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Some Models of Student Persistence/ Student Attrition/ Student
Retention
in Higher EducationMatthias Drochner, 2014
Contents
Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 1
Tintos 1975 Interactionalist Model of Student Persistence. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Beans 1985 Student Attrition Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Cabreras 1993 Integrated Model of Student Retention. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Braxtons 2004 Revision of Tintos Model for Residential
Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Braxtons 2004 Revision of Tintos Model for Non-Residential
Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Rovais 2003 Composite Persistence Model. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Lehman & Conceios 2013 Persistence Model for Online Student
Retention. . . . . . . . . . . . 8
TerminologyStudent persistence and student attrition both focus
on the students actions. Student retention focuses on the
institutions actions. Student persistence is the opposite of
student attrition.
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Drochner (2014), Some Models of Student Persistence/ Student
Attrition/ Student Retention in Higher Education 2
Tintos 1975 Interactionalist Model of Student Persistence
Focus of model = student persistence/ attritionEducational
structure = traditional students, mainly residentialEducational
level = higher educationDate = 1975Refinements = 1987 and 1993 in
later publications, where Tinto adds financial resources, therole
of communities outside the institution (family, work,
community).
According to Braxton, Tintos theory has little or no empirical
support for non-residentialprograms.
Tinto, Vincent. (1975, Winter). Dropout from higher education: A
theoretical synthesis of recentresearch. Review of Educational
Research, 45(1), 89-125. doi:10.3102/00346543045001089
Diagram taken from p. 8 of: Braxton, John M., Hirschy, Amy S.,
& McClendon, Shederick A. (2004). Understandingand reducing
college student departure. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, Vol.
30,No. 3. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
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Drochner (2014), Some Models of Student Persistence/ Student
Attrition/ Student Retention in Higher Education 3
Beans 1985 Student Attrition Model
Focus of model = student persistence/ attritionEducational
structure = non-residential, or students older than 24, or
part-time studentsEducational level = higher educationDate =
1985
Bean, John P., & Metzner, Barbara S. (1985, Winter). A
conceptual model of nontraditionalundergraduate student attrition.
Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 485-540.
doi:10.3102/00346543055004485
Diagram taken from p. 6 of: Rovai, Alfred P. (2003). In search
of higher persistence ratesin distance education online programs.
Internet and Higher Education, 6, 1-16.
doi:10.1016/S1096-7516(02)00158-6. Retrieved from
http://cmapspublic2.ihmc.us/rid=1150160110784_1923299501_2758/rovai%202003%20persistenace%20in%20de%20and%20online%20ed-%20theory.pdf
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Drochner (2014), Some Models of Student Persistence/ Student
Attrition/ Student Retention in Higher Education 4
Cabreras 1993 Integrated Model of Student Retention
Focus of model = student persistence/ attrition (misnamed Model
of Student Retention) Educational structure = traditional students,
residentialEducational level = higher educationDate = 1993
Cabrera, Alberto F., Nora, Amaury, & Castaeda, Maria B.
(1993, Mar.-Apr.). College persis-tence: Structural equations
modeling test of an integrated model of student retention.
Journalof Higher Education, 64(2), 123-139. doi:10.2307/2960026.
Retrieved from www.jstor.org
Integrates Tintos model and Beans model. Factors:
GPAInstitutional CommitmentEncouragement from Friends and
FamilyGoal CommitmentAcademic IntegrationFinance AttitudesSocial
IntegrationIntent to Persist
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Drochner (2014), Some Models of Student Persistence/ Student
Attrition/ Student Retention in Higher Education 5
Braxtons 2004 Revision of Tintos Model for Residential
Educa-tion
Focus of model = student persistence/ attritionEducational
structure = traditional students, mainly residentialEducational
level = higher educationDate = 2004
Braxton, John M., Hirschy, Amy S., & McClendon, Shederick A.
(2004). Understanding andreducing college student departure.
ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, Vol. 30, No. 3. SanFrancisco,
CA: Jossey-Bass.
They do not cite Rovai (2003). Braxtons model is empirically
tested in the following work: Braxton, John M., Doyle, William R.,
Hartley, Harold V. III, Hirschy, Amy S., Jones, Willis A.,
&McLendon, Michael K. (2013). Rethinking college student
retention. San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/03/04709077/0470907703-13.pdf?elq_mid=635&elq_cid=40171&elq=bfc3394f47f74f7bbbd1569e0b8fe293&elqCampaignId=349
IC-1 = Initial Institutional Commitment | IC-2 = Subsequent
Institutional Commitment
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Drochner (2014), Some Models of Student Persistence/ Student
Attrition/ Student Retention in Higher Education 6
Braxtons 2004 Revision of Tintos Model for
Non-ResidentialEducation
Focus of model = student persistence/ attritionEducational
structure = non-residential studentsEducational level = higher
educationDate = 2004
Braxton, John M., Hirschy, Amy S., & McClendon, Shederick A.
(2004). Understanding andreducing college student departure.
ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, Vol. 30, No. 3. SanFrancisco,
CA: Jossey-Bass.
They do not cite Rovai (2003). Braxtons model is empirically
tested in the following work: Braxton, John M., Doyle, William R.,
Hartley, Harold V. III, Hirschy, Amy S., Jones, Willis A.,
&McLendon, Michael K. (2013). Rethinking college student
retention. San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/03/04709077/0470907703-13.pdf?elq_mid=635&elq_cid=40171&elq=bfc3394f47f74f7bbbd1569e0b8fe293&elqCampaignId=349
-
Drochner (2014), Some Models of Student Persistence/ Student
Attrition/ Student Retention in Higher Education 7
Rovais 2003 Composite Persistence Model
Focus of model = student persistence/ attritionEducational
structure = online educationEducational level = higher
educationDate = 2003
Rovai is a synthesized the models of Tinto and of Bean &
Metzner, and added other factors(student needs; pedagogy) found in
the literature. However, he does not integrate the modelof Braxton
and associates, nor does he cite him. It is a theoretical model
that awaits empirical testing.
Rovai, Alfred P. (2003). In search of higher persistence rates
in distance education onlineprograms. Internet and Higher
Education, 6, 1-16. doi:10.1016/S1096-7516(02)00158-6. Retrieved
from
http://cmapspublic2.ihmc.us/rid=1150160110784_1923299501_2758/rovai%202003%20persistenace%20in%20de%20and%20online%20ed-%20theory.pdf
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Drochner (2014), Some Models of Student Persistence/ Student
Attrition/ Student Retention in Higher Education 8
Lehman & Conceios 2013 Persistence Model for Online Stu-dent
Retention
Focus of model = Student retentionEducational structure = Online
educationEducational level = Higher educationDate = 2013
Lehman, Rosemary M., & Conceio, Simone C. O. (2013).
Motivating and retaining onlinestudents: Research-based strategies
that work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
TerminologyTintos 1975 Interactionalist Model of Student
PersistenceBeans 1985 Student Attrition ModelCabreras 1993
Integrated Model of Student RetentionBraxtons 2004 Revision of
Tintos Model for Residential Educa tionBraxtons 2004 Revision of
Tintos Model for Non-Residential EducationRovais 2003 Composite
Persistence ModelLehman & Conceios 2013 Persistence Model for
Online Stu dent Retention