Drilling

TABLE OF CONTENTSRevised 7-05

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF DRILLING. . . . . 2-1DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1DRILLING METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2DRILLING EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

DRILLING COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . 3-1GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1FEED (pulldown) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1ROTATION (torque) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1Percussive Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2Rotary Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2PERCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2Down the Hole Hammer (DTH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2FLUSHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3Bailing Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3

SURFACE DRILLING METHODS & APPLI-CATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

BLAST HOLE DRILLING . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1BLAST DESIGN AND DRILL PATTERNS . . . . . 5-1Bench Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2Hole Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2Burden and Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2Movement/Throw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-3Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-3Blast Damage to New Highwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-3Environmental Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-3Vertical and Angled Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-4Standoff (Coal Mining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5

RIG COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1MAST ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2LOADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2ROTARY HEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3DRILL STRING TOOLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3Power Wrench (breakout system) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3Holding Wrench (deck wrench) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-4Bit Wrench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-4WINCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4POWER UNIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4UNDERCARRIAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5MACHINERY DECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5

RIG SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1Reservoir Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1Pump Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2Mast Raising and Locking Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-3

Hydraulic Track Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4Disc Brake Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4Levelling Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5AIR SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5DUST COLLECTION SYSTEMS (option) . . . . . 7-8WATER INJECTION SYSTEM (option) . . . . . . . 7-9

CONTROLS, OPTIONS AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . 8-1ELECTRONIC DEPTH COUNTER (EDC option) 8-1The Pipe-In-Hole Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2DRILL MONITORING SYSTEM (DMS option) . . 8-2TRAMMING INTERLOCK (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3LOADER/ROTARY HEAD INTERLOCK (option) 8-3ANGLE DRILLING GROUP (option) . . . . . . . . . 8-3REMOTE SERVICE CENTER (option) . . . . . . . 8-4LUBRICATOR (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (option) . . . . . . 8-5AUTO LUBE SYSTEM (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5AUTO THREAD LUBE (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6ARTIC COLD HEATERS (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Hydraulic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Machine Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Drill Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8Cabin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8Special Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

DRILL STRING COMPONENTS. . . . . . 9-1DRILL STRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1Drill Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1Stabilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1Subs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2Drill Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3DOWN THE HOLE HAMMERS (DTH) . . . . . . . . 9-4Hammer Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4Size of Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4Hammer Air Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5Hammerdril® Rigid Valve Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5Recommended Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5Bit Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6TOOL JOINT THREAD CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8

DRILL SPECIFICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . 10-1DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2Engine Oils (CH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2Lubricating Grease (MPGM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2Compressor Oils (COMP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2Hydraulic Oils (HYDO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

Table of Contents Page i

Multipurpose - Type Gear Lubricant (MPL) . . . . . . . . 10-2Refrigeration Oil (REF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2MINIMUM PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR HY-DRAULIC OILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6AIR COMPRESSOR LUBRICANT RECOMMENDA-TIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7

GLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

Page ii

Section 1

INTRODUCTION

Welcome to the first series of the new genera-tion training manuals offered by one of the world’s leaders in earth drilling equipment. The purpose of this manual is to introduce blasthole drilling techniques and components to our customer. Successive manuals will give specific system, operating, maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair procedure.

Rotary, blasthole and waterwell drills are manufactured in the Alachua, Florida facility. DTH products are manufactured in Mansfield, Texas - Mexico City, Mexico, Poona, India and Sandviken, Sweden.

The manufacturing plant in Alachua is also home for the product marketing, testing, engi-neering research and development, service and training departments on a 68 acre prop-erty, with over 168,775 square feet of work space.

We are proud to provide a quality product based on customer requirements.

Please visit us at our scheduled Drill Schools. Contact the product service secretary for details. (386) 462-4100.

bh81

Introduction to Blasthole Drilling Page 1

Section 1

REFERENCE MATERIAL:

Sandvik Rock Tools - SD and XL hammer operation manuals

Sandvik Roller bit manual

Sandvik Tamrock - Rock excavation for civil engineers handbook

Denison Hydraulic - Application manual

Mills Machine Co. Inc. - Drill accessory man-ual

Driltech - Technical publication and service training departments

Sullair Corporation

Published by Driltech - USA

All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without prior written consent from Driltech.

Part No. 023501-012

Page 2

Section 2

FUNDAMENTALS OF DRILLING

DESCRIPTION

Drilling is all about making a hole in the ground. The two fundamental components of making blastholes are: • Chip making • Chip clearing

One or more of the following processes can produce chips:• Cutting/tearing• Twisting/tearing• Grinding/abrading• Crushing

CHIP, SWEEP,CHIP, SWEEP!

CUTTING/TEARING

ANGLE OFCUTTING

CRUSHINGTO FINE

CHIPPINGROCK

ACCUMULATIONOF FINE

(a)

(b)

(c)

CRUSHING

GRINDING/ABRADING

TWISTING/TEARING

SKIDDISTANCE

THRUST GRINDING

TORQUE

GRINDINGS

CUT SURFACE

PERCUSSIONIMPACT

FREE SURFACE CRUSHED ROCKPOWER

BUTTON INDENTIONDEPTH PER BLOW

CRACKED FORMATION ZONE

POTENTIAL CHIPLOOSENING CRACK


Section 2

The four main components of drilling are::• Feed • Rotation • Percussion• Flushing

DRILLING METHODS

Blasthole drilling has been performed by two different methods:

Percussive drilling, made up of: • Top hammer tools • Down-the-hole (DTH) tools

Rotary drilling

The choice of drilling method is mainly depen-dent upon the physical and geological proper-ties of the rock to be drilled. Hard formations generally require percussive drilling, while soft or non-consolidated rock may need only rotary drilling.

Percussive drilling utilizes all four compo-nents, feed, rotation, percussion and flushing.

Rotary drilling does not use percussion, but compensates by having increased feed force and rotation torque. Rotation speeds and feed forces will vary according to ground condi-tions. Each drilling application requires mod-erate changes in the rotary drilling technique.

Hardness and mineral composition of the rock will also be major factors in wear of the drill string components.

DRILLING EQUIPMENT

There are many types of surface drills, which can be grouped according to their operating principles mentioned above: • Top hammer drilling• DTH drilling • Rotary drilling • Auger drilling• Core drilling

Driltech manufactures a range of drill rigs suit-able for both DTH and rotary drilling. Driltech does not manufacture top hammer drills.

Drill rigs use drill steel equipment (when con-nected these are called a 'drill string') to drill the hole. The drill steel equipment includes components such as drill pipes, adapter subs, DTH hammers and drill bits.

FLUSHINGFEED FORCE

ROTATION

ROTARY DRILLING

COMPRESSEDAIR

PERCUSSION

ROTATIONAND

FEED

DRILLBIT

CUTTINGSFLUSHING

PERCUSSION DRILLING

Page 2

Section 2

The choice of drill steel equipment should be carefully selected to meet the needs of the machine it is intended to be fitted to. Other factors may be ground condition and hole depth of rock to be excavated.

Section 9 gives details to the drill string com-ponents utilized for rotary and down the hole percussion drilling.

DRILL PIPES

DTH HAMMER

DRILL BIT

DTH DRILLING


Section 2

Page 4

Section 3

DRILLING COMPONENTS

GENERAL

The four components of drilling are:

1. Feed

2. Rotation

3. Percussion

4. Flushing

FEED (pulldown)

Feed force is required in order to press the drill bit against the rock. This in itself will only produce minor crushing of the rock immedi-ately under the drill bit. Combined with the forces of rotation and/or percussion, the feed force enables the processes of cuffing, tear-ing, grinding and abrading to occur. As the bit cuts, it must be fed down to keep the drill bit in constant contact with the rock surface.

Every formation requires a minimum feed force before the drill bit will penetrate, as the tooth pressure must exceed the rock strength. Soft rock such as shale will require a lower feed force than hard rock such as granite. Rotary drilling will be more efficient, if the feed force is greater than the minimum needed, as the bit will break out rock chips, rather than abrading fine grindings.

In practice, a 'pulldown' system is needed on a drill machine, so that feed force additional to that exerted by the weight of the drill string can be placed onto the bit. Effectively, part of the rig weight is added to the drill string weight. The feed force must be capable of being varied. Control valves allow adjust-ments to be made to suit drilling conditions.

ROTATION (torque)

Rotation components are adjustable to suit drilling conditions. Single and twin motor arrangements are available for the many

TOP SPROCKET

HOIST CHAIN

ROTARYHEAD

FEEDCHAIN

MASTCHORD

FEED (PULLDOWN)CYLINDER

WORKDECK

SPROCKETCARRIER

The pulldown cylinder moves the rotary head up and down via an arrangement of chains and sprockets.

PULLDOWN SYSTEM

TOO MUCH!!! NOT ENOUGH!!!

Excessive feed force will cause stress, high wear and damage

to drill string components.

Insufficient feed force will cause a low drill penetration rate, stress and damage to

drill string components.


Section 3

different drilling applications. Single motor applications are applicable for DTH percus-sion drilling, whereas two motors may be required to turn large drill pipe and rotary bits.

Percussive Drilling

Percussion energy is generated by a moving piston. With each piston impact from the ham-mer, the tungsten carbide buttons in the bit body penetrate the rock surface. The function of rotation is to turn the drill bit to a new posi-tion between percussive impacts, so that the drill bit carbides strike fresh rock surfaces. Slow to medium rotation speeds assist the bit buttons to penetrate new rock with each pis-ton impact. Hammer manufacturers specify applicable rotation speeds.

Rotary Drilling

Rotation is torque, used to roll the bit around while the feed force holds it firmly against the ground. Rotary bit manufacturers specify maximum rotation speeds and maximum pull-down ratings.

The combination of rotary torque and feed-force enables the bit to produce chips by crushing and cutting.

A 'rotary' system is required to turn the drill string and drill bit. The rotation speed must also be variable, so it can be adjusted to pro-duce the largest cuttings possible (to optimize penetration rates), as well as suit either rotary or DTH hammer drilling applications.

PERCUSSION

In general, percussion drilling produces more efficient drilling in medium to hard formations. Rocks that are not easily abraded by drag force of rotary drilling alone may be more effi-ciently drilled with percussive blows.

Two types of percussion methods are the pneumatic or hydraulic top hammers, or a pneumatic down the hole hammer.

Down the Hole Hammer (DTH)

Down the hole hammer drilling requires high-pressure compressed air. Use light to medium feed force for best results. Air pressure is pro-portional to penetrate rates. In harder rock for-mations it is essential to maintain the highest recommended air pressure. Specific care should be given to drill bit selection according to the rock material being excavated.

ROTARY DRILL BITSDOWN THE HOLE

HAMMERS

Page 2

Section 3

A DTH hammer provides drilling energy right at the bit. It is highly efficient because piston energy is transmitted directly to the bit at the rock surface. DTH hammers are best suited for medium to hard rock materials.

