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NOTE

Wildcards, such as * or %, are not valid.



Sorting data

The list of Time-Depth tables is much smaller now, but it might still be difficult to see which Time-Depth tables to select. So lets sort on Interpreter and on the TD Table.

5. To have a primary sort on Interpreter, click MB1 on the Interpreter heading.

After the primary sort on Interpreter, the Time-Depth list appears as shown below.

NOTE

After filtering, the number of visible time-Depth Tables is smaller. The missing Time-Depth tables are hidden from view. To restore the entire list, bring up the Search/Filter dialog box and click Reset.

MB1



6. To do a secondary sort on TD Table, click Shift+MB1 on the TD Table column heading.

The Time-Depth Tables list after the secondary sort is shown below.

MB3

NOTE

N-dimension sorting is possible with repeated MB3 Sort...Next Level applications to different column heading.



Select key Time-Depth tables

With the data sorted, you can easily see the Time-Depth tables you are looking for (SEG00_BZ_1).

7. To load the tables, highlight the SEG00_BZ_1 TD Tables and click on the Selected to top icon This will move all selected items to the top of the list.

Moving the selected items to the top is an optional step; however, it makes it very easy to see which data has been selected.

NOTE

Individual data can be selected/deselected using Ctrl+MB1. You can select multiple data rows by dragging the cursor with Shift+MB1 pressed.

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8. Click Apply to load the Time-Depth Tables.

After the Time-Depth Tables have been loaded, your model should look like the following.

The above display is a linear interpolation of the loaded Time-Depth Tables. This is what a TDQ model using the same data would look like.

To verify that your Time-Depth Tables were loaded, you can bring up the Time/Depth Function manager to make sure they are listed in the table.



Load Well Picks

To continue loading data, return to the Data Load window.

9. Select Well Picks from your OpenWorks project, and then use MB1 to select the well picks that you are interested in using in your velocity model.

10. Click Apply.

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NOTE

Well picks are not used in the velocity model until they are assigned to horizons. See Assign Well Picks to Horizons below to include the well picks into your velocity model.



Load Horizons

11. To load horizons, select the 3D SeisWorks project your horizons are in, select your horizons, for this example the WWSA_01 horizons, and click OK.

For a horizon to be used in DepthTeam Express, it must have a value at every defined grid node of the velocity model that you are building. The grid nodes are set in the New Model Wizard. Most surfaces do not meet this criteria, including these in this example, in which case the following Warning box appears.

However, you can grid them and make them usable with DepthTeam Express. This is discussed in the following chapter.

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5000.8.0.0 Using Horizons in the Velocity Model 39

Using Horizons in the Velocity Model

Horizon Gridding

For a horizon to be used in DepthTeam Express, it must have a value at every defined grid node of the velocity model that you are building.

1. From the Model Manager, bring up the Surface Manger by clicking on the Surface Manager icon or selecting Tools Surface Manager.

2. To grid the horizons, highlight the horizons using MB1, and then click the Grid Surfaces icon or select Tools Grid Surfaces on the Surface Manager menubar.

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Gridding can take a long time depending on your data, so it is a good idea to decimate or remove a percentage of the data in the gridding step. If the results are not satisfactory, you can always re-select the original horizon and regrid while lessening the percentage of points to remove.

3. From the Grid Surfaces window, type the desired percentage to remove and press Enter/Return (pressing Enter or Return is important, otherwise the value is not registered). Notice that the input data points will change with each percentage change. Click OK.

NOTE

Even if your horizons do not need to be gridded, if the 3D Viewer is sluggish, you may want to grid your horizons anyway. This will reduce the number of data points being displayed, making the 3D Viewer more performant.

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2 Enter or Re-turn on the key-

NOTE

Decimating the input data to gridding is optional. As for most processes in geophysics, you trade off accuracy for run time. Gridding can take seconds to hours, depending on how many data points are being gridded.

In practice, it is best to grid one horizon while varying the decimation percentage to determine the best value for your data.



Use Horizons / Structural Interpolation

After the horizons are gridded, we need to use them in building the model.

