Drinking water and wastewater treatment in China

Drinking water and wastewater

treatment in China

Fengting LI, Prof, Vice Dean

Hongtao WANG, Ph.D.

UNEP -TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development

College of Environmental Science and Engineering

Tongji University

Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Tel:86 21 65983302

12. Nov. 2012

mailto:[email protected]

Tel:65983302

Water resources situation in China

Drinking water treatment Conventional treatment process of drinking water

Advanced treatment process of drinking water

standards for drinking water quality

coagulants for drinking water treatment

Wastewater treatment Wastewater situation in China

Wastewater treatment process in China

Case Study of wastewater treatment plant

reuse of wastewater

algae separation

wastewater treatment in Africa

Outline


Water shortage in China



Shortage and waste

polution

Degradation of

ecology

Un-even distribution

in time and area

Resource

distribution

Distribution of seven river basins of China

Redlines for water consumption

• 2009 ---590 billion m3

• 2015--- 620billion m3

• Functional waters meet national standard.

• 2015---water reuse percentage is 10%


River bed Rainwater collection in Guangxi

Shrinking area of rivers

Chinese Quality Standard for Surface Water Sources

A part of typical water quality standard limited value (Unit：mg/L)

Pollutants ClassⅠ ClassⅡ Class Ⅲ Class Ⅳ Class Ⅴ

Dissolved oxygen ≥ 7.5 6 5 3 2

Permanganate index ≤ 2 4 6 10 15

COD ≤ 15 15 20 30 40

BOD5 ≤ 3 3 4 6 10

NH3-N ≤ 0.015 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Total P ≤ 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Total N ≤ 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Arsenic ≤ 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1

Hg ≤ 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0.001 0.001

Cd ≤ 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01

Water resources

River

length

evalua

ted

Water resources percentage（％）

Class

1

Class

2

Class

3

Class

4

Class

5

Worse

than

5

Class 1-3

Nation 147727.5 3.5 31.8 25.9 11.4 6.8 20.6 61.2

Huai River Area 14130.5 0.5 15.6 23.3 18.1 11.3 31.2 39.4

Huai River 12025.6 0.5 15.6 22.3 20.2 12.8 28.6 38.4

Yantse River Area 41176.6 3.7 36.2 29.2 9.0 7.5 14.4 69.1

Tai lake 3028.7 0.0 4.2 10.6 13.6 15.9 55.7 14.8

Water situation in 2009

Drinking water treatment in China

13

Source

Water Coagulation Filtration

Pump Customer

Coagulant

Sedimentation Clean water

Cl2

Conventional treatment process of

drinking water

Disinfection

Distribution

14

Source

Water

Coagulation Oxidation

Pump Customer

O3 Coagulant

Sedimentation

Activated

carbon Clean water

Advanced treatment process of drinking water

Filtration

Ozone biological activated carbon technology

Chlorine

Standards for Drinking Water Quality Parameters: GB 5749-85: only 35; GB5749-2006:increased to 106 (71 New!)； Some new parameters: Microorganisms: Giardia

Cryptosporidium

Turbidity: <1 NTU（max: <3 NTU） Disinfectant: O3,ClO2, monochloro amine

Toxicant (inorganic): bromate …

Toxicant (organic): trihalomethane (THMs),

acrylamide, Microcystins, lindane

Others: ammonia nitrogen, CODMn(<3,max<5 mg/L)…

Domestic Poly Aluminum Chloride

for Drinking Water

Index Name Liquid Solid

High-class

product

First-class

product

High-class

product

First-class

product

AL2O3 Content %≥ 10.0 10.0 30.0 28.0

Basicity % 40-85 40-80 40-90 40-90

Density (20%)/(g/cm3) ≥ 1.15 1.15 - -

Non-dissolved Substances

Content/%≤ 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.0

pH(1% aqueous

suspension) 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0

Coagulants

18

Coagulants

and

flocculants

名称 type

硫酸铝 alum, aluminum sulfate

氯化硫酸铁 ferric sulfate chloride

硫酸铁 ferric sulfate

硫酸亚铁 ferrous sulfate

氯化铁 ferric chloride

聚氯化铝 poly aluminum chloride

聚硫酸铝 poly aluminum sulfate

聚氯化铝铁 poly aluminum ferric chloride

聚硫酸铁 poly ferric sulfate

聚硫酸铁铝 poly aluminum ferric sulfate

聚硅氯化铝 poly aluminum silicate chloride

聚硅硫酸铝 poly aluminum silicate sulfate

聚硅氯化铝铁 poly aluminum ferric silicate chloride

聚硅硫酸铁 poly ferric silicate sulfate

聚硅硫酸铝铁 poly aluminum ferric silicate sulfate

19

Poly aluminum chloride, PAC [Alm(OH)n(H2O)x ]·Cl3m - n (n ≤3 m)

Synthesis of novel coagulant (Al)

21

Synthesis of novel coagulant (Fe)

