Drones Affirmative - Northwestern 2015

7/25/2019 Drones Affirmative - Northwestern 2015

1/130

Drones AfBRRCNDI 2015


2/130

1AC


3/130

Plan

The United States Federal Goern!ent sho"ld# to its do!esti$s"reillan$e%

Re&"ire 'ederal la( en'or$e!ent drone o)erators s"*!itdata !ini!i+ation state!ents to the FAA

Re&"ire all 'ederal inesti,ations (ith drones o*tain a(arrant

-sta*lish FTC en'or$e!ent 'or all drone "sa,e *. the'ederal ,oern!ent


4/130

1AC Drones Adanta,e

Anti/drone *a$lash (ill (in o"t oer the ind"str. no(///$"rrent a))roa$hes ,o too 'ar and (ill *e oerl. restri$tie

Gregory S. $Neal 12, Associate Professor of Law and Associate Professor ofPublic Policy at Pepperdine University, 8/1/1!, "#an $%e &'rone& (ndustry #o)pete*it% $%e Privacy Lobby+,%ttp-//www.forbes.co)/sites/gregory)cneal/!1!/8/1/cant%edroneindustryco)petewit%t%eprivacylobby/print/$%e un)anned syste)s industry is not prepared for t%e upco)ing 0g%t wit% privacygroups. $%at is t%e )essage ( delivered to t%e attendees at t%e recent Association of Un)anned e%icle Syste)s(nternational !1! conference. 2y panel was aptly titled Getting in 3ront of t%e (ssue- A 'iscussion on Un)annedSyste)s and Privacy. 4elow are )y t%oug%ts about t%e i)portance of t%e privacy debate for t%e un)annedsyste)s industry, and w%y ( don5t t%in6 t%ey are prepared for t%e types of argu)ents t%e "privacy lobby is )a6ing,

and plans to )a6e. *%en it co)es to sales of un)anned syste)s for do)estic use, t%e0g%t over privacy is t%e )ost i)portant issue facing t%eun)anned syste)s industry.'espite t%e i)portance of t%e issue, ( do not believe t%at t%e industry is ready for a0g%t wit% privacy groups. $%e un)anned syste)s industryoftenti)es operates under t%eassu)ption t%at %ow t%e enduser uses or abuses a syste) is not t%eir concern. $%eywill fre7uently say "Privacy is about people, not syste)s or tec%nology. (n fact, privacy is about bot%. $ec%nologyenables people to do t%ings t%ey ot%erwise couldn5t do violate privacy for e9a)ple:, but tec%nology can alsopro%ibit individuals fro) doing certain t%ings protect privacy by controlling use of syste)s, access to data, etc.:. (not%er surveillance conte9ts we %ave seen protective tec%nologies deployed, t%ey range fro) )ini)i;ationtec%ni7ues, to guarded password protected access to data, to audit trails and secure storage re7uire)ents.$ec%nology is t%e answer to )any privacy concerns. $%us, after developing a reliable and costeyan #alo recently wrote- 'rones? represent t%e cold,tec%nological e)bodi)ent of observation. Unli6e, say, @SA networ6 surveillance or co))ercial databro6erage, govern)ent or industry surveillance of t%e populace wit% drones would bevisible and %ig%ly salient . People would feel observed, regardless of %ow or w%et%er t%e infor)ation wasactually used. $%e resulting bac6las% could force us to ree9a)ine not )erely t%e use ofdrones to observe, but t%e doctrines t%at today per)it t%is use. As t%e legal and policylandscape is c%anging, so too )ust t%e >' approac% of un)anned syste)s )anufacturers w%o are great at sellingt%e capabilities of t%eir syste)s, but are not adept at dealing wit% t%eir products as policy catalysts. $%ey spea6about t%e bene0ts t%eir syste)s can provide, great (S> capabilities, portability, ease of use, etc. $%ey )a6e a

co)pelling case, but t%e proble) is t%ey are arguing t%e )erits of t%eir syste)s. $%eir opponents in t%eprivacy lobby aren5t interested in t%e )erits, t%ey are interested in stopping t%e develop)entof t%ese syste)s out of a fear of so)e potential govern)ent violation of privacy B

%owever t%at ter) privacy is to be de0ned at any given )o)ent. $%e proble) for t%e industry is t%at t%eprivacy lobby is )uc% better at t%is ga)e t%an industry is, )ostly because t%e industryisn5t giving t%e privacy lobby5s concerns enoug% attention. $%is is a fatal )iscalculation ,t%e privacy lobby is e9tre)ely adept at de)oni;ing progra)s and advance)ents intec%nology = t%e un)anned syste)s industry not Cust AUS(: needs to prepare for t%e 0g%t. Let )e provide twoe9a)ples- 3irst, consider your average trip to t%e airport. 2ost of us %ave to go t%roug% airport security. *e %ave tota6e o< our s%oes. *e %ave to go t%roug% a scanner. 2any fre7uent Diers wonder w%y t%is syste) can5t bei)proved. (sn5t t%ere so)e way to verify travelers a%ead of ti)e+ So)e way to speed you t%roug% security+ *ell,'ES tried to launc% Cust suc% a progra) in !. $%ey called it #o)puter Assisted Passenger Prescreening Syste) ((#APPS ((:, it was designed to loo6 for terrorists by using na)es and reservation data. $%at is to say, by using t%e


5/130

data already in t%e %ands of t%e airlines, voluntarily provided by passengers. Fou 6now w%at t%e infor)ation is-@a)e, address, p%one nu)ber, travel %istory etc. 'ES was foug%t toot% and nail by t%e A#LU and ot%er privacygroups $%ose groups sued, t%ey foug%t on #apitol Eill, and t%ey too6 to t%e airwaves to decry t%e alleged violationsof travelers5 "privacy. Stewart 4a6er, for)er Assistant Secretary of Eo)eland Security recounted t%e story in %isboo6 S6ating on Stilts. (n %is words, t%e A#LU screec%ed- $%is syste) t%reatens to create a per)anent blac6listedunderclass of A)ericans w%o cannot travel freely, one A#LU counsel told t%e Associated Press in 3ebruary !.Anot%er declared t%at #APPS (( would "give t%e govern)ent an opening to create a 4ig 4rot%er type progra)?*e5re tal6ing about reservation data %ere. $%is was a tool t%at could %ave stopped /11. (t could %ave stopped t%e

#%rist)as 'ay 4o)ber. And it was opposed by t%e privacy lobby. Are un)anned syste)s )ore co)pelling+ Let5s tryanot%er e9a)ple, also courtesy of Stewart 4a6er. Ee describes %ow in !H t%e police at Logan Airport ac7uired%and%eld co)puters. $%e co)puters were connected to public databases so oIcers could c%ec6 addresses andot%er infor)ation w%en t%ey stopped so)eone. $%in6 of it, airport police wit% t%e e7uivalent of iP%ones. 4a6erwrites- $%e A)erican #ivil Liberties Union went nuts. $%e e9ecutive director of t%e 2assac%usetts c%apter called t%e%and%elds ")ass scrutiny of t%e lives and activities of innocent people, and "a violation of t%e core de)ocraticprinciple t%at t%e govern)ent s%ould not be per)itted to violate a person5s privacy, unless it %as a reason tobelieve t%at %e or s%e is involved in wrongdoing. Anot%er A#LU spo6es)an piled on. "(f t%e police went around6eeping 0les on w%o you lived wit% and w%o your roo))ates were, ( t%in6 people would be outraged, %e told USA$oday. "And yet in t%is case, t%ey5re not doing it, but t%ey5re plugging into a co)pany t%at is able to do it easily.>e)e)ber, t%e %and%eld co)puters only tied to public databases t%at any citi;en could searc%. "(t5s not%ing wedon5t %ave access to already, Lieutenant $%o)as #oand Paul wants a warrant before t%e syste)s can be used, an even %ig%erstandard probable cause: t%an reasonable suspicion. >easonable suspicion, t%e lowest standard currently proposed by t%e privacy lobby, is)ore restrictive t%an t%e current standard in )ostCurisdictions: for Dying a )anned %elicopter or airplane, it is )ore restrictive t%an t%e standard for deploying apatrol car )any of w%ic% are e7uipped wit% ca)eras and license plate readers:, in fact it5s t%e standard t%at %as to

be )et before t%e police stop and p%ysically fris6 so)eone. (n s%ort, it5s an industry 6illing standard ,pre)ised upon fear and tec%nop%obia. (t doesn5t serve t%e public w%o could bene0t fro) lawenforce)ent usage of un)anned syste)s, and if adopted would spell t%e end of )uc% of t%eun)anned syste)s industry. $%ere are better alternatives . nepossibility would be towrite broad standards governing %ow i)agery is accessed and stored . Anot%erpossibility is to create auto)ated )ini)i;ation and redaction procedures. 4ased on )yconversations wit% data storage vendors at AUS(, all of t%ese are possibilities. K)bracingtec%nological solutions to t%e privacy proble) can ensure t%e public bene0ts fro)t%e use of un)anned syste)s w%ile still protecting privacy . Unfortunately, )uc% of t%edebate on #apitol Eill %as centered around scare tactics, sensationalis), and bluntsolutions li6e warrants. (t5s ti)e for t%e un)anned syste)s industry to step up and de)onstrate t%ey %avet%e capability to develop products t%an can protect privacy. $%at will re7uire e)ploying )ore privacy e9perts, eit%er


6/130

in%ouse or in a consulting role to start innovating wit%in t%ese co)panies. $%ose individuals s%ould be analy;ingt%e privacy i)plications of t%eir syste)s, and developing )ec%anis)s to allow t%eir custo)ers to overco)e privacy

criti7ues. Anyt%ing s%ort of t%is is a failing business )odel . Getting 7uic6ly spun up on t%eprivacy i)plications of un)anned syste)s s%ould be a top priority for corporate boards, it s%ould be a 6ey area offocus for senior )anage)ent , and so)eone in t%ese co)panies s%ould bear responsibility for being t%e subCect

)atter e9pert on privacy. Granted, so)e in t%e industry )ay believet%at t%eir custo)ers aren5tlistening to t%e privacy lobby. $%ey )ay believe t%at law enforce)ent and ot%er govern)ent agencies

don5t care w%at t%ose A#LU guys or >and Paul %ave to say. Per%aps t%at5s true. 2aybe (5)wrong. r )aybe t%ose people %aven5t been to t%e airport recently.

a$ o' 'ederal re,"lations !eans states are ste))in, in to 3llthe oid///it4ll ill the ind"str.Nason oe*ler 16, U.S. @ews *orld >eport, /1/1, "'rone (ndustry- Privacy&'istractions& #ould Eave 2aCor Kcono)ic ()pacts,%ttp-//www.usnews.co)/news/articles/!1//1/droneindustryprivacydistractionscould%ave)aCorecono)ici)pactsA new report released by a drone industry trade group suggests t%at using

un)anned planes in t%e United States could create )ore t%an O, Cobs and 8!billion in econo)ic i)pact over t%e ne9t few years. 4ut t%e %ead of t%e organi;ationwarns t%at Qprivacy distractionsQ could derail t%e industry. $%e report, released $uesday by t%eAssociation for Un)anned e%icle Syste)s (nternational, suggests t%at )ost of t%e i)pact will co)e wit%in t%e 0rstt%ree years of co))ercial integration of drones=tentatively set by t%e 3ederal Aviation Ad)inistration to occur in

!1J=and t%at drones will )ost co))only be used in agricultural settings and for public safety reasons. So far,at least 1 states are considering legislation t%at would li)it t%e use of drones, anda bill in irginia t%at would put a twoyear )oratoriu) on drone use is waiting to besigned by governor 4ob 2c'onnell. 2any of t%e bills being considered %ave beenc%a)pioned by civil liberties groups suc% as t%e A#LU and would put severe li)itson t%e co))ercial use of drones in t%ose states . So)e proposed bills would re7uirepolice to get a searc% warrant before operating a drone. 2ostof t%e proposed bills,according to 2ic%ael $oscano, president and #K of AUS(, would delay or di)inis% t%e positive

econo)ic i)pacts t%at t%e drone industry can %ave in a state. Q$%is privacy stu< is adistraction,Q %e says. QLoo6 %ow )uc% energy we&re spending on t%at. (t %as t%e ability to a


