DSA 2010 September

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WINF

ABUL

OUSPRIZE

S

Page

No.

86DSA

CON

TEST

-3

SEPTEMBER 2010

SAARC COUNTRIES : US$ 20REST OF THE WORLD : US$ 25

VOLUME 1 ISSUE 12

9 7 7 0 9 7 6 2 0 6 0 0 3

I SS N 0 9 7 6 - 2 0 6 X

INDIA : 120

NUCLEAR SPECIAL

Nuclear technology

`

Nuclear power programmeTable-top nuclear energy!

E N E R G Y W E A P O N S T R A D E

Indo-US nuclear cooperation


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manvendra singh

DSA

is as much yours,as it is ours!

Nuclear sciences are still regarded as one of the pinnacles of human intellectual achievement. The sheer expanse of theirproperties is indeed a eld of knowledge that adds diplomatic prestige to a country. And when coupled with theirdestructive potential they bring a military stature that is difcult to ignore. Hence the globally restrictive regimes

that continue to be in place, even after the horses have bolted, so to say. Knowledge is sought to be denied, even when it isavailable in school textbooks. For it is the destructive nature of its misuse that brings nightmares to policy makers aroundthe world. Human beings continue to battle each other through the realms of knowledge and technology denial regimes asthough they are the masters of their fate and of this earth!

Nowhere has this notion been more destroyed and no pun intended here, than in the daily tragedy that are the Pakistanood. Nature, gods or deities, whatever suits the analyst, have responded in a quiet fury that is unprecedented in the modernera. No geographical or political landmass has been as inundated in living memory as has Pakistan. It is a ood that couldquite easily t the bill for footage of The Great Flood of the Noahs Ark. Nothing in human reminiscence can match the scale ofnatures fury in Pakistan. It is a tragedy that is playing before the eyes, in all its elements. And which begs the question aboutthe role of humankind in the pursuit of knowledge, the sciences, research and development for destruction. The invincibilityof human attitudes has been laid bare by the outpouring of the skies. Making intellectual achievements redundant whenexposed to the most elemental of natures giving, rain.

All the aircraft, missiles, tanks, artillery guns and ries, on display across Pakistans urban trafc space are aimed inthe direction of India. As if the only worry that the country has is its eastern neighbour. National, provincial or municipalgovernance has only looked eastwards in its threat perceptions. Never within, or upwards. It remained so mired in its anxietiesthat there was never an attempt at analysing its own direction, as a State, or as a society. But moments come in history thatprovide just such an opportunity to pause and ponder.

Pakistan has been given precisely that chance by the elements of nature conspiring with the absence of rudiments of theState. Will it take the chance is the question that torments all those concerned about the direction of that State, and its society.It is an opportunity not just for Pakistan, but also for the world at large. And Pakistan knows it all too well, so it is makingprecisely veiled threats about extremism as it has since it evolved a foreign and security policy based on the use of terror asan instrument of diplomacy. Ignoring the social conditions of Pakistan has cost valuable human lives across the world. Butnow the threat that looms from that ooded land is far greater than a possible dirty nuclear bomb. Pakistan is truly a globalproblem now and not just because it has traded nuclear secrets.

Security of the citizens at peace time is very importantbecause State is the only saviour of the men and womenwho get affected only because of the negligence of the State.

do--h

September 2010 Defence AnD security Alert 3


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editor: manvendra singh

chairmanshyam sunderpublisher & ceopawan agrawaleditor-in-chiefmanvendra singhdirectorshishir bhushancorporate consultantk j singhart consultantdivya guptacentral saint martins college of art & design,university of arts, londoncorporate communicationsmonika kanchanrepresentative J&Ksalil sharmacreativevivek anand pantcorrespondent (europe)dominika cosicproductiondilshad & dabeerwebmastersundar rawatphotographerssubhash, deepakcirculation & distributionprem guptaranjeet, sandeep, vikramsystem administratorvikas

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pawan agrawal

The word nuclear has acquired an everyday familiaritylargely because of the intense debate and far-reaching effect ofthe Indo-US deal on the civilian uses of the atom. Otherwise, formost Indians it was a word used in physics textbooks which,by the very nature of the streaming of education, left manyof those who did not choose science in school to be just vaguelyaware of the peaceful uses of nuclear or atomic energy. Therewas no way that they could not have but been acutely aware ofthe destructive power of the atom after the bombing by the USof the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, slaughteringmillions in a jiffy and leaving those who survived outside

ground zero to suffer the after-effects of the blast, the burns and the radiation effectstill death released them from their pains. One is not sure that America and the rest ofthose who have acquired nuclear weapons technology are really serious about the Non-proliferation they speak so glibly about but make no move towards nuclear disarmamentthat could rid the world of the threat of self-destruct in one moment of madness.

