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1243
Drug Resistant Plasmid of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Isolated from
Swine Pleuropneumonia in Thailand
Akio KIUCHI, Motonobu HARA and Kiyoshi TABUCHIVeterinary
Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University,
Kanagawa 229, Japan
(Received: April 9, 1992)(Accepted: May 12, 1992)
Key words: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, drug resistant
plasmid , swinepleuropneumonia
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, isolated from the pneumonic
lung tissue of pigs, was resistant tostreptomycin, sulfadiazine and
tetracycline. This isolate, TA5, possessed 2 plasmids (pTA51=3.7
Kb,pTA52=6.2 Kb); one of the plasmids (pTA52) was coded for
resistance to SM and SA. Another isolate of A.pleuropneumoniae,
TA8, also possessed 2 plasmids (pTA81=3.7 Kb, pTA82=4.4 Kb), with a
plasmid(pTA82) coded for resistance to SM and SA.
All 4 plasmids were not transmissible and small.
Introduction
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a hemolytic gram-negative
microorganism requiring nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD). It
produces lobar pneumonia with fibrinous, hemorrhagic and
necroticpleuritis and is especially common in young and rapidly
growing swine1,2,3,4). Swine pleuropneumonia is amajor respiratory
disease problem for swine production in many countries .
Actinobacillus pleuropneu-moniae was susceptible to drugs during
the 1970s, however it has become rapidly resistant to
manydrugs5,6). Some of them carried R-plasmids that are responsible
for antibiotic resistance7,8,9). It has beenpointed out that some
of antibiotic resistance in animal strains may play a role in the
spread of resistanceto human pathogens10). We would like to report
here about the relationships between drug resistance and
plasmids that were isolated from drug resistant strains in
Thailand in 1988.
Materials and Methods
Bacterial strains: A. pleuropneumoniae strain TA5 (serovar 1)
and TA8 (serovar 5) was isolated from
pneumonic lungs of pigs at a Bangkok slaughter house in
Thailand. A. pleuropneumoniae strain TA1 is aplasmidless strain of
serovar 1, and strain TA1-1 is a rifampicin resistant mutant of
TA1. E. coli strain K12ML1410-1 is a rifampicin resistant mutant of
E. coli strain K12 ML1410.
Medium: A. pleuropneumoniae strains were grown in BHI (brain
heart infusion)-broth or on agar
(DIFCO, USA) supplemented with 10 pg of fiNADH/m1 (ORIENTAL
KOBO, JAPAN).The drugs used and the abbreviations: sulfaisoxazole
(SA); streptomycin (SM); tetracycline (TC).Antibiotic
susceptibility test: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were
determined by the agar
dilution method standardized by the Japan Society of
Chemotherapy").Preparations of plasmid DNA: The alkaline lysis
method was used for preparation of small amounts of
plasmid DNAl2). For large scale preparations of plasmid DNA,
cesium chloride (CsC1)-ethidium bromide
別刷請求先:(〒229)相 模原市淵野辺1-17-71
麻布大学微生物学第一講座 木内 明男
平成4年9月20日
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1244 Akio KIKUCHI et al
(EtBr) equilibrium density gradient centrifugation was used. The
final density was adjusted to 1.571 g/cm3
(Refractive index, 1.3875), and the solution was centrifuged
with a vertical rotor at 60,000 rpm for 6 hours
at 20•Ž.
Mating: Mating of the various strains of A. pleuropneumoniae
with A. pleuropneumoniae strain TA1-1
and E. coli K12 ML1410 was performed using a membrane filter
technique.
Transformation: Transformation of bacterial cells with plasmid
DNA was carried out by the method of
Hanahan13). After incubation, aliquots of transforming mixture
were plated out onto the Mueller Hinton
agar containing SM (100 pg/ml) or SA (400 pg/ml).
Restriction endonuclease digestion: Purified plasmid DNA
preparations were digested with restriction
endonucleases, Alul, BamHI, EcoRII, Fokl, HindIII, MboII, Pstl
and PvuII. Restriction endonucleases were
purchased from Takara Shuzo Co., LTD. Purified plasmid DNA and
restriction endonuclease digested
plasmid DNA were electrophoresed through a 0.8% horizontal
agarose gel (FMC, USA) for 1 to 2 h at 100
volts in tris-acetate buffer. Gels were stained with EtBr and
photographed under UV illumination with a
Polaroid camera.
Results
Both A. pleuropneumoniae strains TA5 and TA8 were resistant to
SM, SA and TC (Table 1) .
The results of agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA purified from
A . pleuropneumoniae TA5 and TA8 are
shown in Fig. 1. A. pleuropneumoniae TA5 kept two plasmids, 3 .7
Kb and 6.2 Kb. While strain TA8
possessed two plasmids, 3.7 Kb and 4.4 Kb.