FLUSHING

Flushing is necessary to remove cuttings from the drill hole. Flushing should be sufficient to clear chips away from the bit immediately. Otherwise the chips will be reground, increas-ing bit wear and reducing the penetration rate.

Bailing Air

Compressed air is the most common medium used with blasthole drills to clear chips from the hole. It is referred to as 'bailing air', as it bails the chips from the hole.

The annular air velocity or 'up-hole velocity' (UHV) determines whether or not there is suf-ficient bailing air to ensure effective removal of rock cuttings from the hole. Theoretically UHV will depend on these factors; • The capacity of the compressor • The diameter of the drill bit in the hole • The outside diameter of the drill pipe

The last two factors together determine the volume of the drill hole that needs to be bailed. If the drill pipe diameter is small com-pared to the hole diameter, then there will be a large volume to be bailed and the UHV will be low. If on the other hand, the diameters are fairly close, there is a small volume to be bailed and the UHV will be greater. If rock is abrasive, rapid drill string wear will occur with the higher UHV.

Water, foam or polymer may be injected into the air stream to aid in dust suppression, chip removal or to improve hole stability.

FLUSHING SYSTEM

1

2

3

4

5

1. Flushing (Bailing Air)2. Drill Steel Air Passage3. Drill Bit4. Bit Flushing Ports5. Cuttings Removal

TYPICAL UP-HOLE VELOCITY(UHV) CHARTS


Section 3

Insufficient flushing leads to low penetration (increased recutting), decreased drill pipe life (bit wear and jamming of drill string) and high bit wear. Optimum drilling occurs when dry air flushing up-hole velocity factors can be main-tained between 4000 to 9000 FPM depending on rotary or DTH drilling methods.

Higher UHV may be acceptable for drilling depending on ground conditions such as con-sistent and solid low abrasive formations. Select higher UHV when drilling occurs in bad fractured ground, with voids or caverns, high rock density or long hole depths.

Inch mm Inch mm cfm cu m/min fpm m/sec5 5/8 143 2 7/8 73 900 25.5 7,046 365 5/8 143 2 7/8 73 1,000 28.3 7,829 406 1/4 159 3 1/2 89 900 25.5 6,143 316 1/4 159 3 1/2 89 1,000 28.3 6,825 356 3/4 171 4 102 900 25.5 5,571 296 3/4 171 4 1/2 114 1,000 28.3 7,230 377 3/8 187 4 1/2 114 900 25.5 4,824 257 3/8 187 4 1/2 114 1,000 28.3 5,360 277 7/8 200 5 1/2 140 900 25.5 5,185 277 7/8 200 5 1/2 140 1,000 28.3 5,761 308 1/2 216 6 152 900 25.5 4,543 238 1/2 216 6 152 1,000 28.3 5,048 268 1/2 216 6 5/8 168 900 25.5 5,808 298 1/2 216 6 5/8 168 1,000 28.3 6,453 339 229 6 5/8 168 900 25.5 4,438 229 229 6 5/8 168 1,000 28.3 4,931 259 229 6 5/8 168 1,100 31.2 5,425 279 7/8 251 7 3/4 178 900 25.5 4,397 179 7/8 251 7 3/4 178 1,000 28.3 4,886 199 7/8 251 7 3/4 178 1,100 31.2 5,375 219 7/8 251 8 5/8 219 1,000 28.3 7,914 409 7/8 251 8 5/8 219 1,100 31.2 8,705 44

UP-HOLE VELOCITY(UHV) TABLE

BIT UPHOLEVELOCITY

COMPRESSOROUTPUT

PIPESIZESIZE

Page 4

Section 4

SURFACE DRILLING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS


GENERALSelection of the appropriate drill method will depend on factors such as the rock strength, diam-eter and depth of hole required. Typical applications are shown below.

TOP HAMMER PERCUSSIVE DOWN - THE - HOLE1. 3.5” - 40” (89 - 1016mm) HOLE DIAMETER 2. 15,000 - 60,000 PSI (103,35-413,4 MPa) ROCK3. BUTTON BITS

1. 1” - 6” (25.4 - 152.4mm) HOLE DIAMETER 2. 10,000 - 60,000 PSI (68,9-413,4 MPa) ROCK3. BUTTON BITS

TONSTONS

ROLLER BIT ROTARY DRAG BIT ROTARY1. 4.5” - 15” (114,3 - 381mm) HOLE DIAMETER 2. 15,000 - 60,000 PSI (103.35-413.4 MPa) ROCK3. ROTARY APPLICATION ROLLER BITS

1. 1” - 5” (25,4 - 127mm) HOLE DIAMETER 2. 5,000 - 22,000 PSI (34.45-151.58 MPa) ROCK3. ROTARY APPLICATION DRAG BIT

Section 4

RELATIVE MOH’S COMPRESSIVEHARDNESS HARDNESS STRENGTH - PSI

Extremely soft 1 - 2 < 2,000 Soft 2 - 3 2,000 - 5,000 Medium 3 - 4.5 5,000 - 10,000 Medium hard 4.5 - 6 10,000 - 20,000 Hard 6 - 7 20,000 - 30,000Extremely hard > 7 > 30,000

RELATIVE MOH’S COMPRESSIVEHARDNESS HARDNESS STRENGTH - MPa

Extremely soft 1 - 2 < 14 Soft 2 - 3 14 - 35 Medium 3 - 4.5 35 - 70 Medium hard 4.5 - 6 70 - 140 Hard 6 - 7 140 - 210Extremely hard > 7 > 210

ROCK HARDNESS & COMPREHENSIVESTRENGTH TABLE

INDEX NUMBER ROCK

1 TALC

2 GYPSUM

3 CALCITE

4 FLUORITE

5 APATITE

6 ORTHOCLASE

7 QUARTZ

8 TOPAZ

9 CORUNDUM

10 DIAMOND

MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS

Compressive StrengthROCK TYPE Mpa psi

IGNEOUS Andesite 300 400 42,660 56,880IGNEOUS Basalt 250 400 35,550 56,880SEDIMENTARY Congomerate 140 19,908IGNEOUS Diorite 170 300 24,174 42,660SEDIMENTARY Dolomite 150 21,330IGNEOUS Gabbro 260 350 36,972 49,770METAMORPHIC Gneiss 140 300 19,908 42,660IGNEOUS Granite 200 350 28,440 49,770SEDIMENTARY Limerock 30 100 4,266 14,220SEDIMENTARY Limestone 120 17,064METAMORPHIC Marble 100 200 14,220 28,440METAMORPHIC Quartzite 160 220 22,752 31,284IGNEOUS Rhyolite 120 17,064SEDIMENTARY Sandstone 160 255 22,752 36,261METAMORPHIC Schist 60 400 8,532 56,880METAMORPHIC Serpentine 30 150 4,266 21,330SEDIMENTARY Shale 70 9,954METAMORPHIC Slate 150 21,330IGNEOUS Trachyte 330 46,926

ROCK COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Page 2

Section 5

BLAST HOLE DRILLING

GENERAL

Blast hole drilling is used in the extraction of rock products and minerals from surface mines and quarries. A blast hole drill pro-duces holes to a predetermined plan. The holes are then charged with explosive and the rock is blasted and broken.

A typical drilling sequence involves:• Driving or tramming the machine to the

required location. • Raising the machine on the leveling jacks

to provide a stable drilling platform. • Raising the mast (from the horizontal) to

the desired drilling position.• Lock the mast into position.• Commence rotation, feed and air flushing,

air percussion for DTH applications. • Drilling to the required depth. A 'single

pass' operation, is a hole depth no more than one drill pipe length. A 'multi-pass' operation, is where drill pipes must be added as the hole is drilled.

• Retracting the drill string. • Lowering the mast (to horizontal if neces-

sary), prior to tramming.• Always lower the mast to horizontal with

truck mounted drilling equipment prior to moving the machine.

The type of blasted product or 'fragmentation' required from the blast will determine the way in which a blast hole drill will be used.

For example:• In a quarry, most of the material broken

out will be given further treatment. The rock will need to be broken into fragments which are easily dug, fill haulage units to capacity, cause few interruptions to the primary crusher feed and are free from excess fines.

• Open pit or surface mines differ from quar-ries in that large quantities of overburden or waste rock may need to be moved quickly and will have no further treatment. Therefore rock may be broken to a lesser degree than quarry rock.

Both examples move material by large machinery such as front-end loaders, shovels and/or draglines.

BLAST DESIGN AND DRILL PAT-TERNS

Take the example of an open cut coal mining operation. The engineer will need to design a 'drill pattern', mark it, so the machine operator can drill it. To produce the desired fragmenta-tion, a number of factors must be taken into account, including: • Type of rock or formation • Degree of blast movement / 'throw'

required • Explosive selection• Terrain conditions • Environmental conditions• Damage to the product

Factors, which can be varied by the engineer designing the blast, may include:

66%

%

28%4%

DRILLINGLEVELINGPIPE HANDLINGTRAMMING

TYPICAL DRILLING CYCLE

(A)(B)(C)(D)

C

A

D

B


Section 5

• Bench height • Hole diameter • Type/quantity of explosive• Burden• Spacing • Vertical or angled holes • Standoff

These factors are interrelated in their effects. Some of these are discussed below.

Bench Height

When rock is drilled and blasted to create steps, it is known as bench drilling. The bench height may be determined by factors such as the stability of the rock, the type of drilling equipment available, or the access available.

Hole Diameter

Hole diameter is closely related to bench height and burden, and should be between

0.5 – 1% face height. Mine location, produc-tion rates, rock density, explosive factors for air and ground vibration monitoring may play an important role in what type of machine and related hole diameter best suits the specific mine.

Burden and Spacing

Burden and spacing are terms used to describe the dimensions of a drill pattern.• Burden is the distance between each row. • Spacing is the distance between the holes

along a row.

HOLE-TO-CREST

APPARENT BURDEN*APPARENT SPACING*

HOLE DIAMETER

BACKBREAKNEW CREST

(AFTER MUCKING)

SIDE BREAK

FRONT BURDENBANK FACE

CREST

FLOOR OR FINAL GRADE

HOLE

STEM HEIGHT

SUBGRADE(SUB DRILLING)

BOTTOM-HOLEBURDEN

TOE

BANK ANGLE

EXPLOSIVECOLUMNHEIGHT

DEPTH

*NOTE! TRUE burden and spacing may differ from APPARENT burden and spacing due to the delay between firing adjacent lines.

BLAST DESIGN TERMINOLOGY

Row 3Row 2

Row 1

Spacing

Burden

HIGHWALL

Page 2

Section 5

Movement/Throw

Drill patterns are designed to obtain a suitable blast profile for loading equipment like shov-els or draglines. The most critical factor con-trolling the movement of a shot is the burden. A throw shot in a coal application may utilize approximately 23ft (7m) of burden for 10 5/8” holes. Likewise a shot to be “stood up” may utilize approximately 33ft (10m) of burden for the same hole. The selection of burden will also depend on the width of the bench.