Madness reminds us of what was done to Iraq on the specious excuse of removingweapons of mass destruction (WMDs) from the hands of an unstable dictator. Thedictator of Iraq is no more and till date they could not nd a single nuclear device andthe worst that they c ould point to as evidence was a factory producing milk powder forchildren. Something similar is apparently being prepared to be done to neighbouring

Iran which is being charged with converting its nuclear power facilities to bomb-makingfactories. Yet, inexplicably, not a nger is being raised against Pakistan which has a hugeweapons stockpile; a proven tendency to proliferate weapons of mass destruction andeager to use nuclear weapons if terrorists nurtured in its madrassas are not allowed tosucceed in creating strategic depth in neighbouring territories. The terrorist groups onthe other hand are threatening to steal nuclear weapons from Pakistans arsenal and usethem directly for their nefarious ends.

Pakistan is in such a pathetic situation today that there is no way of preventing it fromhappening and even its mentor, the US, is quite jittery about the prospects of nuclearweapons falling into jihadi hands. If it happens then I am sure that it will be the lastnail in the cofn of humanity. Are the people of Pakistan ready for this? The world hasalready seen how North Korea acquired nuclear weapons with Pakistani assistance andis now openly threatening to use them.

But one thing is very evident that India is the only nation-State with a proven recordof using the atom for peaceful purposes be it in power generation or agriculture ormedicine for the greater good of humanity. Indias rst Atomic Energy Act was passedand Atomic Energy Commission was set up in 1948 and Indias rst nuclear reactorapsara was commissioned in 1958. At present we have 17 reactors in operation and 6under construction. Beside the generation of power through nuclear means, India is alsousing this strong tool for the benet of humanity. The Institute of Nuclear Medicine andAllied Sciences (INMAS) is one of its kind which is dedicated to the usage of nucleartechnology to cure many ailments and is continuously conducting research in the use ofthe atom and isotopes in the medical eld.

India believes in peace and therefore has always tried to steer the world towards thepeaceful uses of the atom in the interest of humanity so as to make this beautiful worlda haven of peace and prosperity.

We have tried to cover nuclear technology in all its aspects by including articles byIndias topnotch experts to make this issue interesting and informative for every reader.

DSA will be completing a year this month and this will be our 12 th issue being offeredto you. ThoughDSA faced many challenges from the date of its inception but with thegreat support of our contributors, readers, admirers, advertisers and the entire team of

DSA we could get through these challenges and we are resolutely marching ahead tothe second year and I assure you, dear reader, that we shall always endeavour to delivermore than you have come to expect fromDSA, no matter what.

We all atDSA take this opportunity to pay our respectful homage to Dr. Homi Bhabhafor his grand vision and laying a strong foundation for Indias development in nucleartechnology.

JAI HIND!

pbh vw

A N N O U N C E SOctober 2010 ISSUE AS

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Volume 1 Issue 12 September 2010

for online edition of Defence And Security Alert (DSA)

log on to: www.dsalert.org

issue sePteMBer 2010

A R T I C L E S

ido-us a oopao: a aa 08

Krishnamurthy Santhanam

a hoog: o d ad g 12

Dr. P. K. Iyengar

a m: h oad ahad 17Dr. L. V. Krishnan

ab-op a g! 22Dr. M. Srinivasan

jhad ad a wapo: apoap? 28

K. Subrahmanyam

a a ad god a 33Arundhati Ghose

a pow pogamm: mogagg h ? 37

Prof. Ashok Parthasarathi

so-Pak x 43

Dr. Harsh Pant

Pak k: how a? 46

Brig. Gurmeet Kanwal

am do odm 51Dr. Rajiv Nayan

chob o 54

Dominika Cosic

ido-us a da: hag ida poa 55Dr. Sanjeev Bhadauria

ida wo-ak appoah 59Dr. Manpreet Sethi

ida ad o-poao 62

Dr. Arvind Kumarida x a o: ao 65

Ramtanu Maitra

a md: a boo o hma 69Dr. Anupam Mondal

adooga om 72Dr. Rakesh Kumar Sharma

a wapo wod? 75Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Paka' a ompx: hag wod pa? 81Aditi Malhotra