7/130

S$enario 1 is A,ri$"lt"re

A, drones $o!in, no(# *"t )ria$. *a$lash ills the!oe!ent2artin aoni$a# 17, reporter for Greenbi;, Nune H, !1H, "Fes, drones really can

%elp t%e planet, %ttp-//www.greenbi;.co)/blog/!1H/T/H/dronescan%elpplanetUn)anned aerial ve%icles bring to )ind t%e early days of t%e P# . #ivilian drones are t%edarlings of %obbyists, w%ile t%eir potential at %o)e and at wor6 is still to be grasped by t%e public at large.2eanw%ile, e9perts are already )using about t%e various ways drones can advance environ)ental sustainability.(nternet retail giant A)a;on %elped bring drones into t%e )ainstrea) consciousness last winter wit% a video ofresearc% proCect Pri)e Air. (ts goal- using a Dying robot to pic6 up and deliver a pac6age to a person5s front door in

)inutes. A)a;on clai)s t%at 3ederal Aviation Ad)inistration regulatory %urdles are t%eonly re)aining obstacle towards bringing Pri)e Air to )ar6et. t%er tec% co)panies %avegotten t%e Dying robot bug as well. Karlier t%is year, Google and 3aceboo6 foug%t over ac7uiring $itan Aerospace, aco)pany in @ew 2e9ico t%at develops solarpowered autono)ous airplanes t%at could provide (nternet access tore)ote areas. Google won.: K9perts interviewed at a recent 2($ Knterprise 3oru) event agreed t%at it will ta6e a

few years for drones to )ove beyond t%e %obbyist p%ase into co))ercial applications. $%ey especiallyrecogni;ed t%at a nu)ber of issues around safety and privacy will need to beresolved before co))ercial activity can Douris%. $%ey also agreed t%at, assu)ing t%at t%e

3AA establis%es rules for co))ercial drone use and t%at no privacy bac6las%%a)pers co))erciali;ation, drones %ave t%e potential to %elp t%e planet in a fewareas. 'rones for agriculture Aerial p%otograp%y enabled by drones could be a boon toagricultur e. As a )atter of fact, trade group Association for Un)anned e%icle Syste)s (nternational predictst%at 8 percent of co))ercial drone use will be in agriculture. >obo3lig%t already %asi)ple)entedt%e idea to use ca)eras to )onitor far)land or livestoc6 for potentialproble)s suc% as underwatered areas or bug infestations. $%e co)pany %asdesigned an un)anned aerial ve%icle to Dy over large far)s and create digital )apsof crop 0elds . Universities speciali;ed in agriculture researc% could bene0t also fro)%aving uptot%e)inute data on %ow t%eir e9peri)ental crops are faring .Last but notleast, collecting )ore detailed infor)ation on t%e state of far)land also oelatively c%eap drones wit% advanced sensors and i)aging capabilities aregiving far)ers new ways to increase yields and reduce crop da)age.,%ttp-//www.tec%nologyreview.co)/featuredstory/J!TH1/agriculturaldrones/

>yan unde is a wine)a6er w%ose fa)ily5s pictureperfect vineyard nestles in t%e Sono)a alley nort% of San3rancisco. 4ut unde is not your average far)er. Ee5s also a drone operator=and %e5s not alone. Ee5s part of t%e

vanguard of far)ersw%o are using w%at was once )ilitary aviation tec%nology to growbetter grapes using pictures fro) t%e air, part of a broader trend of using sensorsand robotics to bring big data to precision agriculture. $op- A drone fro) PrecisionEaw6 ise7uipped wit% )ultiple sensors to i)age 0elds. 4otto)- $%is i)age depicts vegetation in nearinfrared lig%t to s%owc%lorop%yll levels. *%at "drones )eans to unde and t%e growing nu)ber of far)ers li6e %i) is si)ply a lowcostaerial ca)era platfor)- eit%er )iniature 09edwing airplanes or, )ore co))only, 7uadcopters and ot%er

)ultibladed s)all %elicopters. $%ese aircraft are e7uipped wit% an autopilot using GPS and astandard pointands%oot ca)era controlled by t%e autopilotV software on t%e


8/130

ground can stitc% aerial s%ots into a %ig% resolution )osaic )ap. *%ereas atraditional radio controlled aircraft needs to be Down by a pilot on t%e ground , inunde5s drone t%e autopilot )ade by )y co)pany, ' >obotics: does all t%e Dying, fro) autota6eo< to landing. (ts software plans t%e Dig%t pat%, ai)ing for )a9i)u) coverage of t%e vineyards, andcontrols t%e ca)era to opti)i;e t%e i)ages for later analysis. $%is lowaltitude viewfro) a few )etersabove t%e plants to around 1! )eters, w%ic% is t%e regulatory ceiling in t%e United States for un)anned aircraft

operating wit%out special clearance fro) t%e 3ederal Aviation Ad)inistration: gives a perspective t%atfar)ers %ave rarely %ad before . #o)pared wit% satellite i)agery, it5s )uc% c%eaperand o


9/130

agriculture business, at least, until now. *it% t%e debut of t%e 3ederal Aviation Ad)inistration5sSection e9e)ption w%ic% per)its co)panies to Dy drones co))ercially on a casebycase basis: in@ove)ber t%at5s poised to c%ange, particularly in t%e United States. 3or t%e 0rst ti)e agriculturedrones will legally be able to gat%er widespread data across an entire growingseason , allowing co)panies to test t%eir business )odels and tec%nologies toget%erfor t%e 0rst ti)e=and ideally )a6e a pro0t in t%e process. "$%is is t%e 0rst year we5ll actuallybe able to see, by t%e ti)e t%e growing season is over, t%e i)pact on t%e far)er and t%e i)pact of t%e 7uality oft%e grapes, says 'avid 4ae;a, w%ose precision agriculture startup ine >angers uses drones and ground robots togat%er data on vineyard crops. *e5re really e9cited about t%at. 4efore t%e 3.A.A. began oangers couldn5t c%arge far)ing operations for t%eir services, w%ic% )eantt%ey were often relegated to wor6ing wit% far)s often s)aller independent ones: on e9ploratory pilot progra)s.$%e s%ift in regulatory policy will now allow ine >angers and ot%er certi0ed 0r)s=)any of w%ic% are in t%e startupp%ase=to assist bot% large and s)all far)ing operations wit% water and disease )anage)ent, and c%arge for t%e

services. $%ey5ll also be able to use drones to %elp wit% better planting and croprotation strategies, and provide a %ig%er degree of allaround 6nowledge of %owcrops are progressing daytoday in di


10/130

country, be t%e Ot% largest econo)y in t%e world. 4ut #alifornia&s agricultural outputde)ands a lot of water . (rrigation clai)s up to H1 percent of t%e state&s watersupply, w%ile cities suc% as Los Angeles and San 3rancisco de)and co)paratively little. #ropssuc% as al)onds, grown e9clusively in #alifornia in t%e United States, consu)e T gallons ofwater per pound of nuts, )ore t%an !J ti)es t%e water needed per pound ofto)ato. $%ese waterintensive crops tend to %ave %ig% pro0t )argins, providing

far)ers wit% an incentive to plant t%e). Given t%e scarcity of fres% water resources,far)s %ave begun drilling deeper into t%e eart% in searc% for groundwater . $%is activity is e9pensive and environ)entally da)aging. (n @ove)ber, Governor Nerry 4rown signedt%e 0rst law regulating groundwater e9traction in #alifornia&s %istory, but %ave given local govern)ent agencies a

leisurely !T years to i)ple)ent t%ese regulations. 2eanw%ile, far)ers desperate to irrigate t%eircrops will continue to deplete #alifornia&s precious groundwater supply=wit% littles%ortter) relief in sig%t. 3or #alifornian agriculture, t%e future does not loo6 brig%t.$%e current droug%t cost t%e sector an esti)ated !.! billion last year, and nearly1O, far)ers lost t%eir Cobs in !1H. Given t%e i)portance of #alifornia&sagriculture to t%e food supply of t%e United States=and t%e rest of t%e world=t%estate&s droug%t is far fro) Cust a local concern. Q#alifornia %as no contingency plan for a persistentdroug%t li6e t%is one let alone a !plusyear )egadroug%t:, e9cept, apparently, staying in e)ergency )ode andpraying for rain,Q wrote 3a)iglietti. >esidents across t%e country )ig%t want to Coin t%e).

;i,h 'ood )ri$es $a"se (ar#lionad% Ralei,h# 15, Professor f Eu)an Geograp%y at t%e University ofSusse9, 2ay !1J, "$%e devil is in t%e details- An investigation of t%e relations%ipsbetween conDict, food price and cli)ate across Africa,%ttp-//www.sciencedirect.co).turing.library.nort%western.edu/science/article/pii/SJO81JJO(n t%is article, we e9plore t%e evidence for feedbac6s and se7uential e


11/130

e9periencing severe violence often adapt to new circu)stances by engaging innor)al activities wit%in war econo)iesV t%is can include far)ing, selling goods and incorporating t%eadditional ris6 wit%in food prices. $%is underscores t%e perception t%at t%e )ost vulnerableacross developing countries survive t%roug% co))unity assistance , instead ofbene0tting fro) e9ternal assistance. Across African states, a )ore pressing spectreis loo)ing- as )ore people beco)e food consu)ers as well as producers, t%e

inDuence of cli)ate c%ange and t%e %ealt% of )ar6ets is para)ount for do)esticstability . $%e ability of institutions and e


12/130

to address t%e senators, 2isener stressed t%e di


13/130

correspondent for $%e Nerusale) Post in (srael, "*EF A2K>(#A @KK'S $ GK$S2A>$K> A4U$ U> #22K>#(AL '>@K PL(#F,%ttp-//opportunitylives.co)/w%ya)ericaneedstogets)arteraboutourco))ercialdronepolicy/*arning of t%e econo)ic setbac6s fro) delaying action on drone policy, AUS( says t%at for eac% year rulesare delayed, t%e United States loses )ore t%an 1 billion in potential econo)ic

i)pact, translating to a loss of !O.T )illion per day. And AUS( argues, "states t%at create favorableregulatory and business environ)ents for t%e industry and t%e tec%nology will li6elysip%on Cobs away fro) states t%at do not. A)erican Knterprise (nstitute sc%olar $o) 'onnelly, w%ostudies drone policy, told pportunity Lives t%at govern)ent curtail)ent of drones=w%et%er t%roug%

co))ercial drone bans or 'efense 'epart)ent cuts via se7uestration=%urts A)erican interests ."( t%in6 t%e biggest danger in all t%is is in our %aste to regulate t%ings, we will bot%deprive ourselves of a star6 )ilitary advantage t%at we %ave and fail to e9ploit it ina co))ercial way , 'onnelly said. A)a;one 'rone 'eliveryA)a;on %opes to use auto)ated drones todeliver custo)ers t%eir pac6ages wit%in )inutes of ordering. (n t%e wa6e of t%e Kdward Snowden surveillancerevelations and )ilitary drone use %ig%lig%ted by >epublican Sen. >and Paul of entuc6y, 'onnelly

ac6nowledged A)ericans are concerned about privacy , t%oug% %e said on balancedrones are a net bene0t to A)ericans. "$o be brutally %onest, ( t%in6 t%at5s )ostlyscare tactic stu