4. On the Surface Manager, check Use for all of the horizons (or select Options Use All Surfaces). Then click Apply. This will structurally interpolate the Time-Depth Tables loaded earlier.

After the structural interpolation, the model in the 3D Viewer will automatically be updated as shown below.

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5000.8.0.0 Using Well Picks in the Velocity Model 42


Using Well Picks in the Velocity Model

At this point, time-depth tables, well picks and time horizons have been loaded into DepthTeam Express software and the time-depth tables are currently being structurally interpolated. Now we will use the well picks in the velocity model.

1. From the Model Manager, open the Well Pick manager.

Because well picks are in depth and not a velocity, the well picks must be associated with a time horizon to derive a velocity. Given the depth of a well pick and the time of a horizon that intersects the well path, a velocity can be determined that will tie the well.

2. To make this association, select a well pick and then click on the Assign Surface icon.

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3. In the Assign Surface dialog box, select the time surface that you want to associate with your selected well pick and click Apply.

By looking at the Pick Manager, you can now see that a surface has been associated with a well pick. Continue assigning surfaces for all remaining picks.

4. After all well picks have assigned surfaces, check Use on all of the picks and click Apply.

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surface assigned to well pick



The model will now update automatically in the 3D Viewer as shown below.

5. After including the well picks into the model, there appear to be some anomalies (the pink zones seen in the 3D Viewer above). From the Pick Manager, you can bring up the Calibration report to see what is causing the anomaly, by clicking on the Calibration

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Report icon.

Your data might not display any anomalous velocities after well pick calibration, but it is still a good idea to look at the Calibration Report. For example, in the report shown below, by sorting on the Status column, you can see that there are two bad well picks. By scrolling the table to the right, you can see what well pick and horizon are causing the problem and either fix the problem or just not use that pick.

Calibration Re-port



For the rest of the tutorial, the well picks will be turned off.

NOTE

A typical cause of bad values in the Status column is a bad well pick in OpenWorks. This can be fixed by adjusting or removing the bad pick in OpenWorks.


5000.8.0.0 Using Seismic Velocities in the Velocity Model 47

Using Seismic Velocities in the Velocity Model

Our model currently consists of data from time-depth tables and time horizons, as well picks have been turned off. We will now use seismic velocities in our velocity model.

Load Seismic Velocities

We will now load the last piece of data, the seismic velocities that are in an ASCII file.

1. Open the Velocity Cube Manager. This is done from the Model Manager by clicking on the Velocity Cube Manager Icon or by selecting Tools Velocity Cube Manager on the menubar.

2. From the Velocity Cube Manager, uncheck the Show button. This will hide the current velocity model in the 3D Viewer.

3. Click on the ASCII import icon , or select File Load ASCII Functions on the menubar, to bring up the ASCII import tool.

NOTE

Seismic velocities from service companies most often come in ASCII files. If the data came from ProMAX or Sierra software, the velocities could have been loaded directly from the Data Loader in exactly the same way as the Time-Depth Tables or SeisWorks horizons.



For this example the input file was WWSA_01_RMS.ascii. The format type should be changed to the type format appropriate for your ASCII file.

4. Give this model a name. For this example RMS is used. Once all of that has been entered, click OK.



QC and Edit Seismic Velocities

The seismic velocities you just loaded will now appear in the Velocity Cube Manager. Notice that in the Type column it says RMS Velocity.

5. Select the Show button of the RMS velocity. The RMS model will now appear in the 3D Viewer.



In the 3D Viewer, animate through the volume to make sure everything looks okay. Near the middle of the volume, you can see a velocity anomaly.

Edit Seismic Velocities

6. To further investigate this anomaly, check Edit on for RMS in the Velocity Cube Manager table.

7. Click on the Velocity Function Manager icon or select Tools Velocity Function Manager.

NOTE

To aid in the model visualization, you may want to temporarily uncheck the Show button on the surfaces in the Surface Manager.



The Velocity Function Manager will appear.

8. In this example, we only have 81 functions, so it might be helpful to display their locations on the surface of our model. Select Options Show Show all Functions.