• Jar test

• Raw water: >500 NTU

• Treated water:1-2 NTU

Drinking water treatment in Ethiopia

WTP PAC-SDD PAC-CFII ALUM

NG’ETHU 97.7% 98% 89.8%

SASUMUA 81.9% 84% 75%

KABETE 91.8% 92% 89%

Drinking water treatment in Kenya

Wastewater treatment in China

Wastewater treatment in China

1978 1987 1997 2003 2006

Wastewater treatment ratio in Shanghai

wastewater treatment in Shanghai

一级处理

Primary treatment

二级处理

Secondary treatment

三级处理

Tertiary treatment

Conventional

activated sludge

BNR

Biological

phosphorus

removal

Biological nitrogen

&phosphorus

removal

MBR

RO

Bar Screen

Biofilm

Discharge

or Reuse

Disinfection

Ecological

treatment

Filtration

How to Choose the Process

Primary sedimentation

Grit chamber

Enhanced primary

sedimentation

Coagulation

BNR: Biological Nutrient Removal

MBR: Membrane Bioreactor

RO: Reverse Osmosis

Wastewater treatment process in China

General concept and process of wastewater treatment plant

Wastewater

Bar screen

Smell treatment Exhaust

Primary

treatment

Secondary treatment

Advanced treatment Sludge treatment

Drainage/

reuse Disposal

How to Choose the Process

To reuse for gardening, car washing, road

watering…, tertiary treatment must be

taken following secondary treatment.

To reuse for industrial…, tertiary or

advanced treatment must be taken,

effluent meets special water quality.

To close surface water, such as lake,

landscape…, secondary or enhanced

secondary treatment process should be

used, effluent meets first class A standard.

How to Choose the Process Wastewater treatment process in China

城市污水处理厂

Municipal

WWTP

居民

商业

Residential

& business

area

厕所黑水

Toilet flushing 生活污水

Domestic

wastewater 厨房洗浴灰水

Kitchen & bathing Water

工业污水

Industrial

Wastewater

工业

Industry

经过预处理

Pretreatment

不需预处理

Non-pretreatment

雨水

Rainwater

合流制排水

Combined sewage

分流制排水

Separate sewage 雨水排放

Rainwater discharge

初期收集

Initial rainwater

Collection

溢流

Overflow

How to Choose the Process Wastewater treatment process in China

Removal of Pollutants by Primary and

Secondary Wastewater Treatment

PPPaaarrraaammmeeettteeerrr PPPrrriiimmmaaarrryyy

TTTrrreeeaaatttmmmeeennnttt SSSeeecccooonnndddaaarrryyy

TTTrrreeeaaatttmmmeeennnttt

BBBOOODDD 333555%%% 999000%%%

TTToootttaaalll NNNiiitttrrrooogggeeennn 222000%%% 555000%%%

TTToootttaaalll

PPPhhhooosssppphhhooorrruuusss 111000%%% 333000%%%

SSSuuussspppeeennndddeeeddd

SSSooollliiidddsss 666000%%% 999000%%%

Removal of Pathogens by Secondary

Wastewater Treatment

OOOrrrgggaaannniiisssmmm AAAccctttiiivvvaaattteeeddd

SSSllluuudddgggeee TTTrrriiiccckkkllliiinnnggg FFFiiilllttteeerrr

PPPrrroootttooozzzoooaaannn

CCCyyyssstttsss 999999%%% 111111%%% ––– 999999%%%

HHHeeellliiimmmeeennnttthhh OOOvvvaaa CCCooonnndddiiitttiiiooonnnsss

ppprrrooommmooottteee

hhhaaatttccchhhiiinnnggg

666222%%% --- 777666%%%

BBBaaacccttteeerrriiiaaalll

PPPaaattthhhooogggeeennnsss 999000%%% --- 999555%%% 666666%%% --- 999999%%%

EEEnnnttteeerrriiiccc VVViiirrruuussseeesss 999000%%% --- 999999%%% 555999%%% --- 999444%%%

Activated Sludge Process

1. AAO Series Processes

2. SBR Series Processes

3. Oxidation Ditch Series Processes

Secondary Wastewater treatment Technology

AAO: Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic

SBR: Sequencing batch reactors

A/A/O Series Processes

A/A/O Process

Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic Process chart is

shown as follows, which is a typical activated

sludge process that can remove nutriment

with microorganism.


（Phosphorus release）

（Stirrer）

Anaerobic basin Anoxic basin Oxic basin

（Nitrogen removal）（BOD removal, nitrification

and P uptake ）

Raw wastewater Effluent

（Stirrer）

RAS

WAS

Mixed liquor recirculation

N 2

SBR Series Processes

SBR Sequencing batch reactor chart is shown as follows. SBR

is widely used in China.

eff. idle period draining period settling period reaction period

inflow period

wastewater


Biological Aerated Filter

Biofilm process Biofilm process is another main process compared

with activated sludge process.