14/130

>egression analysis of t%is data s%ows t%at Pearson5s rvalue is .8T. (n t%e case ofA)erican %ege)ony, economic strength is a better predictor of violent conflict than evenoverall

national power , w%ic% %ad an rvalue of .81. $%e data is also well wit%in t%e real) of statistical signi0cance,wit% a pvalue of .1H. *%ile t%e data for 4ritis% %ege)ony was not as stri6ing, t%e sa)e overall pattern %olds true in bot% cases.'uring bot% periods of %ege)ony, %ege)onic strengt% was negatively related wit% violent conDict, and yet use of force by t%e%ege)on was positively correlated wit% violent conDict in bot% cases. 3inally, in bot% cases, econo)ic power was )ore closelyassociated wit% conDict levels t%an )ilitary power. Statistical analysis created a )ore co)plicated picture of t%e %ege)on5s role infostering stability t%an initially anticipated. (. #onclusions and ()plications for $%eory and Policy $o elucidate so)e answersregarding t%e co)ple9ities )y analysis uneart%ed, ( turned 0rst to t%e e9isting t%eoretical literature on %ege)onic stability t%eory.$%e e9isting literature provides so)e potential fra)ewor6s for understanding t%ese results. Since econo)ic strengt% proved to be ofsuc% crucial i)portance, ree9a)ining t%e literature t%at focuses on %ege)onic stability t%eory5s econo)ic i)plications was t%elogical 0rst step. As e9plained above, t%e literature on %ege)onic stability t%eory can be broadly divided into two ca)ps B t%atw%ic% focuses on t%e international econo)ic syste), and t%at w%ic% focuses on ar)ed conDict and instability. $%is researc% fallss7uarely into t%e second ca)p, but insig%ts fro) t%e 0rst ca)p are still of relevance. Kven indleberger5s early wor6 on t%is

7uestion is of relevance. indleberger posited t%at t%e econo)ic instability between t%e 3irst andSecond *orld *ars could be attributed to t%e lac6 of an econo)ic %ege)on indleberger 1O:. 4ut econo)ic instability obviously %as spillover e(#A@ P>(2A#F- (tsProspects and Pitfalls, %ttp-//www.%6s.%arvard.edu/fs/swalt/0les/art1sp!.pdfA second conse7uence of U.S. pri)acy is a decreased danger of greatpower rivalryand a %ig%er level of overall international tran7uility. (ronically, t%ose w%o argue t%atpri)acy is no longer i)portant, because t%e danger of war is slig%t, overloo6 t%e


15/130

fact t%at t%e e9tent of A)erican pri)acy is one of t%e )ain reasons w%y t%e ris6 ofgreatpower war is as low as it is. 3or )ost of t%e past four centuries, relations a)ong t%e )aCorpowers %ave been intensely co)petitive, often punctuated by )aCor wars and occasionally by allout struggles for

%ege)ony. (n t%e 0rst %alf of t%e twentiet% century, for e9a)ple, greatpower wars6illed over eig%ty )illion people. $oday, %owever, t%e do)inant position of t%eU nited S tates places signi0cant li)its on t%e possibility of greatpower co)petition ,

for at least two reasons. ne reason is t%at because t%e U nited S tates is currently so far a%ead,ot%er )aCor powers are not inclined to c%allenge its do)inant position. @ot only ist%ere no possibility of a "%ege)onic war because t%ere is no potential %ege)on to )ount ac%allenge:, but t%e ris6 of war via )iscalculation is reduced by t%e overw%el)ing gapbetween t%e U nited S tates and t%e ot%er )aCor powers. 2iscalculation is )ore li6ely to lead towar w%en t%e balance of power is fairly even, because in t%is situation bot% sides can convince t%e)selves t%at

t%ey )ig%t be able to win. *%en t%e balance of power is %eavily s6ewed , %owever, t%eleading state does not need to go to war and wea6er states dare not try .8 1! @AAL*A> #LLKGK >K(K* $%e second reason is t%at t%e continued deploy)ent of roug%ly two %undred t%ousand

troops in Kurope and in Asia provides a furt%er barrier to conDict in eac% region. So long as U.S. troops areco))itted abroad, regional powers 6now t%at launc%ing a war is li6ely to lead to aconfrontation wit% t%e United States. $%us, states wit%in t%ese regions do not worryas )uc% about eac% ot%er, because t%e U.S. presence e


16/130

evaporates, or is proven to be an illusion, today5slargely cordial global entente could bes)as%ed wit% precipitous speed.


17/130

1AC odelin, Adanta,e

The )lan ,ets !odeled to )reent ra)id atin A!eri$an drone!ilitari+ation

'iego C")olo 17# Latin A)erican policy writer for ccupy, 1/8/!1H,"*%y *idely Unregulated 'rone Use (s Soaring in Latin A)erica,ccupy, %ttp-//www.occupy.co)/article/w%ywidelyunregulateddroneusesoaringlatina)ericaAppro9i)ately O,J UAs are e9pected to begin operating in U.S. airspace wit%int%e ne9t 0ve years following t%e introduction of new regulations, said 3AAAd)inistrator 2ic%ael Euerta at news conference in @ove)ber. Ee added t%eulti)ate goal of t%e A)erican drone industry is to establis% a global leaders%ip t%atwill enable t%e U.S. )ar6et to set standards for t%e industry worldwide. 2eanw%ile,)ost Latin A)erican countries are enCoying econo)ic growt%, w%ic% )eans)ilitaries %ave larger budgets at t%eir disposal to build new weapons or buy t%e)fro) abroad. Security and )ilitary operations in Latin A)erica are currently pus%ingglobal de)and for drones . "#ountries li6e 4ra;il want to be 6nown as a )ilitarypower and t%ey want to s%ow t%ey %ave a vibrant do)estic )ilitary industry andt%ey can build t%eir own weapons and produce drone tec%nology for sale to ot%ercountries, Sanc%e; said. Still, t%e proliferation of drone tec%nology t%roug%out t%eA)ericas is advancing )ore rapidly t%an regulations. After analy;ing t%e future andpresent uses of UAs in Latin A)erican, t%e (A#E> %earing convened wit% t%reereco))endations to t%e international co))unity. $%e 0rst two called on t%e U.S. toco)ply wit% international %u)an rig%ts principles in t%eir use and develop)ent ofar)ed drones around t%e world. $%e t%ird reco))endation set fort% t%e need to" clarify and articulate t%e legal obligations of states in regard to drone use , bot%ar)ed and unar)ed, and called for t%e drafting of legislation on t%e )atter. As ti)epasses and falling price tags encourage )ore govern)ents to e)ploy surveillancedrones, t%e use of ar)ed drones will only represent t%e ne9t step in t%e integrationprocess, Stanley said in %is closing state)ents. "3ro) t%eir uses abroad we 6nowt%at ar)ed drones can be incredibly powerful and dangerous weapons. *%endo)estic law enforce)ent oIcers can use force fro) a distance it )ay beco)e tooeasy for t%e) to do so, Stanley said. "*%en it beco)es easier to do surveillance,surveillance is used )ore . *%en it beco)es easier to use force, force will be used)ore. *e %ave seen t%is dyna)ic not only overseas, but also do)estically wit% lesslet%al weapons suc% as tasers. *%ile t%ere is currently a broad consensus againstar)ed drone use in t%e A)ericas, Stanley said e9ceptions %ave arisen. U.S. policedepart)ents %ave suggested ar)ing UAs wit% rubber bullets for riot control. At t%esa)e ti)e, U.S. border patrols %ave proposed out0tting drones wit% "nonlet%alweapons designed to i))obili;e targets of interest. "$%ere is very good reason tot%in6 t%at once t%e current controversies and public spotlig%t on do)estic dronesfades away, we will see a pus% for drones ar)ed wit% let%al weapons, Stanley said.

Re,"lations are e. to )reent atin A!eri$an *order $on=i$tand Terror2arguerite Ca(le. 17# >esearc% Assistant at (nSig%t #ri)e,H/18/!1H, "'rone Use in Latin A)erica- 'angers and pportunities,


18/130

(nSig%t #ri)e, %ttp-//www.insig%tcri)e.org/newsanalysis/droneuseinlatina)ericadangersandopportunitiesAnot%er concern lies in t%e potential i)plications of drone use t%at breac%essovereignty, w%ic% %as already led to so)e political clas%es. Uruguay , Paraguay andArgentina %ave all accused 4ra;il of Dying UAs for surveillance purposes in t%eir

territories wit%out per)ission, particularly in t%e $riple 3rontier region bordering t%elatter two. 3or)er #olo)bian 'efense 2inister Gabriel Silva ad)itted in !1! t%at#olo)bia perfor)ed unaut%ori;ed intelligence operations in ene;uela wit% dronesunder t%e ad)inistration of for)er President Alvaro Uribe.(f ar)ed drones were to enter t%e )i9 in t%e future, t%e proble) presented by t%isQgray areaQ in regard to appropriate drone use would, predictably, beco)e )oreserious. $%ere is a precedent %ere wit% a di# co))ande r >aul >eyes. $%e fallout fro) t%isled to )ore t%an a year of severed ties between t%e two nations.'rone use also raises anot%er 7uestion- w%at %appens if t%is tec%nology falls intot%e wrong %ands+ According to #EA, t%e diIculty of setting up and utili;ing drones

reduces t%e possibility of cri)inal use, but cri)e groups are constantly evolvingt%eir tec%ni7ues and using )ore sop%isticated )ac%inery, and it would not bei)possible for t%e) to ac7uire t%e tec%nology fro) private co)panies. (n cri)inalor insurgent %ands, even an unar)ed drone would be a powerful intelligenceweapon.(n t%e end, drones oUSS(A@ K@GAGK2K@$ *($E LA$(@ A2K>(#A- S$>A$KG(#PS($(@, #22K>#K, A@' '>KA2S 3 $EK PAS$, Strategic Studies(nstitute,%ttp-//www.strategicstudiesinstitute.ar)y.)il/pubs/display.cf)+pub(']1!OJ4eyond suc% i)pacts on coalition for)ation, >ussian engage)ent wit% t%e region

on t%e United States also adversely i)pacts proU.S. states suc% as #olo)bia, #%ile,and even Eonduras, w%ic% arguably perceive t%e)selves as increasingly surroundedby pro>ussian states, and t%reatened by >ussia5s activities in t%e region. (n t%e caseof #olo)bia, >ussia5s close political, )ilitary, and econo)ic relations wit% t%e t%reeAL4A states t%at surround it ene;uela, Kcuador, and #uba:, and perceived %istoric>ussian ties to groups t%at 0g%t against t%e #olo)bia govern)ent internally, suc%as t%e 3A># and t%e KL@, increase t%e #olo)bian govern)ent5s sense ofencircle)ent by %ostile forces, and its interest in infor)al security guarantees fro)


19/130

its traditional ally, t%e U nited S tates. 3or so)e in Eonduras, t%e prospect ofrenewed >ussian engage)ent wit% neig%boring Kl Salvador, in co)bination wit% t%estrong >ussian position in @icaragua and #uba, raises si)ilar fears of"encircle)ent.*it% respect to t%e AL4A states, t%e econo)ic viability of regi)es suc% as t%e4olivarian govern)ent of ene;uela arguably is enabled )ore by loans and support

fro) t%e P># t%an fro) >ussia. @onet%eless, >ussian activities reinforces, andso)eti)es co)pli)ents, t%e i)pacts of #%inese engage)ent in select sectors suc%as petroleu), ar)s, and construction, and provides political support for t%e anti*estern proCects of t%ese countries in a way t%at t%e P>#, to date, %as beenreluctant to do. As suggested earlier, >ussian ar)s and invest)ent t%us )a6e t%eseregi)es so)ew%at )ore viable, and potentially )ore dangerous to t%eir neig%bors.(n turn, t%e viability of t%ese regi)es, and t%eir willingness to %ost >ussian )ilitaryand irregular activities, creates an opportunity for >ussia to operate in t%e region ina )anner t%at t%reatens t%e U nited S tates in t%e %e)isp%ere w%en it wis%es to doso. 'uring a conDict involving >ussia in anot%er t%eater, for e9a)ple, suc% alliespresent >ussia wit% options to act in Latin A)erica and t%e #aribbean so as to forcet%e U nited S tates to divert attention and resources away fro) its activities in ot%erparts of t%e globe. K9a)ples of suc% possible actions include basing or resupplyingnuclearcapable )ilitary assets in countries in close pro9i)ity to t%e United States,suc% as ene;uela, #uba, @icaragua, and Kcuador. t%er possibilities includesupporting )ilitary action against a U.S. ally, suc% as a ene;uelan occupation of%istorically contested #olo)bian territory on its border, or a @icaraguan incursionagainst #osta >ica.