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You will now see a series of plus signs marking the locations of each loaded velocity function.

It is still difficult to determine which function is causing the anomaly. To aid in determining the anomalous function, the Display Parameters window can be used to move the function locations (the plus signs) to where the anomaly is located.

9. Bring up the Display Parameters window by clicking MB3 Modify (You can also bring up the Display Parameters dialogue from the Model Manager by selecting View Display Parameters on the menubar).

10. From the Display Parameters window, select the Velocity Functions tab.

11. Select the velocity function RMS and change the Sample at Time from 0 to 800. Click OK.

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You should see the function locations move from the surface to 800 ms.

12. In the 3D Viewer, zoom in and select the closest function to the anomaly by putting your cursor on it and clicking Shift+MB2.

This will automatically send the location of the nearest function to the Velocity Function Manager, and will highlight that function.

13. To bring the selected/highlighted function to the top of the table click on the Selected to Top icon or select Options Selections to Top for table.



This will move the selected function to the top of the list.

Unshow functions and find other functions in the vicinity

14. From the Velocity Function Manager, you can hide all of the functions in the 3D Viewer by selecting Options Show Show No Functions.

All of the functions need to be hidden so that when editing an individual function and a backdrop is requested, the tools remain performant.

15. With the functions hidden, locate other functions in the vicinity of the selected function (ID 45) by selecting the Vicinity Selector icon or by selecting Options Vicinity Selector on the menubar.

The vicinity selector will find functions within a given radius of the selected function.

16. Enter the desired radius, click Filter, then Dismiss.



After applying the vicinity filter, you should see only a few functions displayed in the Velocity Function Manager.

17. Check Show on only the functions displayed. Check Edit on function ID45.

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NOTE

If two functions are selected, the Vicinity Selector will give you the distance between those two functions.



18. Start the Function Viewer/Editor by clicking on the icon or by selecting Tools Function Viewer/Editor.

Fix the anomalous function

The Function Viewer/Editor is now displaying the selected velocity function. By itself, you can probably determine that there are a couple of errant values in the function. Just to be sure, however, lets put a backdrop of the surrounding functions in the Function Viewer/Editor.

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19. Select the Seismic Velocity Backdrop icon.

The functions that are checked to Show are now displayed in the Function Viewer /Editor. If your display looks like the picture below, click the Zoom icon, then move the cursor into the display and click MB2. This should correct the problem so that you can now see all of the functions.



With the other functions displayed, it is rather apparent that function ID 45 is bad.

20. Select the Edit icon (the pencil), adjust the function, and then click Commit Edits; or simply go to the Velocity Function Manager and uncheck Use for Function ID 45 and click Apply. A confirmation box will appear.

21. Click OK to update the seismic velocities.

NOTE

In practice, velocity functions are fairly densely spaced. Therefore, it makes more sense to uncheck a bad function and let the velocities be re-interpolated, than it does to totally change it just by eye-balling it.



After editing and committing the edits, or unchecking Use on the anomalous function, the changes can be seen in the 3D Viewer. You may have to pan through the velocity cube again after the model is updated:



Save edited seismic velocities

The RMS velocities should look fine now, so the next step is to save them.

22. In the Velocity Function Manager, click on the Save icon.

A warning box will appear reminding you that you still have functions hidden from view, which are really part of the RMS velocities. You can bring up the Vicinity Selector and click on Reset to see the hidden functions, or simply click OK on the warning box and let the save of hidden and unhidden functions continue.



23. Give the edited RMS velocities a new name and click OK.

Dix Convert Edited Seismic Velocities

24. Close the Velocity Function Manager. If you do not have the Velocity Cube Manager still running, start it from the Model Manager by clicking on the icon or by selecting Tools > Velocity Cube Manager.

From the Velocity Cube Manager, your edited RMS velocity model should now appear. Notice the type is RMS. This data type cannot be used for an interval velocity model. The RMS velocities must be converted to interval velocities via the Dix equation.

25. Highlight the edited RMS cube. Then, click the Dix icon or Tools Dix Inversion.

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26. In the Dix Inversion dialog box up, type in an output name and click OK.