Rotating Biological Contactor

Bio-tower

Trickling Filter


MLSS

NaCl，CaCl2， MgSO4

Dissolve Matter

Colloid，Bacteria, Virus, Big Molecule

Micro-floc of Sludge, SS, Polymer, alga

反渗透RO

8～10Å

超滤UF

5～100nm

微滤MF

0.1～10um

Sand, Cloth filtration

5～100um

H2O

Virus：0.02 m – 0.085 m

Bacteria：0.2 m - 10 m

2～10MPa

0.1～0.5MPa

50～100kPa

Gravity filtration

Tertiary or Advanced Treatment Technology

Typical performance data with

various treatment process

Typical performance data with various treatment process

Case study: Shidongkou WWTP,Shanghai,China

项目 COD BOD5 SS NH3-N TP

Influent (mg/L)

400 200 250 30 4.5

Effluent (mg/L)

60 20 20 8(15) 1.5

Treatment technologies of Shidongkou WWTP,Shanghai

进水泵房

粗格栅

细格栅

沉砂池

计量槽

一反体应化池

加氯消毒

出水泵房

栅渣压干机栅渣压干机砂水分离器剩余污泥泵

排放进水

栅渣栅渣砂剩余污泥

至剩余污泥处理段栅渣外运

主体工艺

Influent

Fine

Screen

Lift

Pump

Grit

Chamber

Coarse

Screen

Flow

meter Unitank

Chlorination Disinfection

Effluent

Grid

Residue Sand Surplus sludge

Presser Presser Separator Sludge Pump

Landfill To Sludge treatment

鼓风机房 Aeration station

Effluent:

Discharged to Yangtze River;

Reclaimed and reused for road flushing, firefighting, irrigation

Effluent discharge Reclaimed water

Case study: Shidongkou WWTP,Shanghai,China

Sludge treatment

Thickening;

Dewatering;

incineration;

Landfill Sludge dewatering Incineration

Wetland wastewater treatment system in Nanhui District, Shanghai

High concentration industrial water treatment (pulp & paper mill)

Raw water Buffer tank filtration acidolysis

Aeration

with suspending additive

Secondary

sediment

Concentration

of sludge

Belt filtration

effluent

Feton-AO

Fe-C

Micro-cell

effluent

COD:2000-4000 mg/L

COD:500-800

COD<50 Reaction sediment

COD:50-90

FCCS

Industrial wastewater treatment

Membrane+

carbon filtration

Influent pumping

station

Office building

Ozone generator chlorination

Ozone

contact tank

effluent

Reclaimed water in Qinghe WWTP,Beijing

Wastewater reuse

http://www.bjkcsj.com/UploadFiles/201003/2010030314515259.jpg

Beixiaohe WRP, Beijing

RO

MBR A/A/O

Biological deodorization

UV

Wastewater reuse

Case study: Separation of Algae and Dewatering of Dredged Sediments from Tai Lake

Tai Lake to Shanghai: 130 km

Shanghai is located in the downstream of

Yangtze River

Huangpu River and entrance of Yangtze River

provide raw water for Shanghai.

Tai Lake is in the upstream of Huangpu River

Shanghai

Tai Lake

Introduction of Tai Lake

China's famous scenic spot

Algae bloom in Tai Lake

Blue-green algae is seen on the surface of Tai Lake

Blooming algae fills large areas of the Tai Lake Ducks swim in the algae-rich Tai Lake

Tai Lake turns green after an algae bloom

• Algae collection

• Algae separation

Algae Separation from Tai Lake

2,000 m3/d

Designed by

Tongji University

Solid content: 0.5-1%


• Algae-Water separation

• Physical methods

• Floatation

• Microfiltration

• Activated carbon

• Chemical methods

• Biological methods

• Comprehensive methods


Algae separation Algae residual tank Algae residue dewatering

Non-algae water drained into Tai Lake

Balance tank Algae sludge Methane production Collecting algae from Tai Lake by vessel

Transport vessel



Jar test

Coagulants:

absorbent modified with chitosan

alum

poly aluminum chloride

poly ferric sulfate

Coagulant:150 ppm A:algae slurry B:+absorbent modified with chitosan C:+poly aluminum chloride (PACl) D:+poly ferric sulfate E: +alum


A B C E D

A1 C1 B1 D1

A1:algae slurry B1:+absorbent modified with chitosan C1: +poly aluminum chloride (PACl) D1: +alum

(a)SEM of modified fly ash coagulant(10 um) (b)SEM of modified fly ash coagulant(2 um) (c) SEM of the algae cell after treatment(5 um) (d) SEM of the algae cell after treatment(2 um)


Algae bloom is a serious problem in Tai Lake

Algae can be separated from water by coagulation/adsorption and dewatering

Algae can produce energy and fertilizer

Significant for carbon sequestration


Reuse of Waste Water for

Forest Plantation Irrigation project in Africa

Sampling in Sirte City, Libya Prof. Fengting LI visit

University of Zambia

Preliminary scheme of tertiary treatment and reuse of wastewater in Sirte City, Libya

sludge Slaughterhouse wastewater

Wharf toilet

Infrastructure：

pipeline；

Waterworks

WWTPs

Nigeria

Libya-Desalination

Sirte

Libya-Desalination

Water and wastewater treatment technologies that we provide

• Coagulants and disinfectants

• Micro-polluted source water treatment technology

• Water quality monitoring analysis technology

• Drinking water and sewage treatment process design

• Small integrated water treatment equipments

cooperation leads to success

thanks for your attention

Drinking water and wastewater treatment in China

Documents