US/R"ssia (as $a"ses e?tin$tion /// hi,h )ro*a*ilit.Ant%ony Barrett 16, P%' in Kngineering and Public Policy fro) #arnegie 2ellon,'irector of >esearc% X t%e Global #atastrop%ic >is6 (nstitute G#>(:, 3ellow X t%e>A@' Stanton @uclear Security 3ellows Progra), and Set% 4au), P%' in Geograp%yfro) Pennsylvania State University, K9ecutive 'irector X t%e G#>(, >esearc%Scientist X t%e 4lue 2arble Space (nstitute of Science, and elly Eostetler, >esearc%Assistant X t%e G#>(, "Analy;ing and >educing t%e >is6s of (nadvertent @uclear *ar4etween t%e United States and >ussia, Science and Global Security !1!:- 1T1,online*ar involving signi0cant fractions of t%e U.S. and >ussia n nuclear arsenals , w%ic% areby far t%e largest of any nations, could %ave globally catastrop%ic e


20/130

intentional attac6 t%roug% develop)ent of deterrence capabilities, t%oug% nu)erous )easures were also ta6en toreduce probabilities of accidents, unaut%ori;ed attac6, and inadvertent war. 1J,1T,1O 3or purposes of deterrence,bot% U.S. and Soviet/>ussian forces %ave )aintained signi0cant capabilities to %ave so)e forces survive a 0rstattac6 by t%e ot%er side and to launc% a subse7uent counterattac6. Eowever, concerns about t%e e9tre)edisruptions t%at a 0rst attac6 would cause in t%e ot%er side5s forces and co))andandcontrol capabilities led tobot% sides5develop)ent of capabilities to detect a 0rst attac6 and launc% a counterattac6 before suussia, t%e ris6 of Kast*est nuclear war was signi0cantly reduced. !1,!! Eowever,

it %as also been argued t%atinadvertent nuclear war between t%e United States and >ussiahas $ontin"ed to )resent a s"*stantial ris. !,!H,!J,!T,!O,!8,!,,1,!, *%ilet%e U nited S tates and >ussia are not actively t%reatening eac% ot%er wit% war, t%ey%ave re)ain ed ready to launc% nuclear )issiles in response to indications of attac6 .H,J,T,O,8 3alse indicators of nuclear attac6 could be caused in several ways. 3irst, awide range of events %ave already been )ista6enly interpretedas indicators of attac6, including weat%erp%eno)ena, a faulty co)puter c%ip, wild ani)al activity, and controlroo) training tapes loaded at t%e wrong ti)e. Second, terrorist groups or ot%er actors )ig%t cause attac6s on eit%er t%e United States or >ussia t%at rese)bleso)e 6ind of nuclear attac6 by t%e ot%er nation by actions suc% as e9ploding a stolen or i)provised nuclear bo)b,H,H1,H! especially if suc% an event occurs during a crisis between t%e United States and >ussia. H A variety ofnuclear terroris) scenarios are possible. HH Al ^aeda %as soug%t to obtain or construct nuclear weapons and to uset%e) against t%e United States. HJ,HT,HO t%er )et%ods could involve atte)pts to circu)vent nuclear weapon

launc% control safeguards or e9ploit %oles in t%eir security. H8,H (t %as long been argued t%at t%e

probability of inadvertent nuclear war is signi0cantly %ig%er during U.S.>ussiancrisis conditions, J,J1,J!,J wit% t%e #uban 2issile #risis being a pri)e %istoricale9a)ple of suc% a crisis. JH,JJ,JT,JO,J8 (t is possible t%at U.S.>ussian relations willsigni0cantly deteriorate in t%e future, increasing nuclear tensions . J $%ere are avariety of ways for a t%ird party to raise tensions between t%e United States and>ussia, )a6ing one or bot% nations )ore li6ely to )isinterpret events as attac6s.T,T1,T!,T

Drones 'allin, into the (ron, hands !aes Terroris!e?tre!el. liel.ACay ele @# >esearc% 3ellow at t%e (nstitute for 'efense Studies and

Analyses, @ew 'el%i, Nuly !, "Aerial $erroris) and t%e $%reat fro)Un)anned Aerial e%icles, Nournal of 'efense Studies,%ttp-//www.idsa.in/syste)/0les/Cds___alele_a)is%ra.pdf$%e present international syste) in a rapidly c%anging world order is c%aracterisedby )ultivalence, interdependence and political cooperation. (n t%e present syste),no particular country or foru) can ensure global security alone. $%e structure of t%einternational syste) is not only c%anging rapidly but t%e c%allenges are alsoevolving very fast. 3or a better world, it is essential to resort to a pluralistic securityorder based on a cooperative approac% to security.$%e tools and tactics used by t%e terrorist organisations in t%e twenty 0rst centuryare s%owing signs of s%ifting focus fro) t%e predictable for) of terroris) to a for)w%ere )odern tec%nology is being used intelligently. (nfor)ation tec%nology basedtools and )odern co))unication syste) are being e)ployed by terrorists toi)provise t%e e9isting for)s of t%reat. $errorists are found using new tec%nology tot%eir advantage w%ile involving t%e)selves in )ariti)e, aerial, cyber or few ot%erfor)s of terroris).$ill date t%e world %as witnessed terrorists using aerial for) of terroris) wit% so)esuccess. At t%e sa)e ti)e, t%e counter terroris) )ec%anis)s e)ployed by statesare found gaining success. Suc% )easures appear to %ave deterred t%e terroristgroups and %ave also succeeded in averting so)e )aCor plans of t%e terrorist


21/130

groups to cause da)age. Eowever, wit% easy availability of %ardware re7uired tobuild an u n)anned a erial v e%icle or a toy plane t%e possibility e9ists t%at t%eterrorist groups could opt for new tec%ni7ues to e


22/130

%ttp-//usatoday.usatoday.co)/news/nation/!8188J1HTO_9.%t)$%ere is real danger t%at (sla)ic e9tre)ist groups suc% as al^aida and Ee;bolla%could for) alliances wit% wealt%y and powerful Latin A)erican drug lords to launc%new terrorist attac6s, U.S. oIcials said *ednesday. K9tre)ist group operatives %ave

already been identi0ed in several Latin A)erican countries , )ostly involved infundraising and 0nding logistical support. 4ut #%arles Allen, c%ief of intelligenceanalysis at t%e Eo)eland Security 'epart)ent, said t%ey could use wellestablis%eds)uggling routes and drug pro0ts to bring people or even weapons of )assdestruction to t%e U.S. Q$%e presence of t%ese people in t%e region leaves open t%epossibility t%at t%ey will atte)pt to attac6 t%e United States,Q said Allen, a veteran#(A analyst. Q$%e t%reats in t%is %e)isp%ere are real. *e cannot ignore t%e).QAdded U.S. 'rug Knforce)ent Ad)inistration operations c%ief 2ic%ael 4raun- Q(t isnot in our interest to let t%at potpourri of scu) to co)e toget%er.Q $%eir co))entsca)e at a twoday conference on t%e illegal drug t%reat in t%e A)ericas %osted byt%e U.S. Sout%ern #o))and and t%e J,)e)ber A3#KA (nternational, a tradegroup for co))unications, intelligence and national security co)panies. 2uc% as

t%e $aliban tapped Afg%anistan&s %eroin for )oney, U.S. oIcials say t%e vast pro0tsavailable fro) Latin A)erican cocaine could provide al^aida and ot%ers wit% aready source of inco)e . $%e rebel group 6nown as t%e >evolutionary Ar)ed 3orcesof #olo)bia, or 3A>#, %as long used drug )oney to pay for weapons, supplies andoperations and is also designated as a terrorist organi;ation by t%e U.S. Q*e&vegot a %ybrid t%at %as developed rig%t before our eyes,Q 4raun said. Latin A)erica&sdrug 6ingpins already %ave wellestablis%ed )et%ods of s)uggling , laundering)oney, obtaining false docu)ents, providing safe %avens and obtaining illicitweapons, all of w%ic% would be attractive to terrorists w%o are facing new pressuresin t%e 2iddle Kast and elsew%ere.

N"$lear terror is 'easi*leand liel. hi,h !otiation

2att%ew B"nn 15, Professor of Practice at Earvard University&s No%n 3. ennedySc%ool of Govern)ent, @ic6olas >ot%, >esearc% Associate at t%e ProCect on2anaging t%e Ato) in t%e 4elfer #enter for Science and (nternational A


23/130

cell of al ^aeda )ay %ave )anaged to retain or build. And regional aIliates and ot%er groups in t%e broaderviolent (sla)ic e9tre)ist )ove)ent = particularly so)e of t%e deadly Pa6istani terrorist groups = )ayso)eday develop t%e capability and intent to follow a si)ilar pat%.` @ort% #aucasus terrorist groups soug%t radiological weapons and t%reatened to sabotage nuclearreactors.$%ere is signi0cant, t%oug% less conclusive, eiden$e that the. so",ht

n"$lear (ea)onsas well =

particularly con0r)ation fro) senior >ussian oIcialst%at

two tea)s were caug%t carrying out reconnaissance at >ussian nuclear weapon storage sites , w%osevery locations are a state secret.` 2ore funda)entally, wit% at least two, and probably t%ree,groups %aving gone down t%is pat% in t%e past twenty0ve years, there is no reason toe?)e$t the. (ill *e the last . $%e dan,er o' n"$lear terroris! (ill re!ain aslong as nuclear weapons, t%e )aterialsneeded to )a6e t%e), and terrorist groups bent onlargescale destruction coe9ist.

Terroris! $a"ses e?tin$tion///hard/line res)onses are e.@at%an .hrold 16, P%d in t%eoretical and )at%e)atical p%ysics fro)Princeton, and founded (ntellectual entures after retiring as c%ief strategist and

c%ief tec%nology oIcer of 2icrosoft #orporation , Nuly !1, QStratgic $erroris)- A#all to Action,Q $%e Lawfare >esearc% Paper Series @o.!,%ttp-//www.lawfareblog.co)/wpcontent/uploads/!1/O/Strategic$erroris)2y%rvoldO!1.pdfSeveral powerful trends %ave aligned to profoundly c%ange t%e way t%at t%e world wor6s.$ec%nology now allows stateless groups to organi;e , recruit, and fund t%e)selvesin an unprecedented fas%ion. $%at , coupled wit% t%e e9tre)e diIculty of0nding andpunis%ing a stateless group, )eans t%at stateless groups are positioned to be leadplayers on t%e world stage. $%ey )ay act on t%eir own, or t%ey )ay act as pro9ies fornationstates t%at wis% to duc6 responsibility . Kit%er way, stateless groups are forces to berec6oned wit%. At t%e sa)e ti)e, a di


24/130

1AC Solen$.