NUCLEAR SPECIAL

Follow DSA on : DEFENCE AND SECURITY ALERT

Follow DSA on : DSALERT

O T H E R Sa dg 32DsA o 86aoo 87

contents

o

September 2010 Defence AnD security Alert6 September 2010 Defence AnD security Alert 7


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Fears over a curtailment o nuclear weaponstesting in the uture appear to be overblowngiven that India is currently exercising a sel-imposed unilateral moratorium. However,even the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreementacknowledges that a substantial change in thesecurity environment on Indias periphery willallow India to test to improve its nuclear arsenalin deence o its supreme national interests.

Krishnamurthy Santhanam

Marxist criticismFailsafe delivery

nAtiOnAl interesta wod

September 2010 Defence AnD security Alert September 2010 Defence AnD security Alert 9


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India has long been at loggerheads with the nuclear haves

over the uses o the atom. The act is that nuclear energy is

amenable to both mass destruction as well as civilisational

improvements and this dual use has been employed to try

and keep India in check. But or the oresight o Dr. Homi

Bhabha and Indias frst Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru this

nation could have succumbed to such pressures. Thanks to

them our position that i threatened we will use the atom or

deence otherwise the frst option is or the well-being o the

people o India, has ound acceptance.

Revolutions in knowledge

Release of nuclear energy

Military uses

Peaceful uses

Dr. P. K. I yengar

nAtures BOuntya wod

September 2010 Defence AnD security Alert 13September 2010 Defence AnD security Alert12


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Dual-use fears

With a large R&D

base, scientic

m a n p o w e r ,

creative thinking

and generous

support from

the government,India and China

are poised to

make inroads

into the growth

of technology

in the future,

whether it

is in energy

production or

for devices in

defence

nAtures BOuntya wod



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POWer GenerAtiOna wod

Dr. L. V. Krishnan

Simultaneously with construction of large capacity fast breederand advanced heavy water reactors India needs to acceleratereprocessing facilities that extract plutonium from spent fuel.The recent agreement with the US on reprocessing spent fuel

from nuclear projects set up in collaboration with US rmshas helped. Using nuclear reactors to produce hydrogen forcars of the future will ensure a large dose of security becausetransportation is dependent on imported hydrocarbons.

n u c l e a r s y s t e m s :t h e r o a d a h e a d

nAtures BOuntya wod



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Accelerator driven systems




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11/33

If ever there was a flash in the pan, Cold Fusion wasin 1989. Two chemical scientists announced to theworld that they had experienced excess heat in a testtube electrolysis experiment at room temperature. It

conjured up visions of the disappearance of massiveironclad Calandria vessels to contain massive heatand pressure to start an atomic chain reaction in areactor. Hopes of desktop reactors bloomed till anofficial US experts group said it found no proof tosubstantiate the claims. Since then, experimentsin Cold Fusion which has now come to be knownas Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS) areproducing exciting new discoveries and some saythe results could be earth-shaking.

table-top nuclear energy!enerGy securitya wod

Chain reaction

Dr. M. Srinivasan



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ery now and then

e citadel of science iscked by the discovery of

new phenomenon that

e scientic community

ds difcult to digest.

he Theory of Relativity

d Quantum Physics

ere two such paradigm

fts that shook the very

undations of physics

the 20th century,

hough when rst

opounded they too had

any detractors

enerGy securitya wod



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enerGy securitya wod



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DisArMAMenta wod

Disarmament

Off on tangent

New logic

While there has always been a lot of talk about disarmamentand abjuring nuclear weapons few nuclear weapons powershave taken the first step by declaring a policy of no-first-useof nuclear weapons. India is an absolute exception: It wants

disarmament and has announced a policy of no first use. Infact it would not have gone nuclear had it not been for thecontinuing cooperation in creating nuclear bombs between twoof its neighbours China and Pakistan one a regional powerand the other the cradle of jihad.

K. Subrahmanyam

ihad and nuclear weapons: apocalyptic?