Fragmentation

Fragmentation is a general term that describes the size of individual rocks after blasting. Once the burden has been selected, the spacing must be selected to provide suffi-cient fragmentation. Spacing is calculated using the volume of rock to be blasted and the tonnage of explosives to be put in each hole.

Blast Damage to New Highwall

Often the row of holes that create the new highwall will be spaced more closely together. This allows weaker explosives to be used and creates a better highwall.

When the row has half the spacing of the rest of the pattern, it is said to be a ‘staggered pat-tern’.

Environmental Controls

Most mines have limits for noise and vibration produced by blasting, imposed by an environ-ment protection agency. Noise is increased if

COAL

COAL

A. SECTION OF ‘STOOD UP’ SHOT

B. SECTION OF ‘THROWN’ SHOT

MOVEMENT/THROW

BENCH HEIGHT. (BH)

SPACING (SP)

BURDEN (B)

ROCK VOLUME PERBLAST HOLE =

VOL = B x SP x BH

HOLE DEPTH = BENCH HEIGHT + SUBDRILLING

TONNAGECALCULATION

HIGHWALLRow 1

Row 2Row 3

Row 4

STAGGERED PATTERNWITH PRE-SPLIT LINE (ROW 4)


Section 5

holes “blow out” because the charge is uncon-fined. The burden on the highwall row is selected with this in consideration.

Vertical and Angled Holes

Inclined or angled holes, result in more pro-ductive blasting than vertical holes however each have advantages and disadvantages.

VERTICAL:• Movement of the drill is quicker.• Less wear to the drill accessories.• Easier machine set-up for operators.• Greater disturbance to the new highwall.

ANGLED:• Better burden is produced on the highwall

row.• Machine can be set-up away from the

highwall.• Used where the burden on the highwall

row may be too large for vertical holes.• Angle drilling may hinder dust suppression

systems.• Operation set-up time and techniques are

affected.

BLOW-OUT

Small burden on the highwall row will cause the explosive to blow-out and result in high noise.

It is not possible to drill this hole angled, without special tooling, because of the

bench behind it.

VERTICAL HOLES

Angled burden

Vertical burden

Toe

ANGLED HOLES

Burden with angled holes reduces the toe compared to vertical holes, resulting in better floor surfaces.

Page 4

Section 5

Standoff (Coal Mining)

If holes are drilled to or into coal, the explo-sives will damage the coal product. Blast damage reduces recovery and increases dilu-tion of the coal. With smaller coal seams a “standoff” drill pattern may be used to prevent product damage.

With this system, not all holes are drilled to the coal. The engineers drill plan may indicate to drill every third hole to the coal. Other holes standoff the coal product 5 feet (1.5 m). In this situation a hole is drilled to find the depth of the coal seam and the next two holes are 5 feet (1.5 m) shallower.

Row 4Row 3

Row 2Row 1

Drilled to Coal

HIGHWALL

STANDOFF DRILL PATTERN


Section 5

Page 6

Section 6


1. Mast Crown2. Mast3. Mast Raising Cylinders4. Hydraulic Tank5. Hydraulic Pump Gearbox6. Water Injection Pump7. Water Tank8. Engine9. Compressor

10. Mast Rest11. Air Cleaners12. Cooler13. Front Levelling Jacks14. Main Frame15. Machinery Deck16. Final Drive Sprocket17. Track18. Crawler Axle

19. Crawler Frame20. Idler21. Boarding Ladder22. Rear Levelling Jack23. Dust Hood24. Operator’s Cab25. Air Conditioner26. Hydraulic Lines to Rotary Head

MODEL D90KS SHOWN

RIG COMPONENTS

Section 6

MAST ASSEMBLY

The mast supports the rotary drive and drilling accessories. It may be constructed to allow the machine to drill vertical and/or angle holes.

• The mast assembly pivots upon a mast pedestal frame. The pedestal is fabricated to the machinery deck.

• Two hydraulic cylinders are used to raise and lower the mast. Vertical or angle drill positions and horizontal travel position are normal positions.

• Hydraulic motor(s) and planetary gears mounted to a rotary head provides the drilling torque necessary to rotate the drill string.

• Hydraulic cylinder(s) with sprockets and chains provides the necessary force to raise and lower the rotary head and drill string.

• A loader on the mast structure provides drill pipe storage. It can be indexed (rotated) for drill pipe loading/unloading to/from the rotary head.

• Compressed air from the air receiver tank is piped up the mast. The air swivel on the rotary head allows air through the drill string to the drill bit. Compressed air is used to bail cuttings from the hole during drilling.

• The bottom end of the mast supports a table and work deck. Drilling tools to assist in pipe connections are available from the work deck.

LOADER

A loader carries a number of drill pipes, which allows for a multi-pass drilling operation. When the drill rig is equipped with a loader, the operator can change pipes quickly and efficiently from inside the cab.

A loader consists of:

• Hanger - typical hanger arrangements are pivoted, and the carousel is swung in and out of position by operator controlled hydraulic valves and cylinders. Optional sliding hanger arrangements may be fitted for larger drill pipe configurations.

TOPPLATE

ROD POCKETS

CAROUSEL

SWINGCYLINDER

AIRHOSE

WINCHCABLE

ROTARYHEAD

WORKDECK

MASTRAISING

CYLINDERS

DRILLPIPE

FEEDCHAIN

MASTPIVOT

BEARING

INDEXINGSYSTEM

MAST & LOADER COMPONENTS

HANGER

Page 2

Section 6

• Carousel - A top latch plate and bottom pods hold up to 6 pieces of drill pipe. Mounted below the bottom pods is an index lock plate which has locating holes used for indexing the pipe position.

• Indexing System - A hydraulic locking pin moves in and out of the locking plate. A hydraulic cylinder rotates the assembly. When the pin is in the ‘unlock’ position, only the indexing assembly is rotated. When the pin is in the ‘lock’ position the hydraulic cylinder rotates the carousel.

ROTARY HEAD

Piston-type hydraulic motor(s) provide mechanical torque to reduction gears mounted to the rotary head housing. A large bullgear and shaft transmit rotation directly to the top sub and drill pipe. The bull shaft is hol-low to permit compressed air to be passed down the drill pipe to the blast hole. Mounted on top of the bull shaft is an air swivel assem-bly with seals. This swivel allows oil to remain in the rotary head and air to be supplied to the drill string.

Hydraulic cylinders and roller chains raise and lower the rotary head, which is secured to the mast with adjustable wear pieces (guide shoes). The replaceable wear pieces are made of a nylatron fiber. This material pro-tects the sliding areas of the mast.

DRILL STRING TOOLING

Tooling is necessary to enable joints (connec-tions) in the drill string to be made (tightened) or broken (loosened).

Power Wrench (breakout system)

The “power wrench”, is used to break tight pipe joints and drill bit accessories which can-not be broken by reversing the rotation of the drill string. This tool is a hydraulic powered, jaw-type breakout wrench mounted below the pipe loader. The wrench is controlled by the operator from inside the cab.

A tong wrench may be supplied. This is a hydraulic actuated cylinder with a “Stilson” type wrench. The tong wrench is manually placed onto the pipe during joint breaking.

ROTARY HEAD

MOTOR

PLANETARY

GEARBOX

GUIDESHOES

POWER WRENCH

TONG WRENCH


Section 6

Holding Wrench (deck wrench)

This sliding wrench is used to hold the drill pipe, while the joint above it is broken (loos-ened) or pipe-changing procedures take place. The jaw of the wrench is shaped to engage the top flats of the drill pipe, and it is mounted on the mast table. The operator con-trols the ‘engage’ and ‘disengage’ positions of the wrench from inside the cab.

Bit Wrench

A special wrench shape is required to hold the drill bit during bit changing procedures. Precut wrenches and blank wrenches are available.

The bit wrench tool is put into the mast table in place of the table bushing. It can be held in place with the holding wrench..

When the drill bit is lowered into the bit wrench it is held securely and cannot turn. Reverse rotation or the power wrench can assist thread breaking.

WINCH

The winch is controlled by the operator from inside the cab and is used to lift accessories such as hammers, bits, and subs, to and from the work deck. The winch can also be used to change drill pipes when the mast is in a verti-cal position. From the spool, a wire rope with a lifting hook attached runs up and over the top of the mast, via a set of sheaves.

POWER UNIT

The engine is the prime source of mechanical power for the entire drill. Driltech Mission blasthole drills use Caterpillar or Cummins diesel engines running at ‘high idle’ speed of 1800 rpm. Engine power is transmitted to hydraulic pumps via drive shafts and gear-boxes. A rotary screw compressor is driven from the engine flywheel. Engines are water cooled with radiator(s) and are temperature protected with safety switches. Caterpillar ‘E’

HOLDING WRENCH

(TABLE BUSHING REMOVED)

BIT BASKET

WINCH

Page 4

Section 6

series engines also utilize air-to-air aftercool-ers (ATAAC). A hydraulically driven cooling system provides airflow through the radia-tor(s) and oil coolers.

Pre-cleaners treat incoming air prior to final fil-tration through paper elements. An electronic metered ether injection system assists in cold starts.

UNDERCARRIAGE

Track undercarriages, manufactured by Cat-erpillar are the most common track drive sys-tems (Badger and American undercarriages have also been used). Two independently operated crawler units, are driven by bent axis axial piston type hydraulic motors. Hydraulic

motor drive torque is transmitted to planetary reduction gears in the final drive assembly.

Control of these drive motors can provide an infinite range of steering maneuvers, from gradual to radical cornering, by varying the control lever positions in the forward and reverse ranges. Counter steering is possible if one track is placed in forward while the other is placed in reverse.

Each track chain, fitted with triple-lug grouser plates, is supported and guided by track roll-ers, a front idler and carrier rollers. Large coil springs counter the recoil of the front idler to cushion shocks and maintain track tension.

An adjustable cylinder provides track chain slack adjustment. Track guides protect bottom rollers from rocks. Both track frames are piv-oted on an axle and equalizer beam to pro-vide some degree of track oscillation. Both undercarriage members are fitted with hydraulic multi-disc brakes to prevent track movement while the drill is not propelling.