The Instantaneous option is the classic Dix equation. The Constrained option is a more robust Dix inversion, but it can also take more time to complete.

Use edited seismic velocities

After the Dix inversion, the new model should appear in the Velocity Cube Manager. Note that the type is now instantaneous and can be used to build the model.

27. To use the edited seismic velocities, check Use, then click Apply. Be sure to check Show on the model you are building.

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When you click Apply, DepthTeam Express software calibrates the seismic velocities to the structurally interpolated time-depth tables, resulting in the velocity model seen in the 3D Viewer.

NOTE

No smoothing was used in the Dix Inversion for this example, so the results after using the seismic velocities are a bit stripey. In practice, the smoothing should be increased during the Dix Inversion to remove the stripes.


5000.8.0.0 Checking the Model 65

Checking the Model

Now that you have a fully calibrated velocity model, you might want to know exactly what data is being used in the calibration. You could bring up every data manager and look at the data checked to User, or you can look at the ScoreCard.

Viewing the Calibration ScoreCard

1. To see the ScoreCard, click on the ScoreCard icon on the Model Manager or select Tools Calibration ScoreCard on the menubar.

The ScoreCard shows the type and amount of data currently being used in the model. More Info on the ScoreCard Report displays a detailed list of the included data.

2. After reviewing the data in your model, click Cancel.

NOTE

The ScoreCard icon in the previous version brought up the Calibration Manager. The Calibration Manager has been replaced in this version with the ScoreCard.



Extracting a Velocity Map

At this point, you have built a model using several different data types and checking it by looking at the model in the 3D Viewer. As an additional QC step, we will extract velocities along a horizon and create a velocity map.

1. From the Model Manager, bring up the Surface manager by clicking on the Surface Manager icon or by selecting Tools Surface Manager on the menubar.

2. Highlight your horizon and click on the Extract Surfaces icon (Tools Extract Surfaces).

3. In the Extract Surfaces dialog box, highlight the velocity model you want to extract the velocity from. Change the suffix if you

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wish. Click OK.

You should now see the extracted horizon appear in the Surface manager. In this example, it is called WWSA_01_D:1 (or horizon:suffix).

4. In order to see the new horizon, you need to uncheck Show on all the data in the different managers or hide the data from the 3D Viewer. To hide the data, in the 3D Viewer, click

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NOTE

A velocity volume of one type can be converted to an Instantaneous, Depth, Average, or RMS velocity in the Velocity Cube Manager by clicking on the

icon.



Data Inventory. The Inventory dialog box appears.

5. The Inventory dialog box lists everything currently being displayed in the 3D Viewer. To hide all of the visible data objects, drag MB1 to select everything in the list and then click Hide.

With all of the data hidden, the 3D Viewer should appear empty.

Viewing the extracted velocity map

6. To display the horizon whos velocity you just extracted, go to the Inventory dialog box to select it (in this example, WWSA_01_D/

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1_OVGrid). Click Show.

Your horizon should now be the only thing displayed in the 3D Viewer.

Currently, the horizon is being displayed based on the color attribute assigned to it by SeisWorks software. To base the color on the velocity map we extracted a few steps ago, we need to bring up the Display Parameters dialog box.

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7. The easiest way to bring up the Display Parameters dialog box is from the Inventory dialog box. With your horizon selected, click on Modify. (The Display Parameters dialog box can also be opened using other techniques previously discussed in this tutorial.)

8. From the Display Parameters dialog box, click on the Surfaces tab. In the Surfaces list, select your surface.

9. Click on the Maps tab. This will display a list of all the horizons that can be used as an overlay.

10. Choose the velocity horizon that was extracted a few steps ago. Select Apply.

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Notice that the 3D Viewer display did not change. The color of the horizon is by default set to a constant color.

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11. To change the color mapping, click on the Options tab and select By Overlay Colormap. Click Apply.

In the 3D Viewer, you should see the structural relief of your horizon, where the overlain colors are the instantaneous velocities of your velocity model.