Mating of A. pleuropneumoniae stain TA5 or TA8 with A .
pleuropneumoniae TA1-1 or E. coli K12
ML1410-1 was unsuccessful as far as transfer of resistant genes
was concerned .
Transformation of A. pleuropneumoniae TA1 with purified plasmid
DNA obtained from TA8 gave a
transformant resistant to SM and SA. This transformant had two
plasmids with DNA the same as that of
TA8 (data not shown). Transformats of E. coli K12 ML1410 with
plasmid DNA obtained from TA5 and
TA8 gave transformants resistant to SM and SA but not TC (Table
2) . The results of agarose gel
electrophoresis of DNA prepared from transformed E . coli K12
ML1410 showed that the plasmid of 6.2 Kb
(hereafter designated pTA52) is coded for resistance to SM and
SA, while the one of 4.4 Kb (pTA82 for the
plasmid from TA8) is also coded for SM and SA (Fig. 1). No
transformants had the plasmid of 3.7 kb.
The results of restriction endonuclease analysis showed that
pTA2 and pTA82 were digested by Fokl
into 2 segments, each of 0.4 Kb fragment size. Moreover, pTA52
was digested into 8 pieces and pTA82 into
6 pieces by restriction endonuclease MboII. Four of the pieces
had the same electrophoretic mobilities (Fig.
2). However, BamHI, EcoRII, Pvull and Sall did not digest two
plasmids at all .
Table 1 Susceptibility of A. pleuropneumoniae
isolates
a) MIC = Minimal inhibitory concentration
b) An antibiotic susceptible strain of A. pleuro-
pneumoniae
Table 2 Susceptibility of transformed A. pleuro-
pneumoniae and E. coli
a) A. pleuropneumoniae TA1 bearing pTA81 and
pTA82b) E. coli K12 ML1410 bearing pTA52
感染症学雑誌 第66巻 第9号
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Drug Resistant Plasmid of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
1245
Fig. 1 Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA extracted
from
strains of A. pleuropneumoniae and transformed E. coiiKl2
ML1410
TA5: A. pleuropneumoniae TA5
pTA52: E. coli K12 ML1410 bearing pTA52TA8: A. pleuropneumoniae
TA8
pTA82: E. coli K12 ML1410 bearing pTA82
Fig. 2 Fragment patterns of pTA52 and pTA82 after digested with
restriction endonucleases.
a/HindIII is a molecular size marker
Discussion
The genes responsible for resistance to SM and SA in A.
pleuropneumoniae strain TA5 and strain TA8
are located on plasmids pTA52 (6.2 Kb in size) and pTA8 (4.4 Kb
in size), respectively. None of these
plasmids possess the genes necessary for their conjugative
transfer to A. pleuropneumoniae or to E. coli.Hirsh et al.91
isolated two plasmids, and Ishii et a1.14) isolated one plasmid
from A. pleuropneumoniae
strains, encoding SM and SA resistance. These plasmids were
different from pTA5 and pTA8 in size and in
restriction endonuclease analysis. We suppose that the TC
resistance in two strains, TA5 and TA8, was
not dependent on plasmids, because transformed strains of A.
pleuropneumoniae and E. coli did not express
TC resistance. Also, A. pleuropneumoniae strain TA9 that was TC
resistant had no plasmid. We were
unable to assign this property to a 3.7 Kb plasmid that was born
on A. pleuropneumoniae strains TA5 and
平成4年9月20日
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1246 Akio KIKUCHI et al
TA8. Some genetical hypotheses have been put forth that a drug
sensitive strain acquired resistant genesfrom external sources with
the support of a resident cryptic plasmid and by mobilization with
a conjugal
plasmid, like RP4, of broad host range14).It is not surprising
that such resistant A. pleuropneumoniae have emerged because
antibiotics have
been used not only for treatment, but also frequently for
economical reasons. This intense selective
pressure by antibiotics caused a widespread increase in R
plasmid containing bacteria15).Medeiros et al.16) suggested that
there is a potential for spread of drug resistance from an
animal
reservoir to human pathogens.It is of interest to us to known
what the correlation is between our plasmid and the isolated
plasmids
all over the world.We have to expand our studies on the
molecular genetics of drug resistant plasmids.
References
1) Kume, K., Nagano, I. & Nakai, T.: Bacteriological,
serological, and pathological examinations of Haemophilus
pleuropneumoniae infection in 200 slaughtered pigs. Jpn. J. Vet.
Sci. 48: 965-970, 1986.
2) Shope, R. E.: Porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, I.
Experimental transmission, ethiology and pathology. J. Exp.
Med. 119: 357-368, 1964.