MACHINERY DECK

The machinery deck (frame) is steel fabrica-tions which mount and support most machine operating components such as: diesel engine, radiators and oil coolers, mast rest, compres-

CFM (m3/min) PSI (bar) MODEL HP (Kw) RPM750 (21.1) 100 (6.9) 3406E DITA 450 (336) 1,800750 (21.1) 100 (6.9) QSK 19C 500 (373) 1,800900 (25.5) 100 (6.9) 3406E 450 (336) 1,800900 (25.5) 100 (6.9) QSK 19C 500 (373) 1,8001,050 (29.7) 100 (6.9) 3406E 450 (336) 1,8001,050 (29.7) 100 (6.9) QSK 19C 500 (373) 1,8001,300 (36.8) 100 (6.9) 3408E 500 (373) 1,8001,300 36.8) 100 (6.9) QSK 19C 500 (373) 1,800900 (25.5) 350 (24.1) 3406E 450 (336) 1,800900 (25.5) 350 (24.1) QSK 19C 500 (373) 1,8001,000 (28.3) 350 (24.1) 3406E 500 (373) 1,8001,000 (28.3) 350 (24.1) QSK 19C 500 (373) 1,800

COMPRESSOR ENGINE

TYPICAL D40KS, D45KS & D50KS MODEL HORSEPOWER CHART

521 (389)

CATERPILLAR3408E

CHAIN

SHOES(PADS)IDLER

FINALDRIVE

ROCKGUARD FRAME

UPPERROLLER


Section 6

sor, air receiver, air/oil separator, hydraulic tank and oil filters, fuel tank, batteries, hydrau-lic pump drives, water system, mast support structure and cab. Access ladders and railed walkways extend around the deck to facilitate access to machinery for inspection and ser-vicing, while the cab access is ladder or deck. All leveling jacks are mounted securely to the frame.

1. FRONT WALKWAY2. FRONT JACK CYLINDER3. COOLER4. COMPRESSOR5. AIR INLET6. ENGINE7. BATTERIES8. DRIVESHAFT9. PROPEL PUMP DRIVE10. HYDRAULIC PUMP DRIVE11. AIR LUBRICATOR TANK12. HYDRAULIC TANK

13. OPERATOR’S STATION14. CAB15. WORKDECK16. DUSTHOOD CYLINDER17. REAR JACK CYLINDER18. DUST COLLECTOR19. MAST RAISING CYLINDER20. WATER INJECTION PUMP21. WATER INJECTION TANK22. MUFFLER23. RECEIVER TANK24. AIR CLEANER

D55SP MACHINERY DECK

1 23

4

5

6

7

8

910

11

12

13

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

1415

16

17

REAR

Page 6

Section 7

RIG SYSTEMS

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

The track drive and rotation systems are fully hydrostatic with independent pumps for each circuit. The result is a system that is much cleaner and easier to troubleshoot. These systems are closed loop and equipped with three-micron filtration. Seamless steel tubing is utilized wherever possible to enhance sys-tem cooling and decrease the maintenance cost.

The hydraulic system has a supercharge sup-ply to assist the rotation and feed pump cir-cuits. This auxiliary replenishment is pressurized to 125-175 psi (8,6-12 bar). The primary function is to keep the feed pump full during cylinder actuations. The secondary is to protect the rotation system from high shock loads during the drilling sequence.

An optional on-board hydraulic monitoring system allows rapid diagnosis of hydraulic systems.

Reservoir Tank

The hydraulic reservoir tank performs the fol-lowing functions:

• Takes up the variations in oil volume, which occur through the operation of actu-ators.

• Assists in the cooling of the oil before being recirculated through the system.

• Serves as a storage vessel for hydraulic oil. Oil is filtered before returning to tank.

• The D40KS through the D75KS use a two reservoir system, the second being a supercharge manifold.

The reservoir tank supplies oil for the follow-ing pumps; propel pumps, rotation pump, feed pump, cooling fan and accessory pumps. Oil returned to the reservoir passes through 10-micron return filter(s).

The hydrostatic systems use 3-micron loop fil-tration fitted with service indicators, which warn if the filter becomes clogged.

HYDRAULICTEST STATION

3 MICRONFILTERS


Section 7

The reservoir is pressurized by air pressure via a regulator valve to maintain 20 to 33 CPA (3 - 5 psi), which decreases ingress of con-taminants and provides pump inlet super-charging.

Pump Drives

All pumps are direct drive by fixed ratio gear-boxes. Engine derivations inputs connect to the first gearbox. Most model machines have a speed increase ratio input gear in the first gearbox. For cold weather conditions a gear-box fitted with disconnecting input shaft may be ordered. This option will allow engine start-ing without the hydraulic system loads.

PROPEL PUMPS

Variable displacement pumps supply oil to propel motors on the undercarriage. The operator may vary the speed at which the machine is propelled by moving the propel control levers. Propel pump volumes vary from machine models. Output flows range from 0 to 65 GPM (246 LPM). Maximum sys-tem pressures also vary between models and range from 3000 psi (204 bar) up to 4200 psi (285 bar).

ROTATION PUMP

A variable displacement pump supplies oil to rotation motor(s) positioned on planetary drive gears and the rotary head assembly. The operator controls allow pump volume and sys-tem pressure changes for different drilling conditions.

HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR

10 MICRONFILTERS

MAIN (PROPEL)PUMP DRIVE

AUXILIARYPUMP DRIVE

PUMP DRIVEGEARBOXES

PLATEFACE

SHOEPISTONROCKER CRADLE

SHOE RETAINERPLATE

SHAFTINPUT

STROKINGVANE

CONTROLFLOW

CHANNELS

CONTROLCOVER

PISTON PORTPLATE PORT ‘B’

PORT ‘A’

BARRELCYLINDER

SLEEVEBRONZE

BEARINGBARREL

PUMPS IN 11 & 14DUAL GEROTER

ROCKERCAM

DRIVESHAFTAUXILIARY

AXIAL PISTON PUMP

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4200

HYDRAULIC PRESSURE (PSI)

TORQ

UE (I

N LB

S)

D75KS TORQUE CURVE @ 190 HP

Page 2

Section 7

Rotation pump volumes will vary from machine model. Output flows range from 0 up to 113 GPM (428 LPN) and pressures are adjustable from 200 up to a range between 3000 - 4200 psi (206.9-289.6 bar).

FEED PUMP

A variable displacement pump supplies oil through the hydraulic pulldown system. The amount of (pulldown pressure) which is devel-oped in the circuit is operator controlled by the feed pressure control valve.

Feed pump systems will have output flows from 0 to 102 GPM (387 lpm) with working pressure of up to 3000 psi (204 bar). All feed systems use a circuit protection called lift-off. This protection limits the machine capacity. In design it will keep the feed force below machine weight limits, protecting the machine from accidental lift-off.

ACCESSORY PUMP

These are fixed displacement vane type pumps. One stage delivers oil to a hydraulic motor, fixed size fan, thermostat and oil cooler. This may be one of two designed cool-ing systems for engine, compressor and hydraulic fluid cooling. A second stage sup-plies oil to accessory valve banks for the operator selected features such as drill pipe loader controls, dust control, angle drilling accessories to name a few. These pumps

serve the return system and provide a super-charge pressure for the main drilling pumps, (feed and rotation).

Some machine applications will use a flow divider to allow multiple use of one vane pump output.

OTHER PUMPS

• Variable displacement pump/motor for system cooling.

• Fixed displacement vane pump for 240-volt generator.

• Vane pumps for dust collector and water injection options.

Mast Raising and Locking Cylinders

Two double acting hydraulic cylinders are pinned and supported to the rear mast chord and machinery deck structure. Operators con-trol the raise and lower mast sequence. Refer to mast locking feature to position the mast for drilling and tram modes.

In order to ensure the cylinders actuate together and at the same speed, counterbal-ance valves are fitted. Should hose failure occur during mast positioning, these same valves prevent the mast from falling.

D40KS FEED PERFORMANCE CURVE(BASED @ 81% EFFICIENCY)

COUNTERBALANCEVALVE

MAST RAISINGCYLINDERS


Section 7

Hydraulic actuated controls allow mast-lock-ing pins to secure the mast in a vertical or angled position for drilling.

Hydraulic Track Motors

Track drive motors convert hydraulic flow and pressure into rotational speed and torque, which is then, modified by the final drive reduction gears.

All track drive motors have a manifold mounted on the motor ports (hot oil shuttle valve) with a spool valve and relief valve fit-ted. This shuttle allows additional cooled and filtered oil into the closed loop drive circuit.

Disc Brake Units

Each final drive unit is provided with a multi-disc brake unit connected directly to the hydraulic motor output shaft extension.

This spring applied, hydraulically released brake will securely hold the final drive input pinion when the machine is not tramming act-ing as a park brake. When tram is selected, hydraulic fluid from the propel pump servo system will compress the belville springs, which engage the brake, to release the pack of discs.

Optional electronic interlock switches/sole-noids may be added to the propel pump cir-cuits. Interlocks will disable tramming until operators have all conditions ready for mov-ing the machine. Refer to jack brake and head interlock options

PIN

CYLINDER

L.H. MAST LOCKING PIN

L.H. TRACK MOTOR ASSEMBLY

MOTORHOT OIL

SHUTTLE

INPUTSHAFT

OUTPUTSHAFT

BRAKEDISCS

SPRINGS

CRAWLER BRAKE UNIT

Page 4

Section 7

Levelling Jacks

Hydraulic cylinders are operator controlled to take the machine weight from the undercar-riage, level and stabilize the machine during drilling operations. Pilot operated check valves are fitted to the cylinders to prevent cylinder movement in the event of hose fail-ure, and prevent the cylinder from drifting down during drill operation.

The hydraulic cylinders are protected inside two wear pieces called the jack boot and jack hanger. A jack pad is attached to the end of the jack-boot to provide firm footing for the machine on stable ground surfaces.

AIR SYSTEM

The rotary screw compressor is driven by a coupling to engine flywheel connection. High volume compressed air provides receiver and working air, which is available for drilling and accessories. Working air is piped up the mast to an air swivel, then into the drill string. The air has two functions; one is to cool the drill bit and bit bearings; the other is to bail the drill cuttings out of the hole.

HANGER

BOOT

CYLINDER

PAD

LEVELLING JACK

SINGLE STAGE AIR END(LOW PRESSURE COMPRESSORS)

2-STAGE AIR END(HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS)

1st

2nd

STAGE

STAGE


Section 7

Filtered air drawn into the compressor intake system compress by means of a matched set of male and female rotor screws. Oil is injected into the compressor mixing with the air to lubricate loaded components, seal the rotor screws and act as a coolant.

Air/oil mixture discharges from the compres-sor into the receiver tank where the majority of the oil is separated from the air. The air receiver tank serves as the compressor oil sump. refer to diagram on page 7.

Oil in the receiver tank flows under air pres-sure to thermal and bypass valve(s), to oil coolers and main filters back to the compres-sor. Oil separated in the air/oil separator returns to the compressor via scavenge lines, each fitted with a strainer and a sight-glass.

A service indicator will show red if there is an abnormal pressure drop through the separa-tor element. When this occurs, the element(s) should be replaced.

A closed inlet system relieves the compressor load, during machine start-up.

When sufficient pressure(s) accumulates in the receiver tank, air pressure will signal the

air inlet valve (cylinder type, poppet type or diaphragm) and the compressor inlet will close (unload), reducing the volume of air being compressed. Blow-down valves vent a portion of air from the receiver tank during the run - unloaded mode. A relief valve deter-mines the maximum air pressure in the sys-tem. All receiver air pressure will vent to atmosphere through a final (shutdown) blow-down valve when the machine is stopped.

The main valves and controls in the air sys-tem are:

• Oil Stop Valve* - Stops the back flow of oil into the compressor at shutdown. (Not used on poppet style inlet valves).