The )lan eli!inates )"*li$ )ria$. $on$erns (hile retainin,

drones4 *ene3$ial a$tiitiesGauta) ;ans 16# Policy #ounsel and 'irector of #enter for 'e)ocracyand $ec%nology, H/8/!1, "'rone Privacy 4ills Atte)pt to ProtectA)ericans fro) Govern)ental, #o))ercial Surveillance, #enter for'e)ocracy and $ec%nology, %ttps-//cdt.org/blog/droneprivacybillsatte)pttoprotecta)ericansfro)govern)entalco))ercialsurveillance/(n 2arc%, #ongress)an Kd 2ar6ey '2A: reintroduced t%e 'rone Aircraft Privacyand $ransparency Act of !1, governing t%e do)estic use of drones, cosponsoredby >epresentative Noe 4arton >$:. $%e 2ar6ey/4arton bill re7uires privateoperators to sub)it a "data collection state)ent to t%e 3AA prior to receiving a

license to operate a drone. $%e state)ent )ust include t%e na)e of t%e operator oft%e droneV w%ere it will be operatedV w%at data will be collected and %ow t%e datawill be used and retainedV and w%et%er data will be sold to t%ird parties. *e %avepreviously advocated for suc% data collection state)ents, bot% for oversig%tpurposes and to ensure t%at drone operators are considering individual privacyw%en t%ey deploy t%eir drones.$%e 2ar6ey/4arton bill also re7uires law enforce)ent agencies as well as t%eircontractors and subcontractors: to sub)it data )ini)i;ation state)ents. $%osestate)ents would be re7uired to describe t%e procedures t%at law enforce)entwould use in order to ensure t%at data collected by drones unrelated to cri)es isn5tcollected or if irrelevant infor)ation is inadvertently collected, it is not retained.4ecause drones could prove very bene0cial to law enforce)ent agencies, ensuring

t%at law enforce)ent drones aren5t used for constant, co)pre%ensive surveillancewill be essential in protecting ordinary citi;ens5 constitutional rig%ts. 4y re7uiringlaw enforce)ent agencies to t%in6 about data )ini)i;ation before deployingdrones, t%e bill %elps ensure t%at t%e use of drones by law enforce)ent doesn5tbeco)e overbroad.$%e bill encourages oversig%t of law enforce)ent drone use in so)e i)portantways. 3irst, t%e bill )andates t%at law enforce)ent agencies need a warrant inorder to use drones for "protective activities or for law enforce)ent or intelligencepurposes. $%e warrant re7uire)ent is e9cused in e9igent circu)stances B ane9ception t%at c%aracteri;es ot%er warrantbased surveillance. Second, t%e billwisely re7uires suppression of drone evidence t%at is collected illegally w%en t%egovern)ent atte)pts to use it in a court or regulatory proceeding. $%ird, t%e bill

re7uires destruction of data collected t%at is unrelated to t%e e9igency, and itre7uires destruction of data collected wit% a warrant w%en it is, or it beco)es,irrelevant to t%e cri)e being investigated. $%ese oversig%t )ec%anis)s e


25/130

activity of observing traIc patterns to %elp police redirect traIc around anaccidentV t%at would be an undesirable result.$%e bill also encourages oversig%t of drone use by co))ercial and law enforce)ententities. $%e 3AA would be re7uired to create a database of licensed droneoperators, w%ic% would include t%e data collection and data )ini)i;ationstate)ents, security breac%es t%at a licensee su


26/130

Adanta,es


27/130

Ba$lash


28/130

U/I

Ba$lash 'ro! the states and the )"*li$ (ill ill the ind"str."nless $on,ress a$ts

Sara Sor$her# 16, *riter for @ational Nournal, 3ebruary !1, !1, "$%e 4ac6las%Against 'rones, %ttp-//www.nationalCournal.co)/)aga;ine/t%ebac6las%againstdrones!1!!1$%e Seattle Police 'epart)ent5s planned de)onstration of its s)all surveillance drones 7uic6ly devolved into anoisy protest. Angry residents attending t%e co))unity )eeting in ctober c%anted "@o dronesM drowning outoIcers5 atte)pts to e9plain %ow t%e un)anned aerial ve%icles would support certain cri)inal investigations, %elpout during natural disasters, and assist in searc%andrescue operations. @ow it5s clear t%at Seattle5s drones,purc%ased wit% federal grants, won5t be Dying over t%e )etro area anyti)e soon. A)id bac6las% fro) civillibertiesadvocates and citi;ens worried about govern)ent invasion of t%eir privacy, t%e )ayor earlier t%is )ont% tabled any

drone a)bitions=for now. Public concerns are not li)ited to Seattle. Law)a6ers in at least 11 stateswant to restrict t%e use of drones because of fears t%ey will spy on A)ericans, andso)e are pus%ing to re7uire warrants before t%e robots collect evidence ininvestigations. Nust t%is )ont%, t%e irginia General Asse)bly passed a twoyear )oratoriu) on drones. $%eoutcry co)es after t%e Klectronic 3rontier 3oundation sued last year for a list of

drone applicants wit%in t%e U.S. *%en t%at infor)ation went public, sta< attorney NenniferLync% says, "it really got people up in ar)s about %ow drones are being used, and gotpeople to 7uestion t%eir city councils and local lawenforce)ent agencies to as6 forappropriate policies to be put in place to regulate drone usage. 'rones c%ange t%e ga)e-@early continuous surveillance could be possible wit%out a p%ysical intrusion suc% as a property searc% or ani)planted listening device. $%e Dying robots can carry %ig%powered ca)eras, even facialrecognition software ort%er)al i)aging to "see t%roug% walls. $%ey can %over, potentially undetected, for %ours or days at a ti)e. As of

yet, %owever, t%ere are no laws governing t%e use of do)estic drones w%en it co)es toprivacy. Unless #ongress or t%e e9ecutive branc% )oves to regulate t%e robots5 usebefore t%ey ta6e to t%e s6ies en )asse, states will li6ely continue to try to li)it orban drone use altoget%er, w%ic% could sty)ie t%eir potential for ot%er, bene0cialuses. And failing to enact privacy li)its only increases t%e li6eli%ood of an incident inw%ic% t%e public perceives t%at t%e tec%nology is being )isused. $%e 3ederal AviationAd)inistration, w%ic% is c%arged wit% overseeing drone i)ple)entation in t%e U.S., says its focus is "totally onsafety, not privacy worries. "*e are concerned about %ow it5s being used only to t%e e9tent it would a


29/130

use t%e) for investigations unless aut%orities %ave reasonable suspicion t%ey willturn up a speci0c cri)inal act. $%is is a lower t%res%old t%an a warrant, sta< attorney#at%erine #ru)p says, because it does not re7uire oIcers to go to a Cudge. "*e t%in6 t%atstandard is w%at is necessary to prevent lawenforce)ent agents to engage inpurely suspicionless use of drones, Dying t%e) around to see w%at5s going on. As itstands, "t%ere5s really not a lot in A)erican privacy law t%at5s going to be )uc% of a

barrier to using drones, University of *as%ington law professor >yan #alo says. #ourt cases invo6ing t%e3ourt% A)end)ent, w%ic% guards against unreasonable searc%es, largely %old t%at a person %as no reasonablee9pectation of privacy in public, or fro) a public vantage point, suc% as fro) an aircraft over%ead, #alo says. $%ereare signs, %owever, t%at t%e Supre)e #ourt is ree9a)ining t%is doctrine. (n a case decided last ter), 0ve of t%eCustices obCected to police aI9ing a GPS device to a car wit%out a warrant, and four )ore obCected to t%econtinuous surveillance of a suspect. 'rones can ac%ieve t%e sa)e goals wit%out touc%ing a ve%icle. #alo t%usbelieves t%at drones could be t%e catalyst for )uc%needed c%anges to privacy laws in a nation in w%ic% targeted,unc%ec6ed surveillance is beco)ing increasingly possible. $%e danger lies in it beco)ing t%e nor).

The drone !aret is ,ro(in, no(Noel Celso# 17, N.'. #andidate University of 4alti)ore Sc%ool of Law, Su))er,!1H, University of 4alti)ore Law >eview, "#22K@$- '>@(@G @ A4U$ $EK3U>$E A2K@'2K@$- A'P$(@G A >KAS@A4LK 3U>$E A2K@'2K@$

NU>(SP>U'K@#K $ P>KK@$ U@>KAS@A4LK SKA>#EKS 4F U@2A@@K' A(>#>A3$SFS$K2S, Le9is@e9is, H U. 4alt. L. >ev. HT1Alt%oug% UASare widely recogni;ed for t%eir )ilitary uses in overseas arenas li6e Pa6istan and Afg%anistan, t%eyare beginning to be used do)estically by federal, state, and local govern)ents for avariety of purposes. nO #usto)s and 4order Patrol #4P: %as been operating Predator4 UAS at t%e United States& border wit% 2e9ico to intercept drug s)ugglers andprevent unlawful crossings. n8 $%e #4P currently %as a Deet of nine Predator 4 UAS w%ic% it esti)ates%elped 0nd O,T pounds of )ariCuana, valued at 1. )illion, being illegally s)uggled into t%e United States in!11. n Local law enforce)ent agencies across t%e country are lining up to add UAS platfor)s to t%eir arsenal ofcri)e 0g%ting capabilities. n1 3or e9a)ple, local police in t%e town of La6ota, @ort% 'a6ota recently )ade t%e 0rstUAS assisted arrest of an A)erican citi;en. n11 (n t%at case, local police loo6ing for si9 cows t%at %ad wanderedonto t%e suspect&s , acre ranc% were c%ased o< t%e land by t%e suspect and %is fa)ily )e)bers w%o wielded%ig%powered riDes. n1! After a si9teen %our stando


30/130

can be purc%ased for less t%an J,. n! (ndustry analysts predict t%at t%e global )ar6et for UASwill nearly double fro) T.T billion to 11.H billion in t%e ne9t decade, wit% t%eUnited States accounting for !.H billion. n (n fact, t%e 3ederal AviationAd)inistration 3AA: %as RHTJ esti)ated t%at in less t%an twenty years t%ere couldbe , un)anned aircraft Dying in U.S. s6ies. n1 Until recently, 3AA safetyrestrictions %ave 6ept )ost UAS grounded and restrained t%eir presence in national

airspace. n! $%is c%anged w%en #ongress passed t%e 3AA 2oderni;ation and>efor) Act of !1!, w%ic% re7uires t%e 3AA to Qdevelop a co)pre%ensive plan to safely accelerate t%eintegration of civil un)anned aircraft syste)s into t%e national airspace syste).Q n According to t%e plan, UAS)ust be integrated by Septe)ber !1J. nH Eowever, law enforce)ent agencies are currently allowed to operateUAS for aerial surveillance, provided t%ey )eet certain re7uire)ents. nJ

Drone s"reillan$e $a"ses a 'ear o' drones#aren 2yers orrison# 15, Associate Professor, Georgia State University #ollegeof Law, *inter !1J, Nournal of #ivil >ig%ts and Kcono)ic 'evelop)ent, "@$K A@'#22K@$- '>. PA@P$(#@, >, E* ( LKA>@K' $ S$P *>>F(@G A@' LK$EK '>@K, !O N. #iv. >ts. Kcon. 'ev. OHOUnder t%e provisions of t%e 3AA 2oderni;ation and >efor) Act, t%e 3ederal Aviation Ad)inistration 3AA: )ust

produce a plan to integrate do)estic drones into national airspace by !1J. n8 (n t%e )eanti)e, t%e use ofdrones %as been sporadically aut%ori;ed. 4order protection agents%ave used drones topatrol t%e nation&s borders, n w%ile police, 0re0g%ters, disaster response tea)s, andscientists %ave received govern)ent approval for use of drone surveillance to assistin cri)e prevention, traIc surveillance, weat%er )onitoring, wild 0re contain)ent,and surveying. nH Kven w%en used by police depart)ents, t%e )ost co))on applications forROJH drones %ave not been for tactical )issions so )uc% as cri)e scene andaccident reconstruction. nH1 4ut t%e fact t%at, for t%e )ost part, drones are not yetused for do)estic surveillance %as not da)pened t%e growing bac6las% againstt%e), particularly in view of t%e 3AA&s prediction t%at , drones will bedeployed by !. nH! 4ecause of drones& surveillance capabilities, )any %avecalled for stricter regulations on t%e use of do)estic drones. nH $%e A#LU %aswarned t%at Qt%e govern)ent needs to respect A)ericans& privacy w%ile using t%isinvasive tec%nology, and t%e laws on t%e boo6s need to be broug%t up to date toensure t%at A)erica does not turn into a drone surveillance state.Q nHH So)e co))unities%ave t%reatened to ta6e )atters into t%eir own %ands. ne resident of 'eer $rail, #olorado, %asproposed an ordinance t%at will issue drone%unting per)its, allowing residents tos%oot down drones Dying over town, as well as proposing a 1 reward for identi0able pieces ofdrones s%ot down. nHJ Alt%oug% t%e proposal&s proponents %ave described it as Qa very sy)bolic ordinance,Q given

t%e fact t%at 'eer $rail population- JJ: is unli6ely to be a pri)e candidate for drone surveillance, t%e 3AAwasted no ti)e in responding t%at anyone caug%t destroying govern)ent propertycould be subCect to federal cri)inal and civil ROJJ penalties. nHT According to t%eAssociated Press, t%e 'eer $rail proposal is only Qt%e latest ripple in a spreadingbac6las% against drones. 'o;ens of laws ai)ed at curbing t%e use of t%e un)annedaircraft %ave been introduced in states and cities.Q nHO Several bills %ave been

introduced in #ongress nH8 and in t%e states li)iting or regulating t%e use of dronesfor do)estic surveillanceV currently ! states, including $e9as, (da%o, irginia,regon, and 3lorida, %ave passed laws li)iting t%e use of drones. nH