15/33

Arundhati Ghose

Sub rosa is a phrase very apt to the American position on nuclear weapons

proliferation. It means under the rose bush and implies opacity,

non-transparency and downright deceit. The Bush familys contribution to Pakistani

nuclear proliferation is stark in the face of repeated warnings by US experts that it is

just two screwdriver turns away in perfecting the bomb-in-the-basement through

A. Q. Khans nuclear thuggery. Even today US policy is skewed against Iran even as

terrorists are converging on Pakistans nuclear stockpile.

nuclear treatiesand

g r o u n d r e a l i t i e s

BeyOnD nPta wod

Nuclear energy is non-renewable energy source. Givenbelow are some interestingfacts about nuclear energy andnuclear weapons.

The facts...

...and the myths

Nuclear energy and Nuclear weapons

Team DSA

N u c l e a r d i g e s t



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BeyOnD nPta wod

Prof. Ashok Parthasarathi

A former ScienceAdviser to IndiraGandhi lays bare ascenario of neglect

and grave errorsthat could bringeven the hard-wonindigenous reactors ofHomi Bhabhas thirdstage - the thorium-based Fast Breeders -also within the scopeof IAEA safeguardsand perpetualintrusive inspectionsunder the Indo-UScivil nuclear deal.The inexplicables l o w d o w nin exploration andexploitation ofindigenous naturaluranium mines setthe stage for futureerrors.

n u c l e a r p o w e r p r o g r a m m e :

m o r t g a g i n g t h e f u t u r e ?

MOnuMentAl Messa wod



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r Three Stage Nuclear

wer Programme of Bhabha

me are all intimately

erconnected. Once the

ial Plutonium 239 is

vered by the so called

feguards but, actually,

hly intrusive international

pections by the IAEA, is

as a key component of

e composite Plutonium-

orium fuel into the Fast

eeders, those reactors

uld ALSO come under

RPETUAL INSPECTION

d the same applies to

e Uranium 233 which is

e key element of the fuel

the Thorium Breeders!!

s is the Frankenstein of

RSUING SAFEGUARDS /SPECTIONS!




18/33


Dr. Harsh V. Pant

PrOliferAtiOn

If, as is generally accepted, Pakistans duality in the War On Terror wasintended to retain for the jihadis of every hue and nationality the upperhand in Afghanistan, it has been achieved in the backdrop of a nucleararsenal made possible by generous proliferation of pre-tested warheads anddelivery systems from China. One would have thought that Beijing would

see the danger in pandering to jihadi sentiments given the unrest in its ownMuslim Uighur community in Xiangiang province.



19/33

Indo-US deal

PrOliferAtiOna wod



20/33

JiHADi AnGlea wod

Pak nukes:The debate on whether Pakistans nuclear weapons will fall into

jihadi / extremist hands is oxymoronic. If it is agreed that the

Pakistan Armed Forces were the cradle of jihad against Sovietoccupation of Afghanistan then how can the current lot of

fundamentalist cut-throats be external to the Pakistani military

milieu? Pakistans nuclear arsenal even at this moment is being

used to further the jihadi cause in Afghanistan. If it is allowed

to succeed there, the prototype would have been established of

recessed nukes serving jihadi ambitions.

Indias concerns Separate storage

how safe? Brig. Gurmeet Kanwal



21/33

Rajiv Nayan

Arms reduction is an archane affair. What is actually reduced may nevermatter because an overkill exists hidden somewhere in the stockpile. Itwas not for nothing that the Russians bristled at US attempts to plant anti-ballistic missile (ABM) batteries in Poland and Czech Republic. At the veryleast it would have facilitated the eastward ow of NATO which appears atthis point to have been largely contained. Thus a covert give and take couldbe facilitated for other geopolitical reasons.

a r m s r e d u c t i o n c o n u n d r u m

neW stArta wod

Just Russia-US



22/33

neW stArta wod

ICBMs

Ambience

Numbers game

New START limits

NPT connection

Trust defcit

publicans view that a

th is being spread that

ew START will reduce the

mber of deployed strategic

clear warheads from the

els required under the

rrent Moscow Treaty with

ssia by 30 per cent. They

y: This is wrong, because

ile the Moscow Treaty

unted real warheads, New

ART uses an accountable

rhead standard that would

rmit both sides to exceed

e Moscow Treaty limits

Ambiguities

ABMs

Ratifcation



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DisAstera wod

Dominika Cosic

The story

The disaster

The lesson

I n d o - U S n u c l e a r d e a l :h a r n e s s i n g I n d i a n p o t e n t i a l

Dr. Sanjeev Bhadauria

As the breadth of this Special Issue of Defence And Security Alert willillustrate there are widely divergent and fervently-held views aboutwho won and who lost and the ultimate effect on Indias standing asan independent, self-respecting nation-State. That this epochal eventhas taken place itself indicates that there is nothing forever permanentin international relations. Perceptions change, nations change.