• Discharge Check Valve* - Stops the reverse flow of air/fluid mixture through the compressor system at compressor shut-down. (Not used on poppet style inlet valves).

• Thermal Valve – Used to regulate flow of fluid to the coolers. Designed to maintain minimum operating temperatures. Vari-ous thermostats are available for different ambient and operating conditions. Ther-mal manifolds have bypass valves fitted to protect the compressor oil cooler.

• Minimum Pressure Valve - Maintains a minimum receiver air pressure of 60 psi (4.14 bar) for low pressure, and 140 psi (9.65 bar) for high pressure units. This pressure is necessary to ensure proper oil circulation and oil cooling.

• Pressure Relief Valve - Opens the receiver pressure to the atmosphere should pressure inside the tank become too high. Low pressure machines use (140 psi), high pressure machines use (400 psi) safety valves.

• Check Valve - Prevents working line pres-sure back flow into the sump during unload conditions and after shutdown.

LOW PRESSURE COMPRESSOR

POPPET VALVE(AIR INLET)

Page 6

Section 7

• Control Regulators - Opens a pressure line between the receiver tank and the air inlet, cylinder, poppet or sullicon control diaphragm. Regulators control compres-sor loads according to air demand.

• Pilot Valve - Bypasses the control regula-tor. The poppet inlet valve will open, load-ing the compressor allowing pressure to build in the receiver tank. This feature is used with low pressure poppet inlet valves only.

• Blow-down Valves - Vents receiver tank pressure to the atmosphere during unload conditions, and after machine shutdown.

• High Discharge Temperature Switch - A fast acting temperature switch will shut-down the machine if the air discharge tem-peratures raise above the switch value.

SHUTDOWN SAFETY SWITCHES

TYPICAL COMPRESSOR OIL LUBRICATION CIRCUIT

*(May not be used on poppet style inlet valves)

**

AIRAIR/OIL

OIL

AIR FILTER AIR INLETCONTROL

VALVE

COMPRESSOROIL STOP

VALVE

MAIN OIL FILTER

THERMOSTATS

PRESSUREBYPASS

AIR/OILSEPARATOR

TANK

SEPARATORELEMENT

WORKINGAIR

MINIMUMPRESSURE

VALVE

DISCHARGE CHECK VALVE

OIL COOLINGMANIFOLD

OIL COOLER

AIR CONTROLVALVE

(HIGH OR LOW PRESSURE APPLICATIONS)

LOW PRESSURE COMPRESSORS

HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS

230°F (110°C) FINAL240°F (115°C) FINAL

250°F (121°C) INTERSTAGE265°F (129°C) FINAL


Section 7

DUST COLLECTION SYSTEMS (option)

When drilling is performed without water, bail-ing air from the blast hole will be dust laden. This section describes a typical dry dust sup-pression system. Dust collectors do not per-form when contaminated with any means of moisture or ground water.

Operator controlled, hydraulic motor driven, exhauster fan draws bailing air from the area

within the dust curtain surrounding the top of the blast hole. The dust laden air passes through numerous dry dust filters within the dust collector housing. Large particulate mat-ter and coarse dust are collected within the dust collector assembly.

Periodic impulse air blasts dislodge the fine trapped dust and enable this material to exit the dropout cone and curtain.

245-56

FILTERBACKFLUSHING

MODULE

FILTER

AIR

BURST

FLUSHINGof

BACKFLUSHINGPRESSURE

REGULATOR

DRIVE MOTOR(HYDRAULIC)

BLOWER

CLEAN AIRDISCHARGE

WORKING AIRFROM COMPRESSOR

ROCKCHIPS

TABLEBUSHING

DUST CURTAINCUTTINGDEFLECTOR

TABLE

DUST

DUST LADEN AIR

Page 8

Section 7

A dust hood and/or curtain may be lowered and raised by operator controls. Raising the curtain allows ground clearance from drill cut-tings prior to tramming machine away from blast holes.

WATER INJECTION SYSTEM (option)

A piston type, positive displacement water pump injects water under pressure into the compressed air system to provide a means of dust suppression. Water tanks are available in 150 to 1000 gallon (568 to 3785 l) capaci-ties. The pump shown, is belt driven by a hydraulic motor.

Water injection can be used for collaring holes in bad, broken ground conditions. Foam injec-tion can be added to the water to stabilize the blast hole and assist in drill cutting removal. Additional attachments can allow for a machine wash option.

WATER INJECTION PUMP & MOTOR

PUMP

MOTOR


Section 7

Page 10

Section 8

CONTROLS, OPTIONS AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT

INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS

Drills will have different arrangements of the instruments and controls; however, they will generally be grouped as follows:1. Drilling controls actuate all drill and tooling

functions.2. Air and hydraulic pressure gauges monitor

drilling system pressures to allow the most efficient machine operation.

3. Engine and compressor temperature gauges monitor and control these major components.

4. Tram, Mast and Jack hydraulic controls enable these functions.

NOTE! Hydraulics may be direct, cable and linkage or electronic controlled.

ELECTRONIC DEPTH COUNTER (EDC option)

The electronic depth counter has been designed to assist the operator in drilling blast holes.

The function of the EDC is to supply the oper-ator with information on: • ‘Bit Position’ (6) position• ‘Distance From Bottom’ of hole (7) position • ‘Accumulated Depth’ (8) position• ‘Penetration Rate’ (9) position

A push button panel is used to program the EDC and the readings are displayed on the LED screen. Input to the EDC comes from an ENCODER that is mounted on the pulldown sprocket shaft. Input signals from the encoder are measuring distance moved. From these signals, the EDC computes the depth and rate of penetration.

1

2

3

4

OPERATOR CONTROLS

20.00


Section 8

A PROXIMITY SWITCH mounted on the hold-ing wrench is used to stop the counting sequence when a drill pipe is being held. Con-tact terminals inside the EDC open to stop the counting, and close to start the counting sequence.

Stopping the EDC from counting the head dis-tance moved while the pipe changing sequence takes place is essential for accu-rate hole depth measurements.

A preset hole depth indicator light on the front of the EDC cover panel will illuminated when the drill bit reaches or is greater than the pro-grammed depth. Position 1 on the EDC panel can be programmed for drilling depths to suit specific bench heights.

The Pipe-In-Hole Alarm

This alarm is designed to prevent the operator from propelling the machine away from a hole when drill pipe is in the hole. This system uses the holding wrench proximity switch, a proximity switch mounted on the mast at the rotary head top position, and a pressure switch mounted on the hydraulic valves for the leveling jacks.

When the head is not fully raised, or the hold-ing wrench is out, and the mast or jack valves

are operated, the pipe-in-hole alarm (indicator light and buzzer) will be activated. Stop oper-ation to verify fault.

DRILL MONITORING SYSTEM (DMS option)

The Drill Monitor System provides a warning signal to the operator and/or shuts down the machine (for critical out-of-limit conditions) in the event that the monitored operating condi-tions are not within safe limits.

The system is provided with a thirty second delay for start up, a system test push button, audible alarm, and a ‘first out’ indication for shutdowns.

There are three different levels of fault sens-ing:

Level 1 - Flashing amber light.

Level 2 - Flashing amber light and audible alarm.

Level 3 - Flashing red light, audible alarm, and machine shut down.

The audible alarm can be silenced at any time by means of a silence push button.

The light will continue to flash until the fault condition is cleared. Only one level three fault will be indicated at any one time (first out).

5.35

DRILL MONITORSYSTEM

Page 2

Section 8

This will allow the cause of the shut down to be easily determined.

The items monitored are:

Level 1• Compressor air filter pressure • Engine air filter pressure • Fuel level • Alternator charging • Engine radiator coolant level • Air/oil separator pressure differential

Level 2• Hydraulic oil level• Hydraulic oil temperature • Hydraulic oil filter pressure • Engine oil temperature

Level 3• Compressor discharge temperature • Compressor interstage temperature (high

pressure only)• Compressor oil pressure• Engine oil pressure (prior to 1996 elec-

tronic engines)• Engine coolant temperature (prior to 1996

electronic engines)• Engine coolant flow

NOTE! 1996 and later model engines do not have DMS connected ‘Engine Oil Pressure’ and ‘Engine Coolant Temperature’ shutdown switches. Engines manufactured with an ‘ECM’ and ‘Select’ computers, monitor these functions and are programmed to shutdown the engine.

TRAMMING INTERLOCK (option)

Several tram interlock systems may be built into the wiring system. The tram circuit for both left and right crawler assemblies will not operate if any of the following conditions exist:

• All leveling jacks are not fully retracted.• The rotary head is not retracted to the top

of the mast. This allows proper clearance with the drill pipe, drill bit to the ground.

• The tram foot switch is not depressed.

An additional switch for dust hood may be added in this system.

The switch for the rotary head may be part of the electronic depth counter (EDC) system. An indicator lamp will be lit, and a warning buzzer will sound when the operator tries to operate any jack control lever or mast control lever if a drill pipe is still in the ground. (Pipe-in-hole alarm)

If any above systems are not in the proper position to allow the machine to be moved, a visual indicator lamp will not light until the conditions are corrected. Once these systems are corrected, the indicator light will illumi-nate, indicating the tramming circuit is pow-ered and the machine can be moved.

In an emergency case, the tram interlock cir-cuit can be bypassed. A by-pass switch is inside the tram junction box located directly underneath the operator control panel.

LOADER/ROTARY HEAD INTER-LOCK (option)

This system is designed to prevent the rotary head from placing excessive feed force on the loader assembly when making up drill pipe.

When the loader is out from its stowed posi-tion, proximity switches will cause the feed pump to vent feed pressure as the rotary head approaches the drill pipe in the loader.

ANGLE DRILLING GROUP (option)

Blast hole drills may be fitted with attach-ments to give them the ability to drill holes up to 30° from vertical, 20° for most machines.


Section 8

Mast position locks are:• Mast or frame mounted• Holes at the bottom of the mast table are

spaced at 5° increments. Hydraulic cylin-ders with lock pins engage these holes to support the mast at the required angle, or vertical position. Operators select the mast raise position and mast locking sequence.

• Pivoted work deck: The deck is pinned and pivoted under the mast table. Adjust-able chains support the position. The work deck can be raised or lowered for angle drilling to maintain a horizontal workspace.

• Drilling angle indicator: A pendulum pointer pivots on a flat plate positioned on the left side of the mast. As the mast is tilted, the pointer indicates the vertical position in 5° increments, up to 30°.

• Pipe guide mechanism: This swing arm will hold drill pipe during the pipe changing sequence. One hydraulic cylinder swings the support arm across the mast; a second cylinder clamps a support around the drill pipe. A sequence valve allows one opera-tor control for this feature.

REMOTE SERVICE CENTER (option)

Diesel fuel, engine coolant, engine crankcase oil and hydraulic oil may be pumped on board the machine via the 'Wiggins' quick-fill cou-plings. This system provides fast, efficient transfer of fluids and minimizes the risk of contamination. The result is less downtime when servicing equipment in the field.