In the example shown below, you can see that higher velocities in red correspond to the time highs, while the slow velocities correspond to the channel in the middle. This view of the velocity model shows different relationships than seen in the cube view, thus giving you an extra way to QC your model before you save and use it.

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NOTE

If the model were saved, this velocity map would be saved to SeisWorks, where it could be examined in detail.



Restore the view of the model

12. To get back to the original 3D Viewer display, from the Inventory window, drag MB1 and select all of the objects. Click Show.

Your velocity model will be redisplayed in the 3D Viewer.

With the 3D Viewer displaying the model, this tutorial of how to build a model is complete.

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We hope you now have a good appreciation of the functionality that is included in DepthTeam Express software, and how fast and easy you can combine the data an interpreter is most familiar with can be combined into a velocity model. You can use this velocity model in several different ways including depth conversion of horizons and seismic data, which you can then interpret or use as a backdrop in StratWorks software, AVO analysis, impedance inversion and migrations.

Building a Model DepthTeam Express Software User Guide

5000.8.0.0 77

Building a Model

5000.8.0.0 Overview 78


Overview

DepthTeam Express software allows seismic interpreters to easily and quickly build velocity models for vertical depth conversion using velocity data normally available during the interpretation process.

In This Chapter:

Overview

Typical Model Building Workflow

Using the Model Manager

Choosing a Well List

Choosing a Volume Interpolation Method

Creating and Opening a Model

Setting Model Decimation Parameters

Setting Interpreter/Source Priority

Loading Data

Creating Error Files and Log Files

Using the Data Managers

Calibrating a Model

Converting from Time to Depth

Saving and Exporting a Model

Building a Model with Surface Intersections


5000.8.0.0 Overview 79

Overview

Building a 3D gridded velocity volume has advantages over the more conventional map-based approach. First, you can animate a velocity volume in the 3D Viewer to easily observe the relationship between the computed velocities and the input data: T/D functions, well picks, time surfaces and/or individual stacking velocity functions. Second, a velocity volume maintains small-scale features implied by T/D functions and stacking velocity fields that would be lost in a map-based approach. Finally, reservoir descriptions require detailed knowledge of the reservoir properties between the top and base of the reservoir. DepthTeam Express generates a gridded 3D volume that provides velocity information at user-specified sampling increments in x, y and t. This velocity volume can often be used to improve estimates of reservoir properties such as thickness, lithology, porosity, pore-fluid and geo-pressure within the reservoir. This information can then be input to reservoir simulation applications that attempt to predict reservoir performance over time.

A typical DepthTeam Express workflow consists of several steps:

Well List selection, project selection and model description Data browsing and loading Velocity building at the data input locations Interpolation and extrapolation 3D visualization of the Data Function viewing and editing (FVE) Calibration Velocity QC and uncertainty analysis Model save Time-to-Depth conversion - TDQAssuming T/D functions, well picks, seismic time surfaces and seismic velocities have been selected and loaded into DepthTeam Express, a recommended workflow is to build several velocity models by using each data type independently. For instance, one model would be built from RMS stacking velocities inverted to instantaneous velocity one of using the Dix inversion tools. A second model would consist of T/D functions only. A third model would use T/D functions and seismic time surfaces to control the structural interpolation of the T/D functions. A fourth model would use well picks and associated time surfaces to build a layered pseudo-velocity model. Finally, a fifth model could be built using the analytic velocity definition tool to paste

5000.8.0.0 Overview 80


in a salt body, for instance. These volumes allow for a quick QC of each input data type and provide for important data editing prior to combining all the data together for the final velocity model building using the data calibration step. Once the final model has been generated, the QC tools can be used to further analyze and validate the velocity model.

The input velocity data supported in this release includes stacking velocities, analytic velocity functions, time/depth tables associated with wells, time horizons and well picks. The data can be input from OpenWorks, SeisWorks, Sierra, ASCII, or ProMAX. DepthTeam Express uses this data to build a single interval velocity volume that uses all available velocity data and ties available well control when vertically stretched from time to depth.