Fear o' drones ills $iilian inest!entNoano(.# 16, @ational transportation correspondent for t%e Associated Press,"'rones poised for peaceful, everyday use in US, but privacy bac6las% could %a)per


31/130

industry, 2arc% !, !1 -!8 A2, %ttp-//news.ya%oo.co)/dronespoisedpeacefuleverydayusprivacybac6las%could1!8J!!8.%t)l*ASE(@G$@ (t&s a good bet t%at in t%e notsodistant future, aerial drones will be partof everyday lifein t%e U.S . 3ar fro) t%e 6illing )ac%ines w%ose )issiles incinerate terroristsoverseas, t%ese generally s)all, un)anned aircraft will %elp police depart)ents 0nd)issing people. >eal estate agents will use t%e) to 0l) videos of properties and

surrounding neig%bour%oods. il co)panies will use t%e) to )onitor pipelines. *it%)ilitary budgets s%rin6ing, drone )a6ers %ave been counting on t%e civilian )ar6etto spur t%e industry&sgrowt%. 4ut t%e industry worries t%at it will be grounded becauseof public fear t%at t%e tec%nology will be )isused. So)e co)panies say t%euncertainty %as caused t%e) to put U.S. e9pansion plans on %old, and t%ey areloo6ing overseas for new )ar6ets. Qur lac6 of success in educating t%e public about un)annedaircraft is co)ing bac6 to bite us,Q said >obert 3it;gerald, #K of $%e 4SE Group, w%ic% provides support services

to drone users. Q$%e U.S. %as been at t%e lead of t%is tec%nology a long ti)e,Q %e said. Q(f our govern)ent%olds bac6 t%is tec%nology, t%ere&s t%e freedo) to )ove elsew%ere ... and all of a sudden, t%eset%ings will be Dying everyw%ere else and co)peting wit% us.Q Since Nanuary, dronerelatedlegislation %as been introduced in )ore t%an states, largely in response toprivacy concerns. 2any bills are focused on preventing police fro) using drones for broad public surveillance.

(n irginia, for e9a)ple, t%e state General Asse)bly passed a bill t%at would place a twoyear )oratoriu) on t%euse of drones by state and local law enforce)ent. $%e bill )ust still be signed by t%e governor. $%e )easure issupported by groups as varied as t%e A)erican #ivil Liberties Union on t%e left and t%e irginia $ea Party Patriots3ederation on t%e rig%t. Gov. 4ob 2c'onnell is proposing a)end)ents t%at would retain t%e broad ban on spydrones but allow speci0c e9e)ptions w%en lives are in danger, suc% as for searc%and rescue operations. $%elegislature reconvenes on April to consider t%e a)end)ents. 'rones Qclearly %ave so )uc% potential for savinglives, and it&s a darn s%a)e we&re %aving to go t%roug% t%is rig%t now,Q said Step%en (ngley, e9ecutive director oft%e Airborne Law Knforce)ent Association. Q(t&s frustrating.Q Sen. >and Paul, a >epublican, recently drew attentionto t%e do)estic use of drones w%en %e spo6e for about 1 %ours straig%t in t%e c%a)ber, de)anding to 6noww%et%er t%e president %as aut%ority to use weaponi;ed drones to 6ill A)ericans on U.S. soil. $%e *%ite Eouse saidno, if t%e person isn&t engaged in co)bat. 3or now, civilian drone use is li)ited to govern)ent agencies and publicuniversities t%at %ave received a few %undred per)its fro) t%e 3AA. A law passed by #ongress last year re7uirest%e 3AA to open U.S. s6ies to widespread drone Dig%ts by !1J, but t%e agency is be%ind sc%edule, and it&s doubtfulit will )eet t%at deadline. $%e 3AA esti)ates t%at wit%in 0ve years of gaining broader access, about O,J civiliandrones will be in use. (n so)e states, econo)ic concerns %ave tru)ped public unease. A bill t%at would %ave li)itedt%e ability of state and local govern)ents to use drones died in t%e *as%ington state legislature. $%e )easure wasopposed by $%e 4oeing #o., w%ic% e)ploys )ore t%an 8, wor6ers in t%e state and w%ic% %as a subsidiary,(nsitu, t%at&s a leading )ilitary drone )anufacturer. (n #ongress, >ep. Kd 2ar6ey %as introduced a bill t%at pro%ibitst%e 3ederal Aviation Ad)inistration fro) issuing drone licenses unless t%e applicant provides a state)ente9plaining w%o will operate t%e drone, w%ere it will be Down, w%at 6ind of data will be collected, %ow t%e data willbe used, w%et%er t%e infor)ation will be sold to t%ird parties and t%e period for w%ic% t%e infor)ation will beretained. Senti)ent for curbing do)estic drone use %as broug%t t%e left and rig%t toget%er per%aps )ore t%an any

ot%er recent issue. Q$%e t%oug%t of govern)ent drones bu;;ing over%ead and constantly)onitoring t%e activities of lawabiding citi;ens runs contrary to t%e notion of w%atit )eans to live in a free society,Q Sen. #%arles Grassley, a >epublican, said at a recent %earing of t%eSenate Nudiciary #o))ittee. Privacy advocates ac6nowledge t%e )any good uses of drones. 4ut drones& virtues canalso )a6e t%e) dangerous, t%ey say. $%eir low cost and ease of use )ay encourage police and ot%ers to conductt%e 6ind of continuous or intrusive surveillance t%at )ig%t ot%erwise be i)practical. 'rones can be e7uipped wit%%ig%powered ca)eras and listening devices, and infrared ca)eras t%at can see people in t%e dar6.


32/130

B8 ills Co!)etitieness

Ne( re,"lations are $o!in, and (ill ill $o!)etitieness3red Beer# 17, #o))unications professional for @P>, Nanuary !H, !1H, "*it%'rones >ising, W>ules f $%e S6y5 @eeded, %ttp-//www.wbur.org/!1H/1/!H/drones)assac%usettsregulations"'rones are a perfect e9a)ple of one of t%e places w%ere t%e law %as failed to 6eeppace wit% t%e tec%nology, said ade #roc6ford, w%o )onitors tec%nology issues for t%e 2assac%usettsc%apter of t%e A)erican #ivil Liberties Union. #roc6ford said drones can provide police wit% anunprecedented volu)e of personal infor)ation. $o so)e degree it5s a si)ple )atterof )oney- 'rones cost a lot less t%an planes or %elicopters to buy and deploy."'rones in fact can %ave all sorts of di


33/130

incu)bent upon us to be clever enoug% to %ave t%e appropriate rules and regulations in place to protect ourselvesfro) ourselves. 3or t%e ti)e being it loo6s li6e Eolland and %is fellow droneusers will Cust %ave to wait = and 6eept%eir batteries c%arged.


34/130

A, S$enario


35/130

U

Cali'ornia a,ri$"lt"re is e. to oerall 'ood !aretsSteven Sle+a# 17, professor of 0nance and strategy at #al Poly in San Luis

bispo, #alifornia professor of 0nancial )anage)ent and 0nancial )at%e)atics att%e No%ns Eop6ins University 24A progra), degree in 3oreign Service fro)Georgetown University and an 24A in 3inance fro) NEU., 3ebruary !J, !1H,"#alifornia droug%t t%reatens to destabili;e agriculture )ar6ets,%ttp-//globalris6insig%ts.co)/!1H/!/californiadroug%tt%reatenstodestabili;eagriculture)ar6ets/RKdited for ableist language$%e state of #alifornia is deep into t%e t%ird year of a record droug%t. An e9cellent )ap fro)t%e University of @ebras6a s%ows t%at nearly 1Z of t%e state is undergoing "severe toe9ceptional droug%t. Seventeen co))unities scattered across t%e state aree9pected to run out of water by )id2ay. Last year was #alifornia5s driest since itbeca)e a statein 18J. $ %is year loo6s to be t%e driest in over H years, according to

cli)atologists at t%e University of #alifornia 4er6eley. Scientists say )ore is in store. 4illPat;ert, a cli)atologist at @ASA5s Net Propulsion Laboratory believes a !year droug%t cycle beganin !.Scott Stine, a professor of environ)ental studies at #al State Kast 4ay, told t%e San Nose 2ercury @ews,"*e continue to run #alifornia as if t%e longest droug%t we are ever going toencounter is about seven years. *e5re living in a drea) world. So w%at5s t%e big deal+ Ast%ey say, t%is ti)e it5s di


36/130

t%e world as %ig%er US prices s%ift production and supply towards satisfying USde)and. Supply s%ortfalls will be )et by %ig%er prices, and )ar6ets are beginningto reDect t%is. Nust one e9a)ple- t%e 3ebruary !1H Live #attle futures contract ont%e #%icago 2ercantile K9c%ange %as appreciated .JZ since )id@ove)ber. $%epossibility of global food price inDation cannot easily be dis)issed. *e can also e9pectto see greater volu)es of food being i)ported to t%e US t%is year, in response to

%ig%er prices. $o t%e e9tent global supplies and production will respond to A)erican )ar6et price signals,food diverted for US buyers will not be available for consu)ption by ot%ers. (n t%eface of growing global de)and for food, %ig%er prices and reduced supply do notbode well for t%e 8H! )illion people w%o already do not %ave enoug% to eat . 3our)illion live in #alifornia, and a %alf )illion of t%e) reside in t%e #entral alley.

#alifornia ag decline spills over to %ig%er prices'aniel G.ennin,s# 17, freelance writer and Cournalist, 2arc% 1O, !1H, "S6yEig% 3ood Prices A%ead 'ue $o #alifornia 2ega 'roug%t,%ttp-//www.o


37/130

Their i!)a$t de'ense doesn4t a))l.//Dro",ht leads to a shi't tos)e$ialt. $ro)sraises $o!!odit. )ri$es and (orsens (aters$ar$it.Alan BEer,a# 17, *riter for 4loo)berg, August 11, !1H, "#alifornia 'roug%t$ransfor)s Global 3ood 2ar6et, %ttp-//www.bloo)berg.co)/news/articles/!1H8

11/californiadroug%ttransfor)sglobalfood)ar6etAug. 11 4loo)berg: 3or )ore t%an O years, 3red Starr%5s fa)ily was a)ong t%e )ost pro)inent cotton growersin #alifornia5s San Noa7uin alley. $%en s%ifting global )ar6ets and rising water prices told %i)t%at wouldn5t wor6 any)ore. So %e replaced )ost of t%e cotton plants on %is far) nearS%after, 1! )iles nort%west of Los Angeles, and planted al)onds, w%ic% )a6e )ore )oney peracre and are increasingly popular wit% consu)ers in Asia. "Fou can5t pay 1, anacrefoot to grow cotton, said Starr%, 8J, crouc%ing to inspect a drip irrigator gently gurgling under anal)ond tree. Suc% crop switc%ing is one sign of a sweeping transfor)ation going on in #alifornia t%enation5s biggest agricultural state by value driven by a t%reeyear droug%t t%atcli)ate scientists say is a gli)pse of a drier future. $%e result will aic%ard Eowitt, a far) econo)ist at t%eUniversity of #alifornia at 'avis. $%e state still %as advantages in al)onds, pistac%ios and wine grapes,and its location )eans it will always be wellsituated to e9port w%at can be pro0tably grown. $%at )ay )eanless far)land in production as growers abandon corn and cotton because of t%e%ig% cost of water. #orn acreage in #alifornia %as dropped H percent fro) last year,

and w%eat is down J percent, according to t%e US'A. #otton planting, 3red Starr%5s oneti)e)ainstay, %as fallen T percent over t%e decade, w%ile al)onds are up by )ore t%an %alf. W4ig 'eal5 n its own,