LUBRICATOR (option)

Oil reservoirs in 10 and 30 gallon (38 and 133.5 l) capacities are available for DTH and/or rotary applications. The lubricator system uses an air regulator, an air assisted pump and manual controls or electronic controls to move oil into the flushing air to lubricate a DTH and drill bit. Use the grade of rock drill oil that is proper for the climactic and operating condition at the machine site.

FRAME MOUNTED MAST LOCKS

PIPE POSITIONER/CENTRALIZER

Page 4

Section 8

This option is required for all DTH applica-tions, and is preferred by rotary bit manufac-turers.

FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (option)

A manually actuated (shown) or an electrically sensed system delivers a dry chemical extin-guishing agent through hoses to pre-set noz-zles in fire prone areas and surfaces.

AUTO LUBE SYSTEM (option)

This is a centralized lube system designed to deliver lubricant automatically to various grease points around the machine. The sys-tem uses control air regulation with airline lube, control via central timer assembly to an air operated pump, to deliver lubricant grease at timed intervals. Distribution lines and vari-ous sized grease injectors lubricate fixed pins, bearings and bushings only.

The cycle is started by the electrical timer, which turns the pump on. The pump builds up pressure in the supply line until the injectors discharge the lubricant. The pump keeps building pressure until the back pressure in the line opens an electrical pressure switch circuit and stops the pump.

30 GALLON LUBRICATOR

PUMP

FIRE SUPPRESSIONACTUATOR

AUTO LUBE SYSTEM


Section 8

A bleed valve opens to allow the pressure in the lines to vent back to the lubricant con-tainer. When pressure decreases in the line, the injectors reset ready for the next timed cycle.

The reservoir may be as illustrated (30 lb/13.5 kg) grease containers.

AUTO THREAD LUBE (option)

The automatic thread lube system is designed to spray thread grease directly on to the male thread of a drill rod held in the holding wrench tool. This system allows the operator to apply as much thread lubricant as needed. The sys-tem consists of an air operated pump, foot pedal or toggle switch, distribution tube, noz-zle and a reservoir for the pumpable thread-grease.

Use premium quality thread compounds only. Consult a local supplier of lubricating oils and grease for a pumpable drill pipe thread com-pound.

When the foot pedal is depressed, the pump is activated and pumps grease directly to the discharge nozzle. The pedal also opens an air valve, which injects air into the distribution tube directly behind the discharge nozzle. This injected air helps to spray the grease directly onto the pipe thread.

ARTIC COLD HEATERS (option)

The arctic cold heater system is designed to heat the following system fluids:

• Hydraulic tank

• Water injection tank

• Pump drive gearbox(es)

• Batteries

• Air receiver tank

• Engine oil, fuel and coolant

AUTO LUBE SYSTEM INJECTORS

THREAD LUBE NOZZLE

Page 6

Section 8

Items shown are not the full compliment of arctic weather accessories.

MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS

When placing a machine order, consider optional equipment carefully.

Group numbers are assigned to each of the options. Some of these items may not be available for all products and options men-tioned herein are subject to change without notice.

ElectricalRemote start groupBattery disconnect groupHigh ambient engine switch groupGround level shut-off groupRemote tram groupTram control (deadman)Tram/jack/head interlock groupRotary head/loader interlock groupVariable speed throttle controlEngine timer group (5 minute idle)Strobe light roof mounted (amber, blue or red)Electronic depth counter (EDC)Stratologger 2 data recorderDrill monitor system (DMSRotation hour meter groupCE certification groupPremium lighting packageUnder deck lighting group

HydraulicHoldback kit for deep holesHydraulic test stationAnti-jam group feed and rotation

CompressorAir cleaning hoseCompressor air volume control Electric operatedManual operatedHigh pressure compressor oil recovery group (tropical)

ToolsBarber cushion connectorDrilco shock subForemost cushion connectorBarber table bushingsSubsDrill pipeDTH hammersDrill bitsBreak-out tools

Machine AccessoriesMachine wash group (requires water injection system)Self-retracting hose reel - Wash/with wandSelf-retracting hose reel - Air cleaningFluid sampling group (engine, compressor, hydraulic)Magnetic drain plug groupTow barShipping lift kitDry chemical fire extinguishersFire suppression systemsPin style feed chain adjuster w/port-a-powerLarger OD jack padsGround level service center w/wiggins connections

WATER INJECTIONTANK HEATERS

RECEIVER TANKHEATER

FLUID HEATERS


Section 8

Auxiliary fuel tank groupRearview mirror groupFront walkway groupRight walkway group cab to deck

Drill AccessoriesPower-tong breakout groupAutomatic thread lube systemHammer lubricator tank standard or heated (10 or 30 gallon capacity)Angle drill groupAngle drill workdeckDust hood with spotting doorDry dust collection system - DrilplexDry dust collection system - TiptonExtended mast lengthsHammer holderBit storage boxes at workdeck

Cabin2-way radioLap beltAuxiliary heaterNameplate groups for operator controls

Special ApplicationsHydraulic generator (19kv, 220vac, 50hz)Cold weather groupArctic machinery house - insulatedFabric cold weather curtainHeated water injection tankInsulated/heated water injection tankInsulated water injection pumpCentrifugal engine oil filter - Caterpillar enginesPrelube engine starter kitFourth leveling jackMast ladder assemblyMesabi coolerAuto drill controlsFoam injection - used with water injectionAustralian electrical code groupHydraulic welder 200 ampVandal cover groupsSwing cab - T40KS

Page 8

Section 9

DRILL STRING COMPONENTS

DRILL STRING

Drill Pipe

A drill pipe is a steel pipe through which air is passed to the bit. It has a female thread (box) at the bottom and a male thread (pin) at the top. Machined flats at the top of the pipe are used to hold the pipe while threads are being made. Typical DTH drilling threads are API - regular and API IF - internal flushing. RH - right hand or Beco are most common for rotary drilling (refer to the thread tables at the end of this section).

The diameter of the pipe must be smaller than the bit diameter to allow the cuttings to pass to the top of the hole.

Stabilizers

Because of the feed forces exerted on the drill string during rotary drilling drill pipe may tend to bend under compression. This will cause the drill bit to tilt slightly, placing unequal stress on the cones of a rotary type drill bit.

Stabilizing the bit will improve performance and service life by preventing misalignment of the bit to the surface.

A stabilizer resembles a short length of heavy pipe. Male (pin) or female (box) thread may be cut for either end. This tool may be hard surfaced to resist wear.

On the outside diameter of the stabilizer, straight, spiral blades, or rollers, project to match the circumference of the bit. These blades or rollers wear or roll on the sides of

TOOL JOINT

TOOL JOINT

PIPE

PIN THREAD

BOX THREAD

DRILL PIPE

FLAT

STRAIGHTBLADE

SPIRALBLADE

REPLACEABLEROLLER

STABILIZERS


Section 9

the hole and keep the drill bit aligned with in the hole.

Subs

Subs are drill string connectors, available in a variety of length, OD, and threads to suit dif-ferent purposes. Some examples are:• TOP SUBS (saver sub) are connected to

the rotary head. Thread type and overall length are factors in selecting a top sub. It is preferred for the sub thread to wear verses the rotary head API threads.

• BYPASS TOP SUB (not shown) is a spe-cial sub used with a DTH in bad ground conditions. It allows a restricted amount of air to bypass the hammer case. The unused air will be directed upwards to assist in hole cleaning. This is a special order sub.

• BIT SUBS adapter subs in various lengths and cross over subs with differing thread configurations are used to connect rotary bits, and DTH hammers that have API thread to drill pipes. The short sub is a wear item and is easier to replace than a full-length drill pipe.

• SHOCK SUBS are an after market tool, designed to absorb shock and vibration from the drilling application. A resilient rub-ber element(s) prevents metal to metal contact from the drill string to the rotary head. Rotation speed, bit weight and ground formation can cause unexpected uphole vibration frequencies from the bot-tom of the hole to a rotary head. When adequate down pressure cannot be main-tained to the drill bit, or when rotation torque is high due to ground conditions a shock sub will be required.

• LIFTING PLUGS screw onto drill string components so that a winch may be used to maneuver them.

TOP SUB

DRILL PIPE

STABILIZER

HAMMER

BIT

STABILIZER

SUB

LIFTINGPLUG

BITBASKET

BITSUB

‘J” WRENCH

PETOL WRENCH

TONG WRENCH

DRILLING TOOLS

DTH

ROTARY

BIT

BUSHING

PIPE & BIT BREAKERS

Page 2

Section 9

Drill Bits

ROLLER BITS

A roller bit consists of a bit body with three moveable conical rollers equipped with cemented carbide inserts or steel teeth.

The idea is to crush the rock by rolling the inserts against the rock with appropriate rota-tion speed and feed force.

Carbide inserts are distributed over the three rollers in such a manner that the entire bottom of the hole is worked on when the drill bit is rotated. Roller bits for hard and abrasive rock have spherical cemented carbide inserts closely spaced. Roller bits for softer rock may have the chisel cemented carbide teeth or quality milled steel teeth as the cutters.

Three types of cemented carbide inserts used for roller type drill bits are shown.

A roller bit will utilize nozzles from which the compressed air escapes to lift cuttings from the bottom of the hole. Nozzle dimensions need to be selected carefully with production rates and drill string wear being the concerns. Additional air passages in the bit allow air to pass through to the bearings for cooling and lubricating purposes.

DRAG BITS

A drag bit is used in clay or very soft material where a roller bit will tend to clog or bind. These bits have good flushing characteristics and are economical, but they are limited in size and carbide inserts are not designed for hardrock material.

SHOCK SUB

APIREGULAR THREAD

BIT LEG

SHIRT TAILPROTECTION

GAUGEPROTECTION

CONETHRUSTBUTTON

ROLLERBEARING

BALL PLUG

COOLING AIRCHANNEL

NOZZLE

SCREEN TUBE

BEARINGTOP

BEARING

REAR AXIAL

BALL BEARING

CEMENTED CARBIDE INSERT SHAPES

CHISEL CONICAL HEMISHPERICAL

DRAG BITS

3 - WAY4 - WAY


Section 9

CLAW BITS

A claw bit is used in soft to medium material where the driller may encounter alternating layers of soft clay then sand rock or hard shale formations that would cause a a drag bit to over-torque and stall. These bits have a design which allows drilling as fast as a drag bit while being as tough as a roller bit. They feature inexpensive replaceable conical shaped self-sharpening cutters which rotate in their blocks.

Claw bits range in size from 3-1/2” to 24” in diameter.

DOWN THE HOLE HAMMERS (DTH)

NOTE! High pressure compressed air is required.

Hammer Selection

There are many factors involved in selecting the right hammer for the job. These factors include the size of the hammer, the hammer's air consumption and, with the Driltech Mission Hammerdril® series, the correct rigid valve.