Typically, there is a trade-off between data availability and data accuracy. For example, seismic stacking velocities are often densely sampled, but may not be as accurate as other data types. Converting stacking velocities to interval velocities may suggest trends in the project area, but may not provide an accurate velocity estimate appropriate for depth conversion. Well-based time/depth functions are typically more accurate in a vertical sense, but may not show the lateral trends observed in the stacking velocity field. Well picks are assumed to provide the correct answer; however, this information is typically very sparse.

In addition to building time/depth volumes, DepthTeam Express can export interval velocity models suitable for raytracing, map migration, and more detailed velocity analysis using DepthTeam Explorer. You can also write these models to ProMAX for time and depth migration. DepthTeam Express and TDQ can be used together to create a depth migrated seismic volume that ties well control. Finally, by incorporating velocity information from different sources, DepthTeam Express can be a useful tool in validating your interpretation.


5000.8.0.0 Typical Model Building Workflow 81


In DepthTeam Express, model building proceeds in the same general manner, regardless of the type of data you use to build the model. This section outlines this general flow and gives an overview of the model building process. A typical DepthTeam Express model building workflow is shown below.


If all types of data are available, the seismic velocities are calibrated to the time/depth functions. The resulting velocity volume is then calibrated to the well pick based pseudo-velocity model. The calibration process can be guided by structural horizons. The output velocity volume is converted to a time/depth volume for use by TDQ and other time/depth conversion applications. This time/depth model ties the well picks in depth and honors trends observed in the other data sources.

Calibration

Depth Conversion (TDQ, SeisWorks, and StratWorks software)

Well PicksPseudo-velocity Model

Final Calibrated Velocity Model (Seismic Velocities, T/D Curves, and Well Picks)

Calibrated Velocity Model (Seismic Velocities and T/D Curves)

Seismic Velocities or Analytic Velocity Model

Calibration

T/D Curve Velocity Model

5000.8.0.0 Using the Model Manager 82


Using the Model Manager

The main DepthTeam Express window that you use to interact with the program is the Model Manager, shown below.

The Model Manager is displayed when you start DepthTeam Express. The menu options and toolbar take you to all the main sections of the program. After you complete a major task, the program will return you to this window.

The standard layout and components of the Model Manager are described below.

Menubar Options and Toolbar Icons

At the top of the Model Manager window is the menubar. In addition to the Help option, this menubar contains four options: File, Edit, View, and Tools. Associated with these options are pull-down menus. Each pull-down menu contains menu options that you can select. Many of these menu options have corresponding icons on the toolbar. The toolbar icons are arranged from left to right in the order that you will typically use them in building a model. The menu options are listed in the table below along with their functions, associated toolbar icons, and shortcut keys.

model managertable

toolbar

menubar


5000.8.0.0 Using the Model Manager 83

Menu Option

Submenu Option

Function Icon Shortcut Key

File New... Brings up the New Model Wizard, which steps you through creating a new model. See Creating a New Model.

Ctrl+N

Open... Opens an existing model from the database. See Opening an Existing Model.

Ctrl+O

Delete... Allows you to delete a model from the database.

Model Save... Saves the current model to the OpenWorks database under the same name. See Saving a Model.

Ctrl+S

Model Save As...

Saves the current model to the OpenWorks database under a new name. See Saving a Model.

Model Export TDQ Model...

Saves a TDQ time/depth volume for the current model. See Exporting a Model.

Model Export Sierra Model...

Saves a Sierra MIMIC+ format velocity model for the current model. See Exporting a Model.

Model Export Compressed Vel Volume...

Saves current model as a Compressed Velocity Volume. See Exporting a Model.

Interpreter priority

Sets the interpreter priority for imported data. See Setting Interpreter/Source Priority.

Ctrl+V

Load Data... Brings up the Load Data dialog box from which you can load data from SeisWorks, OpenWorks, Sierra or ProMAX. See Loading Data.

Ctrl+L

Create error log for support

Allows you to keep a record of all user interact

DTE_UserGuide

Documents

decisionspace desktop

decisionspace assetlink

decisionspace reservoir

decisionspace assetsolver

discovery asset

decisionspace assetplanner

decisionspace nexus

d drill view