Balanced equation

American perception

neW AMitya wod



24/33

neW AMitya wod DisArMAMenta wod

Dr. Manpreet Sethi

An ardent protagonist of universal nuclear disarmament from

the moment of its emergence as an independent nation, India has

been forced to nuclearise its arsenal because of neighbourhood

developments. But it has used No First Use and Mutual Assured

Destruction to keep even the Pakistan / China use of terrorists as

proxies to manageable limits. By example it can make No First Use

a stepping stone to the eventual goal of universal disarmament

and delegitimisation of nuclear weapons.

I n d i a s t w o - t r a c k a p p r o a c h



25/33

The framework of Indias nuclear policy has, fromthe moment of its inception, been universal andcomplete disarmament. It has seen non-proliferationbeing reduced to a farce in its own neighbourhoodand it has had to reserve options in the supremenational interest. After the signingof the Indo-USdeal will non-proliferation of the NPT kind becomethe be-all and end-all? What of disarmament?

stAtus syMBOla wod

Dr. Arvind Kumar



26/33

Pakistani danger

stAtus syMBOla wod

r e a c t o r s

I n d i a sn e x t n u c l e a r f r o n t i e r :

Export potential

Ramtanu Maitra

India is on the verge of keeping a tryst with destiny inatomic science. It is a destiny that has been charted withsuch cogency and accuracy that it would appear to havebeen drafted but yesterday instead of decades ago. It isthe predicted use of thorium as the final feedstock in thenuclear fuel cycle and the creation of advanced heavywater reactors that will be stand-alone systems that can beerected and forgotten for three decades and buried safelythereafter without fear of spillage or leakage of radioactivematerial.

eXPOrt MArKeta wod

65September 2010 Defence AnD security AlertSeptember 2010 Defence AnD security Alert64


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eXPOrt MArKeta wod

Nuclear imaging

PAnAceA?a wod

Dr. Anupam Mondal

Etched in peoples psyche are images of the destruction ofHiroshima and Nagasaki and the after-effects of blast, heatand radiation on habitat and humans. So terrible is the effectthat it forced sane minds to say Never again! On the otherend of the scale (on which India has always placed the greatestemphasis) lie the peaceful uses of the radiation from the splitatom. Nuclear Medicine sounds like a contradiction in termsbut its effects are as spectacular as its obverse.

nuclear medicine:

a boon for humanity

69September 2010 Defence AnD security AlertSeptember 2010 Defence AnD security Alert68


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large numbers (~1,00,000) of orphaned

Dirty BOMBa wod

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Sharma

Delhi experienced what could have been a dirty bomb attack and an orphandevice containing a radioactive component was sold to a kabari(junk dealer)and found its way to Mayapuri. All those who handled it suffered radioactiveburns and radiation sickness and it took days to clean up the radiation in acrowded commercial district.



29/33

n u c l e a rw e a p o n s f r e e w o r l d ? Dr. Rajendra Prasad

The moment may have come to make the assault to the top

of the mountain and achieve universal and complete nuclear

disarmament given that the US and Russia have taken additional

steps towards arms limitation to 1,500 warheads each. Bringing

in the other nuclear weapons States both overt and clandestine

ones into the fold through proportional reductions is a scenario

worth framing.

nOn-DiscriMinAtiOna wodDirty BOMBa wod



30/33

Finally the realisation is dawning that the proposition that because Pakistansnuclear arsenal is under the exclusive control of the Pakistan Army it issafe and secure and not likely to fall into terrorist hands is fundamentally

awed. Simple arithmetic will prove that since military dictator Gen. ZiaulHaq introduced the imported Saudi brand of Wahabi Sala-ism as the credoof the armed forces every soldier from the Chief of Army Staff down to thesoldier has been dyed in the deepest shade of Islamic fundamentalism. Therecent Rand Corporation study has underscored that the Pakistan Army isusing the nuclear arsenal to help jihadi operations against India.

Aditi Malhotra

Pakistan'sn u c l e a r c o m p l e x :

rOGue ActOrsa wodnOn-DiscriMinAtiOna wod



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rOGue ActOrsa wod



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aoo lAuGH n relAX!


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Majestic torecognition

Mr.PawanAgrawal

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xcutiveOfficer

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