Size of Hammer

A hammer size should be selected as close to the intended size of the hole drilled. The big-ger the hammer diameter, the bigger the pis-

ton diameter, the bigger the performance. It is important to keep the hammer diameter and bit diameter as close as possible, while still maintaining enough clearance around the hammer for cuttings to pass. For example, an XL 6 hammer should be chosen when drilling a 6 1/2" hole rather than an XL 4 with a 6 1/2" bit. An oversized bit on a small hammer drops hammer performance. A larger diameter ham-mer allows a larger bit shank, better energy transfer resulting in greater strength and lower stresses, more reliability and a lower operating cost per foot.

CLAW BIT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

11

12

10

1. TOP SUB2. DART3. SPRING4. RIGID VALVE5. PISTON6. PISTON CASE

7. RETAINER RING8. GUIDE SLEEVE9. BIT RETAINER10. DRIVER SUB11. FOOT VALVE12. HAMMERBIT®

HAMMERDRIL® XL

9

Page 4

Section 9

Hammer Air Consumption

It is best to select a hammer nearest the max-imum operating conditions of the compressor. The higher the hammer operating pressure, the better the performance. Use the following altitude correction chart for applications above 4000 ft (1200 m) to assist in calculating the proper compressor output and hammer selec-tion.

Hammerdril® Rigid Valve Selection

The Hammerdril series hammers can be cus-tomized to a particular air compressor by a simple change of the rigid valve. The descrip-tions below provide a guide for the selection of rigid valves.

-BA rigid valve for maximum air, maximum flushing. The BA rigid valve should be used with a large capacity compressor. This rigid valve/ hammer combination requires maxi-mum air to run efficiently. This is the rigid valve to select if you need to efficiently pass maximum air to flush the hole or to obtain maximum penetration rates with low pressure, high volume compressors.

-BB rigid valve for average air. In most cases, this rigid valve is designed for the most popular size of compressor allowing the ham-

mer to run at the highest operating pressure and use all of the available air.

-BC rigid valve for low volumes of air. This rigid valve option can be used to increase operating pressure and performance with small compressors.

Although each rigid valve option comes with 3 integral chokes (1/8", 1/4" and 3/8"), it will always be more efficient to select the next higher volume rigid valve rather than use chokes to increase air consumption.

Recommended Lubrication

Correct lubrication during drilling operation is extremely important. Inadequate lubrication is a major cause of hammer wear and failure.

‘Rock drill’ oil is the only lubricant recom-mended by Driltech Mission for use in the Hammerdril® XL. Use the grade of rock drill oil that is proper for the climactic and operat-

Feet Meters Correction Factor

4,000 1,200 .865,000 1,500 .826,000 1,800 .797,000 2,100 .768,000 2,400 .739,000 2,700 .70

10,000 3,000 .6811,000 3,400 .6512,000 3,700 .63

900 CFM @ 5,000 FeetCompressor Output = 900 x .82 = 738 SCFM

850 CFM @ 8,000 FeetCompressor Output = 850 x .73 = 620 SCFM

ALTITUDE CORRECTION TABLE

RIGID VALVES

BA BB BC


Section 9

ing conditions at the drill site. Use the chart below as a guide for selecting the proper grade rock drill oil to use.

When using new drill pipe or pipe that has not previously been coated with oil, pour a quart/liter of rock drill oil down the drill pipe each time a new joint of drill pipe is added.

The recommended amount of rock drill oil for efficient operation of the hammers is shown below.

An alternative method is to calculate the oil requirements using the general rule “.15 -.25 quarts of oil per hour divided by 100 CFM".

Example: XL 6/BA with a 3/8" choke uses 1335 SCFM.

1335 X .2 = 2.7 qts/hr 100

This method is more accurate, especially when using chokes or high/low operating pressures.

Check oil levels each shift. Monitor the oil delivery to the hammer by looking at oil drip-ping from the bit after each hole is drilled.

NOTE! When drilling with water injection, use the next higher grade of Rock Drill oil.

The hammer will not be damaged by too much oil, but it will be damaged by not enough oil.

Bit Design

Choosing a percussive bit is not a simple mat-ter of requesting a bit with a particular shank and head diameter. Many options are avail-able and some of these options can have a dramatic effect on how a bit performs. If you are not sure about which particular bit is suited for an application, Driltech Mission rec-ommends testing that bit at the application site before commitments are made for large project purchases.

Several of the options of the bit design are:• Bit face design• Carbide button shape and hardness grade• Wing design• Number of flushing air holes

RECOMMENDED ROCK DRILL OIL CONCAVE

CONVEX

FLAT

BIT FACE SHAPES

• Good in hard and abrasive formations

• May cause hole deviation in broken formations

• Large bits not collaring friendly

• Easy to sharpen buttons

• Most resistant to steel wash• Collars well• Reduces load and wear on

gauge buttons• May need faster rotation to

run smoothly

• Most popular design• Good in soft to medium hard

formations• Often drills the straightest

holes• More difficult to resharpen

Page 6

Section 9

BUTTON SHAPE & GRADE

DRILLING APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES AVAILABILITY

All applications Easy to sharpenStrong and wear resis-tant

Slower than ballistic penetration rate

All grades and sizes

All applications except fractured formations

Higher penetration rateStraighter holes

More sensitive to breakage in broken ground

Only DP55, 11-18mm

All applications where long button life is expected

Higher wear resistance than competitors’ stan-dard grades

Can develop snake-skinning in soft, non-abrasive formations

Spherical, 10-18mm

Any application where good wear resistance and extra toughness are needed

Good wear resistance, similar to Grade 40Superior toughnessLonger life

Higher purchase price than Grade 40

Spherical, 12-26mmBallistic, 11-18mm

Highly abrasive forma-tions

Good toughness, simi-lar to Grade 40Superior wear resis-tance

More expensive than Grade 50Susceptible to snake skinning in non-abra-sive formations

Spherical, 12-26mm

Special applications requiring exceptional wear resistance

Practically infinite wear resistance

Eventually fails from fatigueExpensive

Spherical, 18-22mm

40

55 55

65

Long Wing Length• Preferable in most applications• Increases bit life in unstable ground

(back reaming)

Short Wing Length• May reduce steel wash on hammer• Increases risk of ‘getting stuck’ only in

solid ground formations

Wear Protection• Very effective when back reaming is

severe• Protects the steel holding the gauge

buttons in place (back reaming)• Only available with long wing lengthFishing Thread• Commonly selected when deep drilling• Makes it possible to recover a

shanked bit and save the hole• Available for 152 mm bits & up• Available only with long wing length

WING DESIGN

• Works well in most applications• Allows for good layout of face but-

tons• Normally has 8 gauge buttons; 7

gauge buttons in smaller bit sizes• More difficult to resharpen face

TWO AIR-HOLES

THREE AIR-HOLES

BIT AIR-HOLES

• Preferable in soft rock conditions• Reduces steel wash on bit• Improves hole cleaning• May increase penetration rate• More difficult to measure bit diame-

ter• Normally has 9 gauge buttons or

12 buttons in larger bit sizes

SPHERICAL

BALLISTIC

GRADE40

GRADEDP65

Diamond

GRADE DP55

CARBIDE BUTTON SELECTION


Section 9

Page 8

TOOL JOINT THREAD CHARTSTHREADBOX DIMENSIONSPIN DIMENSIONSMATERIAL

O.D. MAKE O.D LENGTH DIAMETER MAX. O.D.BASE TAPERLENGTH PER IN. FORM

CHART COURTESY OF MILLS MACHINE CO., INC.

Section 10

DRILL SPECIFICATIONS
DESCRIPTION
Driltech blasthole drills are identified by an alphanumeric name. Each element of which provides information on the drill specifica-tions.

Driltech machines are defined by pulldown pressure of which they are capable. The numeric part of the name relates to this. The D40KS has a pulldown pressure capable of 40,000 lbs (18144 kg). Letters in the name have the following meaning:

MARKETING DESCRIPTION:

Example D40KS

D40KS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Driltech

D40KS . . . . . . . . . . . .1000X numeric name

D40KS . . . . . . . . . . . . S series (after 1988)

MACHINE SPECIFIC DATA:

C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crawler mounted

T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Truck mounted

S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Skid mounted

L . . . . . . . . . . . . Low pressure compressor

H . . . . . . . . . . . . High pressure compressor

E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Electric motor drive

SP. . . . . . . .Single- pass (cylinder and motor applications)

F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foundation Application

D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deep Hole Application

W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Water well

X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exploration

The relationship between pulldown pressure and hole diameter is shown in the table below.

10,000

25,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

55,000

60,000

75,000

90,000

110,000

30,000

40,000

60,000

3-3/4” 4-3/4” 5-1/2” 6” 6-3/4” 7-7/8” 9” 9-7/8” 10-5/8” 12-1/4”(95) (121) (140) (152) (171) (200) (230) (251) (270) (311)

HOLE DIAMETER (mm)Pulldown-Pounds-

TruckMounted

Drills

CrawlerMounted

Drills

GATOR

D40KS

D45KS

D60KS

D75KS

D90KS

T40KS

T60KS

D25KS

D50KS

(381)15”

1190D&E

D55SP

T35KS

D245SUP TO 7-7/8”


Section 10

LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS

General

The classifications listed below follow S.A.E. J183 classifications. The MIL specifications are USA Military Specifications. The following definitions will be of assistance in purchasing lubricants. The specific classifications for this machine are found on the Lubricant Chart.

Engine Oils (CH)

Only use oils that meet Engine Service Clas-sification CH (MIL-L-2104D).

At the factory, this machine was filled with BP 15W - 40. Consult the Caterpillar form SEBU5939 for a listing of CH oil brands.

NOTE!The engine oil and filter should be changed after the first 50 hours of service on new and reconditioned engines.

Lubricating Grease (MPGM)

Use only multi-purpose grease (MPGM) which contains 3 to 5% molybdenum dis-uphide. NLGI No, 2 Grade is suitable for most temperatures. Use NLGI No. 1 or No. 0 Grade for extremely low temperatures.

Compressor Oils (COMP)

As with any oil Do not mix different types of oils. Contamination of synthetic oils with traces of AFT may lead to foaming or plug-ging of orifices.

When operating between 80 and 100°F (27 and 38°C) and with relative humidity above 80%, a synthetic hydrocarbon type fluid is rec-ommended. Currently Shell Corena PAO oil is used in the compressor system unless the

decal on the receiver tank specifies other-wise.

NOTE!Compressor oil change intervals will change depending on the type of oil used. The oil manufacturers recommendations supersede the recommended interval suggested in this manual.

Hydraulic Oils (HYDO)

Use Engine Service Classification CC (MIL-L-2104B), CC/SF (MIL-L-46152B), CD (MIL-L-2104D) or industrial-type hydraulic oils that are certified by the oil supplier to have anti-wear,-foam, -rust, and -oxidation additive properties for heavy duty usage.

At the time of shipment this machine was filled with Citgo 32 AW hydraulic oil.