#alifornia would be t%e world5s nint%largest agricultural econo)y, according to aUniversity of #alifornia at 'avis study. S%ifts in its production reverberate globally,said 'an Su)ner, anot%er agricultural econo)ist at t%e sc%ool. "(t5s a really bigdeal, Su)ner said. "So)e crops si)ply grow better %ere t%an anyplace else, and ourlocation gives us access to )ar6ets you don5t %ave elsew%ere. $%e success of #aliforniaagriculture was built in large part on advances in irrigation t%at allowed t%e state to e9pand beyond w%eat, w%ic%Douris%es in dry cli)ates. (t5s now t%e U.S.5s top dairy producer and grows %alf t%e country5s fruits, vegetables andnuts. "*ater %as allowed us to grow )ore valuable crops, Su)ner said. "@ow, we %ave fruits and vegetables and

@ort% 'a6ota grows our w%eat. *it%out irrigation, we5d be @ort% 'a6ota. An esti)ated 8! percent of#alifornia is e9periencing e9tre)e droug%t, according to t%e U.S. 'roug%t 2onitor.Agriculture %as been %ard %it as it consu)es about four0ft%s of t%e water t%at isn5t setaside for environ)ental preservation. So)e far)ers are paying as )uc% as 1 ti)es )ore for water t%an w%at itcost before t%e droug%t. 3ar)ers Adapt Anot%er dry year in !1J is a strong possibility, accordingto a study by t%e University of #alifornia at 'avis released last )ont%. $%e sa)e study pegs droug%trelated far)losses at 1.J billion, wit% 1O,1 Cobs lost statewide. Groups suc% as t%e #alifornia #itrus 2utual and #alifornia3ar) 4ureau 3ederation %ave been calling for bigger allocations fro) t%e state5s waters%eds for agriculture, as6ingt%e state to add storage capacity and ease environ)ental regulations t%at set aside water to preserve endangeredspecies. #alifornia Governor Nerry 4rown last wee6 called for a T billion "no frills bond )easure for t%is@ove)ber5s election to boost water storage, a 6ey de)and of far)ers t%at5s s)aller t%an w%at so)e groups want.

$%at puts t%e far)ers on a collision course wit% environ)entalists and urban advocates w%o say so)e c%oices suc% as a switc% to al)onds could worsen t%e scarcity. Al)ond #rop #alifornia grows four


38/130

0ft%s of t%e world5s al)onds, )uc% of it for overseas )ar6ets. $%at %as pus%ed t%e price up to )ore t%an a

pound, a record t%at %as encouraged far)ers to divert water fro) ot%er crops. Al)onds use enoug%water to supply OJ percent of t%e state5s population, according to #arolee rieger, president ande9ecutive director of t%e #alifornia *ater ()pact @etwor6, w%ic% supports bigger supplies for cities. 2uc% of t%ecrop is e9ported, )eaning it isn5t even feeding #alifornians, s%e said. "3ar)ers s%ould be pro0table, but it can5tco)e at t%e e9pense of urban water ratepayers, s%e said. $%e U.S. (nterior 'epart)ent5s 4ureau of >ecla)ation,w%ic% supplies water to a t%ird of t%e state5s irrigated far)land, cut o< #alifornia water distribution to so)e areas,

w%ile leaving ot%ers wit% OJ percent or less of t%eir nor)al allocation. 4ulldo;ed 4ranc%es S%awn Stevenson, w%ogrows 1,! acres of orange and olive trees outside 3resno, is in a ;eroallocation area. Unable to obtain a


39/130

I8l

Drones !assiel. de$rease (ater and 'ertili+er "seEanna% iller# 15# fellow of t%e Poynter (nstitute5s Sense2a6ing ProCect for

2edia (nnovators and writer for $riple Pundit, 3eb 1t%, !1J, "A griculture 'ronesEelp 3ar)ers >educe >esource Use,%ttp-//www.triplepundit.co)/!1J/!/agriculturedrones%elpfar)ersreduceresourceuse/4oulder, #oloradobased Agriboti9 is %elping far)ers save )oney and conserve water andresources in a new way- by Dying drones over t%eir 0elds to )easure crop density,growt% and )any ot%er factors. *%y does t%is wor6+ 4ecause drones are able to see t%ingst%at are not as obvious fro) t%e traditional lineofsig%t on t%e ground. Agriboti9, foundedlast year, wor6s wit% far)ers in #olorado li6e t%is- $%ey send up drones over a 0eld, Dy over andcapture p%oto, infrared and ot%er data, and t%en land after about ! )inutes. $%edata is t%en transfor)ed into )aps s%owing w%ere t%e crops are t%riving and w%eret%ey aren5t. Spea6ing at t%e (nnosp%ere, a nort%ern #olorado incubator for clean

tec%, tec% and life sciences, Agriboti9 #K Paul Eo< e9plained t%at t%e co)pany5sdrone solution would %elp save bot% )oney and conserve resources. ne case study-Agriboti9 was wor6ing wit% 2unson 3ar)s, a H,acre corn far) in 2issouri. 4y gat%ering t%e data fro)t%e drones, far)ers were able to deter)ine w%at parts of t%e 0eld needed fertili;erand w%ic% didn5t. Si)ply loo6ing fro) t%e side, t%e far)ers couldn5t tell everyt%ingabout growt%. 4ut after Agriboti9 developed a 2anage)ent Yone )ap based onnearinfrared i)agery of plan density M:, t%ey could see w%ere t%e plants werec%est%ig%, and w%ic% were waist%ig%. 3or a far) t%at usually uses J tons offertili;er per acre, t%ey cut it down by H percent. *%at data does in agriculture is allow for t%eprevention of waste. As you probably already 6now, A)erican agriculture is incredibly resourceintensive, especially dependent on petroleu) products t%at are )anufactured intonitrogenric% fertili;er. *ater use as well is incredibly intensive - According to t%e US'A,

)ore t%an 8 percent of water used in t%e U.S. goes to agriculture, wit% as )uc% as percent in *estern states li6e #olorado. (t is %opeful t%at si)ply getting )ore preciseabout irrigation and resources would ease de)ands on )any fronts at once. (n ot%ere9a)ple, drone infor)ation %elped a client avoid sacri0cing t%eir entire crop after a%ailstor). Assu)ing t%e w%ole 0eld would %ave to be written o


40/130

years ago, t%en !Oyearold Yac% S%eely was already on t%e cutting edge of water conservation, using %is iP%one toc%ec6 %ow )uc% water %is to)atoes were getting. ur audio slides%ow fro) t%at story s%ows S%eely engaged in%is two passions=far)ing and singing opera.: S%eely and %is dad, $ed, were a)ong t%e 0rst to convert to re)otecontrolled drip irrigation on t%eir sprawling ings #ounty far). @ow t%ey5re ta6ing one )ore step into t%e future.W*e don5t %ave enoug% water, and %aving a coyote c%ew a line in two, now t%at line of trees is getting %alf t%e

water.5 $%ey recently gat%ered so)e of t%eir neig%bors to watc% a de)o of a dronet%at can collect video and t%er)al i)ages of far)land. "Fou5ve got a tablet w%ic% is

going to %elp 0gure out t%e )ission, and is connected to a ground control station,Yac% S%eely e9plains. Listening to far)ers progra))ing a drone is sort of li6e eavesdropping on @ASA5s 2ission#ontrol. 4ut t%e )ission %ere %as to do wit% coyotes gnawing t%e two rows of drip irrigation lines t%at feed pistac%io

trees. $%e S%eelys grow )ore t%an a t%ousand acres of pistac%ios in t%is re)ote corner of ings #ounty. "*edon5t %ave enoug% water, and %aving a coyote c%ew a line in two, now t%at line oftrees is getting %alf t%e water, $ed says. "*e5ve got to be precise . *%ile coyotes are t%e)ain culprits, twolegged interlopers can be Cust as )uc% of a %eadac%e, Yac% adds. "Eu)ans are aproble), %e says. "$%ey5ll co)e out and %unt doves or so)et%ing in our orc%ard,and t%e s%otgun 44s will put little %oles in all t%e lines. *e do %ave no trespassing signs, butt%ose are Cust signs, ( t%in6, to )ost people. $%e S%eelys are %oping a t%er)al ca)era )ounted in t%e drone willpic6 up lea6s in t%e orc%ard, so t%ey can 09 t%e) faster. $%ey5ve invited several drone co)panies to t%e far) tode)o t%eir crafts, including a co)pany called Eoney#o)b. $%at co)pany is t%e brainc%ild of a group of ! and so)et%ings li6e No%n 3aus, w%o grew up far)ing in regon. "*e designed t%is for far)ing, 3aus says. "$%at5s w%yit5s called Eoney#o)b. $%is is your wor6er bee out over your 0elds scanning your crops. W*e want it to be t%e

tractor of t%e s6y.5 4ut de)o day turns out to be really windy. And t%e little plane careens wildly above t%e orc%ardbefore a roc6y landing on a dirt road. "Sorry you got a little ding in your wing t%ereM $ed S%eely e9clai)s. "@ot%inga little goril la glue can5t 09, 3aus says. "ur )otto is we want it to be t%e tractor of t%e s6y. *e want it to bereliable and rugged. Ee says %is co)pany can5t 6eep up wit% orders for far) drones fast enoug%. Yac% S%eely says%e5s sold on t%e drone, w%ic% will set %i) bac6 about 1J,. Ee says t%at5s far less t%an w%at t%e lost water fro)

lea6s )ig%t cost %i). A drone can cover a t%ousand acres in an %ourlong Dig%t. Yac% saysit would ta6e a far)wor6er )ore t%an a wee6 to drive up and down t%e sa)eorc%ards in an allterrain ve%icle, loo6ing for c%ewed irrigation lines. W3or agriculturalpurposes, t%ey5re going to be a real powerful tool.5"So if ( can eli)inate t%at Cob, %e says, "oruse t%at person )ore wisely t%an Cust drive up and bac6 )indlessly loo6ing for lea6s, it5s going to bene0t)y business, and %e5s probably going to li6e %is Cob a little bit better, too. (rrigation e9perts say#alifornia far)ers loo6ing to save water will be early adopters of drone tec%nology,and not Cust to c%ec6 for lea6s. 'rones can %elp deter)ine w%en plants are water

stressed or w%en t%ey5re getting too )uc% water, by using t%er)al ca)eras. "3oragricultural purposes, t%ey5re going to be a real powerful tool says 'avid Yoldos6e, w%o %eads t%e #enter for(rrigation $ec%nology at 3resno State , and coaut%ored a recent state report on watersaving tec%nologies.

'rones will %elp far)ers "to get )ore infor)ation, in real ti)e, to )a6e betterdecisions, about everyt%ing on t%e far), adds Yoldos6e. "*e Co6e about being able to ta6e pictures ofindividual bugs sitting on t%e plants. *it% t%e rig%t algorit%) you could count all t%e bugs ont%e plants if t%ings wor6 out.