3) Pohl, S., Bertschinger, H. U., Frederiksen, W. &
Mannheim, W.: Transfer of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and the
Pasteurella haemolytica-like organism causing porcine necrotic
pleuropneumonia to the genus Actinobacillus
(Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae comb. nov.) on the basis of
phenotypic and deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness. Int.
J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33: 510-514, 1983.
4) Linnabary, R. D. & Smith, A. G.: Isolation of Haemophilus
pleuropneumoniae from infected swine. Vet. Med. Small
Anim. Clin. 78: 1768-1771, 1983.
5) Didier, P. J., Perino, L. & Urobance, J.: Porcine
Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae: Microbiologic and pathologic
findings. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 184: 716-719, 1984.
6) Gilbride, K. A. & Rosendal, S.: Antimicrobial
susceptibility of 51 strains of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. Can.
J.
Comp. Med. 48: 47-50, 1984.
7) Kawahara, K., Asano, M., Nakai, T., Kume, K. & Danbara,
H.: Antibiotic susceptibility of serotype 2 and 5 strains of
Actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae isolated from
swine from 1974 to 1986 . Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 51: 359-363,
1989.
8) Gilbride, K. A., Rosendal, S. & Brunton, J. L.: Plasmid
mediated antimicrobial resistance in Ontario isolates of
Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae . Can. J. Vet.
Res. 53: 38-42, 1989.
9) Hirsh, D. C., Martin., L. D. & Libal, M. C.: Plasmid
mediated antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus pleuropneu-
monie. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43: 269-272, 1982.
10) Levy, S. B.: Playing antibiotic pool: time to tally the
score . N. Engl. J. Med. 311: 663-665, 1984.
11) Okoshi, M.: The revised standard method for determination
minimal linhibitory concentrations of antibiotics
against bacteria. Chemotherapy (Tokyo) 22: 1126-1129, 1974 (in
Japanese) .
12) Birnboim, H. C. & Doly, J.: A rapid alkaline extraction
procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic
Acids Res. 7: 1513-1523, 1979.
13) Hanahan, D.: Techniques for transformation of E. coli. pp.
109-136, In: DNA cloning, vol I (Glover, D. M. ed.) IRL
Press, Oxford, 1985.
14) Ishii, H., Nakasone, Y., Shigehara, S., Honma, K., Arai, Y.,
Iyobe, S. & Hashimoto, H.: Drug-susceptibility and
isolation of a plasmid in Haemophilus (Actinobacillus)
pleuropnemoniae. Jpn . J. Vet. Sci. 52: 1-9, 1990.
15) Silver, R. P., Leming, B., Garon, C. F. & Hjerpe, C. A.:
R-plasmid in Pasteurella multocida . Plasmid 2: 493-497,1979.
16) Medeiros, A. A., Levesque, R. & Jacoby, G. A.: An animal
source for the ROB-1 ƒÀ-lactamase of Haemophilus influenzae
type b. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 29: 212-215, 1986.
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Drug Resistant Plasmid of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
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タイ国 に おけ るブ タ胸 膜肺 炎 由来Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniaeの 薬 剤 耐性 プ ラス ミ ド
麻布大学微生物学第一講座
木内 明男 原 元宣 田淵 清
(平成4年4月9日 受付)
(平成4年5月12日 受理)
要 旨
タ イ 国 で ブ タ 肺 炎 病 巣 よ り 分 離 さ れ た
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeに,ス トレプ ト
マ イ シ ン,サ ル フ ァ剤 お よび テ トラサ イ ク リン に
対 す る耐 性 が認 め られ た.Actinobacillus pleuro-
pneumoniae TA5株 は 二 個 の プ ラ ス ミ ドDNA
(pTA51= 3.7Kb, pTA52= 6.2Kb)を 保 有 して お
り,形 質 転 換 の 結 果 か ら プ ラ ス ミ ド(pTA52)は,
ス トレ プ トマ イ シ ン とサ ル フ ァ剤 耐 性 を コー ドし
て い た.一 方,Actinobaoillus pleuropneumoniae
TA8株 も 二 個 の プ ラ ス ミ ドDNA(pTA81= 3.7
Kb,pTA82= 4.4Kb)が あ り,プ ラ ス ミ ド
(pTA82)が ス ト レプ トマ イ シ ソ とサ ル フ ァ剤 耐
性 に 関与 して い た.四 個 の プ ラス ミ ドは非 伝 達 性
で,い ず れ も小 型 で あ った.制 限 酵 素 に よ る消 化
パ タ ー ン か らpTA52とpTA82は 一 部 共 通 し た
DNA断 片 が あ る こ とが 明 らか に な った.家 畜 が
薬 剤 耐 性 菌 の ヒ トの リザ ー ノミー と な っ て お り,注
目す る必 要 が あ る と思 わ れ る.
平成4年9月20日