Drones in$rease a, o"t)"ts *. 20 )er$ent2att $Farland# 825 Kditor, (nnovations, $%e *as%ington Post, Nune !J, !1J,"'o drones )a6e sense for )y corn 0elds+ A co)pany called 2easure is trying to0nd out., %ttp-//www.was%ingtonpost.co)/blogs/innovations/wp/!1J/T/!J/dodrones)a6esensefor)ycorn0eldsaco)panycalled)easureistryingto0ndout/>eic% said t%at PrecisionEaw6 believes its services can )ini)i;e t%e inputs a far)er %as to use =suc% as fertili;er and pesticides = by as )uc% as ! percent. *%ile PrecisionEaw6 isn5t tal6ingyet about far)ers w%o %ave used its services, s%e said it believes crop output can be i)proved by up to !percent as well. $%e potential of drones is for far)ers to )onitor t%eir crops in real


41/130

ti)e and provide )ore nuanced treat)ents. 3or e9a)ple, a drone )ig%t reveal t%ata s)all section of a 0eld is stressed, and t%at patc% could e9clusively receiveadditional watering or nutrients. Aerial p%otograp%y and videos for) a drone aresigni0cantly c%eaper t%an using a plane, %elicopter or satellite. "(t5s %ard to co)e up wit% a lott%at5s being done now wit% satellites or planes t%at you couldn5t Cust do easily wit% drones. $%at in a lot of ways is t%e t%ing t%at

)a6es it se9y, >odgers said. "(t5s not 7uite t%e P# of precision ag, but it appears to be de0nitely lower cost

and de0nitely easier to deploy and 7uic6er to deploy.

Ne( FAA re,"lations !ae drones attra$tie 'or a,#at%erine Bo"drea"# 15, )ultifaceted reporter covering agriculture and foodpolicy for 4loo)berg 4@A, 3ebruary !, !1J, "3AA S)all 'rone Proposal K)braced4y Agriculture (ndustryV #rop 4ene0ts Seen, %ttp-//www.bna.co)/faas)alldronen1O1O!!O/3eb. 18 = $%e bene0ts of using drones on far)s=fro) scouting crops to )anaginginputs li6e nitrogen and %erbicides=%ave t%e agriculture industry e)bracing t%e3ederal Aviation Ad)inistration5s proposed rule for co))ercial use of t%e un)anned aircraftsyste)s UAS:. UAS tec%nology is used for precision far)ing by capturing %ig% resolution

i)ages of 0elds t%at are transfor)ed into a )osaic )ap. $%e )ap can %elp far)erscount crops and locate t%ose t%at are too wet or dry, %ave been da)aged by t%eweat%er or infected by pests or disease. 'rone ca)era sensors also can detectwater )anage)ent syste)s, erosion and nutrients in t%e soil. Analysis of t%at datacan i)pact w%ere and %ow )uc% fertili;er a far)er decides to apply, for e9a)ple,w%ic% can prevent runo< and %ave a positive i)pact on t%e environ)ent. "Any wayto lower environ)ental i)pact w%ile reducing input costs for far)ers, as well asincreasing production to feed a growing global population, is a recipe for success ,>.N. arney, director of congressional relations for t%e A)erican 3ar) 4ureau 3ederation A343:, said. Proposal 3itfor Agriculture $%e 3AA on 3eb. 1J laid out a fra)ewor6 for drones weig%ing JJ pounds or less t%at would restrictDig%ts to daylig%t %ours, J feet of altitude and 1 )iles per %our. $%e s)all UAS would %ave to re)ain wit%in t%eoperator5s line of sig%t and not be Down over people, ot%er t%an t%ose involved wit% t%e Dig%t ! 'K> A11,!/18/1J:. "$%at5s perfect for agriculture because generally far)s 0t t%ose categories, 4rian *ynne, president andc%ief e9ecutive oIcer of t%e Association for Un)anned e%icle Syste)s (nternational AUS(:, said. AUS(esti)ates t%at drones represent a roug%ly 8! billion econo)ic opportunity during t%e 0rst 1 years after t%e 3AAproposal is 0nali;ed. Agriculture would account for 8 percent of t%at, *ynne said. Ee noted t%at it will ta6e at least18 )ont%s before t%e 3AA co)pletes t%e regulation. (n t%e )eanti)e, sta6e%olders plan to persuade t%e agricultureindustry and #ongress t%at UAS is a tec%nology to be trusted. $%at includes PrecisionEaw6, w%ic% sells UAS%ardware and provides software and training services to ris6 )anage)ent agencies, )ultinational co)panies and

universities doing researc%. "*e really do see t%is as a tool on every far) in A)erica Custli6e a No%n 'eere tractor, Lia >eic%, spo6eswo)an for PrecisionEaw6, said. 3AA 'rone Approvals $%e 3AAcurrently approves co))ercial use of drones on a casebycase basis, re7uiring operators to obtain a private pilot5s

license or %ave e9perience controlling )anned aircraft, a)ong ot%er stipulations. Under t%e new proposal,drone operators would %ave to be at least 1O years old, pass an aeronautical6nowledge test and %ave an 3AA UAS operator certi0cate. $%ese proposed c%angesto operator re7uire)ents were welco)ed by t%e agriculture industry , w%ic% said t%ecurrent syste) is lengt%y, costly and de)ands a lot of paperwor6. "*e t%in6 t%e regulations t%at ca)e out are areally great start, >eic% of PrecisionEaw6 said. S%e added t%at less t%an percent of PrecisionEaw65s businesswill ta6e place in t%e U.S. until t%e 3AA proposal is co)pleted. $%e 3AA %as granted !H re7uests for t%e co))ercialuse of drones to date, including one in Nanuary for Advanced Aviations Solutions AA:, w%ic% wor6s wit% far)ers in(da%o. 2onsanto #o.5s #li)ate #orp. %as applied for 3AA approval. >egions including #anada, Latin A)erica, Kuropeand Napan use co))ercial drones in agriculture. Line of Sig%t, 'ata Privacy Sta6e%olders said )any co)panies,and potentially far)ers wit% t%ousands of acres, will want to be able to Dy beyond line of sig%t. $%e 3AA under itsproposal said far)ers can address t%is li)itation by placing spotters to trac6 a drone. t%er syste)s )aypotentially be e9plored as long as t%ere is ade7uate co))unication, >obert 2oor%ead, director of t%e 2ississippiState University Geosyste)s >esearc% (nstitute, said. "4eyond line of sig%t is so)et%ing t%e 3AA )ay let up on,2oor%ead told 4loo)berg 4@A, adding t%at far)ers also )ay see6 waivers to be able to operate drones at nig%tbecause t%e i)agery is better. >eic% of PrecisionEaw6, w%ose co)pany stores agriculture data on a cloudbasedsyste), said anot%er issue is privacy. "'ata privacy is of t%e ut)ost i)portance to us, especially because we wor6


42/130

wit% a nu)ber of co)petitors in t%is space li6e largescale feed operations, >eic% said. "*e )a6e sure data isencrypted during transfers and negotiate data contracts wit% our custo)ers. 3ar)ers s%ould understand w%at t%eyare agreeing to in ter)s of owners%ip of t%e data w%en negotiating contracts, arney of t%e A343 said. 3or e9a)ple,concerns include t%e cost of it and ensuring it can be s%ared across )ultiple platfor)s.

Drones in$rease 'ood )rod"$tions$o"tin,# s)ra.in, and $ost

2ary #larealoni$# 15, #orrespondent, 3ood Policy, Associated Press, Nanuary!J, !1J at 1!-H P2 K'$, "J ways drones could c%ange t%e way A)erica eats,%ttp-//www.pbs.org/news%our/rundown/Jwaysun)anneddronesc%angea)ericanfoodsupply/3ive ways drones could a


43/130

$%e Association for Un)anned e%icle Syste)s (nternational, t%e trade group t%at represents producers and usersof drones and ot%er robotic e7uip)ent, predicts t%at 8Z of t%e co))ercial )ar6et for drones will eventually be for

agricultural uses. nce t%e 3ederal Aviation Ad)inistration establis%es guidelines for co))ercial use, t%e droneindustry said it e9pects )ore t%an 1, Cobs to be created and nearly %alf abillion in ta9 revenue to be generated collectively by !!J, )uc% of it fro)agriculture. (owa, t%e country&s largest corn and secondbiggest soybean grower,

could see 1,! )ore Cobs and an econo)ic i)pact topping J )illion in t%e ne9tdecade. Q(t is endless rig%t now, t%e applications in agriculture,Q said evin Price, a for)er professor at ansasState w%o left t%e university t%is )ont% to Coin >obo3lig%t, a 'enverbased co)pany t%at sells drones and analy;es

t%e data collected on corn, soybean and ot%er 0eld crops. 3ar)ers Qare going to be able to seet%ings and )onitor t%eir crops in ways t%ey never %ave before. (n t%e ne9t 1 yearsal)ost every far) will be using it.Q $oday, satellites, )anned planes and wal6ing t%e0eld are t%e )ain ways far)ers )onitor t%eir crops. 4ut t%ese )et%ods often canbe inco)plete or ti)e consu)ing, and w%en data is collected it can ta6e a long ti)eto process and analy;e. As a result, it can be diIcult or i)possible for t%e far)er toreact to a proble) li6e a disease outbrea6 before it&s too late or t%e costs to treat it%ave soared. 'rones = w%ic% range in cost fro) !, for a plane t%e far)er puts toget%er up to around1T, for a )ilitarystyle device = are e7uipped wit% infrared ca)eras, sensors and ot%er tec%nology controlled

by a pilot on t%e ground. $%e stic6er s%oc6 )ay be steep, but bac6ers of t%e tec%nology

say t%e data t%ey collect = fro) identifying insect proble)s, watering issues,assessing crop yields or trac6ing down cattle t%at %ave wandered o< = %elp far)ersrecover t%e invest)ent, often wit%in a year. 3ar)ers also can use drones to tailort%eir use of pesticides, %erbicides, fertili;er and ot%er applications based on %ow)uc% is needed at a speci0c point in a 0eld = a process 6nown as precisionagriculture = saving t%e grower )oney fro) unnecessarily overusing resources w%ile at t%e sa)e ti)ereducing t%e a)ount of runo< t%at could Dow into nearby rivers and strea)s. 4rent No%nson, a corn and soybeanfar)er in #al%oun #ounty in central (owa, purc%ased a drone in !1 for , t%at is already paying dividendson %is acre far). Ee&s used t%e aircraft, w%ic% covers about 8 acres an %our, to study %ow yields on %isproperty are aobo3lig%t, w%ic% opened a facility in 'es 2oines t%is )ont% to %ouse data it collects fro)surveying land for far)ers, %as positioned itself to sell drones in )uc% t%e sa)e way as General 2otors wor6s wit%its dealers to peddle cars. $%e co)pany %as pacts in place t%roug%out nearly a t%ird of t%e United States wit% No%n'eere dealers w%o will s%owcase t%e devices and sell services li6e training and %ardware rig%t ne9t to t%e big greentractors and co)bines displayed in t%eir s%owroo)s. P%il Kllerbroe6, director of sales at >obo3lig%t, declined to givespeci0c sales data for !1H but said t%e 0r) is on pace to post Qtripledigit growt% in bot% %ardware and drone:sales.Q $%e co)pany also %as seen strong de)and fro) far)ers loo6ing to >obo3lig%t to survey t%eir land. Since it0rst started signing contracts in Nanuary, >obo3lig%t %as in6ed nearly H, acres. $%e pace of orders fro)far)ers and ranc%ers %as increased since t%en. Qur p%ones are continually ringing,Q said Kllerbroe6. Still, %e saidfor drones to %ave a )eaningful and longlasting i)pact in agriculture, t%ey need to be retro0tted wit% additionaldevices to collect )ore infor)ation suc% as t%er)al sensors to identify early signs of plant stress t%at can later beparsed, analy;ed and used by far)ers. Q*e need to do )ore t%an Cust generate pretty pictures,Q %e said. QUnlessyou %ave usable data, it&s all noise. 'espite %ow attractive UAs loo6, and t%e potential is t%ere, if we don&t %elptranslate t%at infor)ation: into actual data UAs could fall into a fad.Q 3or t%e )ost part, drone use %as been

largely relegated to t%e )ilitary, but law enforce)ent and ot%er govern)ent agencies can apply to t%e 3AA forspecial per)ission to use t%e) in civil airspace. 4ut t%e )oves %ave raised privacy concerns.$%is year alone nearly t%ree do;en states are considering legislation t%at wouldplace restri

Drones Affirmative - Northwestern 2015

Documents