Multipurpose - Type Gear Lubricant (MPL)

Use Gear Lubricant Classification GL-5 (MIL-L-2105B) EP140. Use SHC 75 x 90 in cold ambient conditions and SHC 5 x 90 in arctic conditions.

Refrigeration Oil (REF)

Use an ISO 100 refrigeration oil.

Page 2

Section 10

ENGINE CRANKCASECH

COMPRESSORCOMP

Note oil change intervals

UNDERCARRIAGE,FINAL DRIVE GEARBOX

MPL

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMHYDO

WATER INJ. PUMP - CH

ROTARY HEAD, WINCH andPUMP DRIVE GEARBOXES

MPL

HAMMER OILRDO

AUTOLUBE PUMP CH

SHC 75W-90GL-5 EP 90

SAE 30

100AW

32AW

46AW68AW

CD SAE 30

CD SAE 40WCD SAE 50W

SHC 5W-90

SAE 10W-30

SAE 10W

ISO 46-40°F ISO 32

SAE 5W -20(SPC)SAE 5W-20

SAE 10W

SAE 10W-30

SAE 15W-40

SAE 30

SAE 40

CD SAE 10W

°C -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50°F -22 -4 +14 +32 +50 +68 +86 +104 +122OUTSIDE

TEMPERATURE

RECOMMENDED LUBRICANT VISCOSITIES

ISO 68

ISO 100-220

ISO46-100

220-460


Section 10

EQUIVALENT HYDRAULIC OILS

LUBRICANTBRAND NAME MANUFACTURER ISO

22ISO

32-46-68ISO100

ISO150

ACCITE HIDRAULICO MH PETROLEOS MEXICANOS X X

AMOCO AW OIL AMOCO OIL CO. X

AMOCO RYDON OIL MV AMOCO OIL CO. X X

ANTECH EXXON/ESSO X

ASHLAND VG ASHLAND OIL CO. 32

BARTRAN HV BP OIL CO. 46 & 68

BRESLUBE VG BRESLUBE LTD.-CANADA X X

CANADIAN OIL MOXY T OIL CANADA X X X

CANVIS AW BP OIL CO. X X

CHAMPION SUPER GRADE LOWE OIL X

CHEVRON AW CHEVRON X

CITGO AW CITGO X X X

D-A WEAR GUARD II VG D-A LUBRICANT CO.-USA X

DECOL ANTI-WEAR SHELL CANADA X X X

DTE 24-25-26 MOBIL OIL CORP. X

DURO AW ARCO X X

EAL SYNDRAULIC MOBIL OIL CO. X

ELF OLNA DS ELF/ANTAR X

ENERGOL HLP-HD SERIES BP OIL CO. X X

EPPCO UNIVIVERSAL GP EPPERT OIL CO. X

GULF HARMONY AW GULF R&D X

GULF SYNFLUID SL H__AW GULF USA X

HIDRALUB EP MARAVAN S.A. X X

HARMONY AW GULF CANADA LTD. X X

HYDRAFLOW PETRO CANADA X X X

HYDRALUBE AW LUSCON IND. X X

HYDRELF DS ELF 46 & 68

HYSPIN AWS-AD CASTROL INC. X

HYTAC DISTAC LUBRICANTS X X

KENOIL R&O AW KENDALL REFINING CO. X X

LUSCON HD LUSCON IND. X X

MARATHON MULTI. VG MARATHON PETROLEUM X X

MOBIL HYD. OIL NZ MOBIL OIL CO. X

MOBIL HYD. OIL ZF MOBIL OIL CO. X

MYSTIK AW/AL CATO OIL & GREASE CO. X X

NERVOL FLUID SH2 NERVOL X X X

Page 4

Section 10

(Page 2 of 2)

NUTO-H EXXON/ESSO X X X

NUTO-HP EXXON/ESSO 32 & 46

NUTO-H PLUS EXXON/ESSO X

NYCO HYD. OIL NYCO LUBRICANT CORP. X X

ORLY AGENA ORLY INTERNATIONAL X

ORLY GALA ORLY INTERNATIONAL X

ORLY HYDRO ORLY INTERNATIONAL X

PACER POWER V PACER LUBRICANT INC. X X X

PARADENE ANTI-WEAR AW DRYDEN OIL CO. - USA X X X

PEAK HYDRA AW SERIES PEAK OIL CO. 46 & 68 X

PEN PREMIUM EP PENTAGON CORP. 32 & 68 X

PENNZBELL AW PENNZOIL PROD. CO. X X

PENNZOIL AW PENNZOIL PROD. CO. X X X

PENNZOIL AWX PENNZOIL PROD. CO. X X

RANDO OIL HD TEXACO INC. - USA X X

ROL ANTELITTERAM HVI ROL RAFFINERIA X

ROYAL AW EPPERT OIL CO. X

ROYAL PREMIUM VG EPPERT OIL CO. X

RYKON OIL AMOCO OIL CO. X

SELCO SF 330 SELCO X X X

SHARLU HYDROFLUIDS AW SHARJAH NATIONAL LUBE OIL CO. LTD.

X

SHOSEKI W-R SHOWA OIL LTD.-JAPAN X 32, 46 & 56

STAR PREMIUM VG EPPERT OIL CO. X

SUNVIS 8__ WR SUNCOR or SUNTECK X X X

SUPER BLUE HYD. OIL AUTOLINE OIL CO. X X X

SUPER HYD. OIL VG CONOCO X X

TELLUS SHELL CANADA LTD. X X X

TELLUS SHELL CO. - USA X X

TERRAPIN IND. OIL AUTOLINE OIL CO. X X X

TOTAL AZOLI A ZS J.W.LANE 46 & 68 X

TRC HYD. OILS VG TEXACO REFINERY X

UNION UNAX AW VG UNION OIL - USA 32 & 46 X X

UNIVIS N EXXON/ESSO X X

UNIVIS N PLUS EXXON/ESSO X X

UNIVIS SHP EXXON/ESSO 32 & 46

YUKONG SUPERVIS YUKONG LTD. X

LUBRICANTBRAND NAME MANUFACTURER ISO

22ISO

32-46-68ISO100

ISO150


Section 10

MINIMUM PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR HYDRAULIC OILS

The following are typical properties of hydraulic oils for use in severe duty applications of axial piston and vane pumps. Any oil which meets these or similar properties or which is listed in the approved list of Equivalent Hydraulic Oils may be used.

ISO VISCOSITY GRADE 32 (32AW)

46(46AW)

68(68AW)

100(100AW)

ASTM Viscosity Grade No.(Saybolt) 150 215 315 465

Gravity: API 31.1 30.3 29.5 28.9

Viscosity, Kinematic: cSt104°F (40.0°C) 212°F (100.0°C)

30.045.26

42.706.57

62.98.43

9611.03

Viscosity, SSU100°F (37.8°C) 210°F (98.9°C)

15543.9

22048.2

32554.6

50064

Viscosity Index,ASTM D 2270 106 105 104 99

Interfacial Tension,D 971 77°F:dyn/cm 31 31 31 32

Flash, P-M: °F (°C) 400 (205) 405 (208) 450 (233) 465 (241)

Flash, OC: °F (°C) 425 (219) 430 (222) 470 (244) 490 (255)

Fire, OC: °F (°C) 455 (235) 470 (244) 500 (260) 545 (285)

Pour: °F (°C) -25 (-32) -25 (-32) -20 (-29) +5 (+15)

Color, ASTM D 1500 L0.5 L0.5 L1.0 L1.5

Carbon Residue,Ramsbottom: % 0.30 0.30 0.36 0.37

Rust Preventive Test,ASTM D 665 Procedure A, 24 hr Procedure B, 24 hr

PassesPasses

PassesPasses

PassesPasses

PassesPasses

Neutralization No.ASTM D 974 Total Acid No. 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68

Oxidation Test, ASTM D 943 Time Oxidized Hr. to 2.0 Acid No. 2000+ 2000+ 2000+ 1500+

Emulsion, FTMS 791 3201, 180°F Dist. Water: Minutes 40-40-0 (3) 40-40-0 (3) 40-40-0 (4) 40-40-0 (6)

Aniline Point, ASTMD 611: °F (°C) 217 (103) 220 (105) 228 (109) 234 (113)

Page 6

Section 10

AIR COMPRESSOR LUBRICANT RECOMMENDATIONS

Driltech encourages the user to participate in an oil analysis program with the oil supplier. This could result in an oil change interval differing from what is stated in these tables.

NOTE! Mixing synthetic oils with an ATF may lead to operational problems, foaming, or plugging of ori-fices. Do not mix different types of fluids.

When operating between +80 and 100°F (+27 and 38°C) with a relative humidity above 80%, synthetic hydrocarbon type fluid Mobil SHC or equivalent as recommended above should be used.

All lubricant recommendations are based on 1200 rpm maximum WARM-UP speed.

AMBIENTTEMPERATURE

CHANGEINTERVAL ISO LUBRICANT

DESCRIPTION

-40°F to +95°F (-40°C to +35°C) 1000 Hours 32 Mobil SHC-624, 924 & 1024

-40°F to +95°F (-40°C to +35°C) 1000 Hours 32 Mobil Rarus 424

-40°F to +100°F (-40°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 32 Chevron HiPerSYN

-40°F to +100°F (-40°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 32 Chevron Tegra Synthetic

-40°F to +100°F (-40°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 32 Shell Corena PAO

-40°F to +100°F (-40°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 32 Royco 432

-40°F to +100°F (-40°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 32 Conoco Syncon R&O

-40°F to +100°F (-40°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 32 Texaco Cetus PAO

-40°F to +100°F (-40°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 32 Valvoline Syn Guard CP

-40°F to +100°F (-40°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 32 Petro-Canada Super SCF32

+30°F to +100°F (-1°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 46 Chevron HiPerSYN

+30°F to +100°F (-1°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 46 Citgo CompressorGuard

+30°F to +100°F (-1°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 46 Conoco Syncon R&O

+30°F to +100°F (-1°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 46 Mobil Rarus 425

+30°F to +100°F (-1°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 46 Petro-Canada Super SCF46

+30°F to +100°F (-1°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 46 Royco 446

+30°F to +100°F (-1°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 46 Texaco Cetus PAO

+30°F to +100°F (-1°C to +38°C) 1000 Hours 46 Valvoline Syn Guard CP

+80°F to +120°F (+27°C to +49°C) 1000 Hours 68 Conoco Syncon R&O

+80°F to +120°F (+27°C to +49°C) 1000 Hours 68 Mobil SHC-626, 926 & 1026

Low and High Pressure Compressors


Section 10

Page 8

Section 11

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Air Swivel The joint between the fixed air pipe from the compres-sor and the rotating drill head.

Annulus The clearance in the drill hole between the drill pipe and the walls of the hole.

APIAmerican Petroleum Institute.

Auxiliary Pump Drive The gearbox second in line from the engine. It transfers drive to pumps for feed and rotation, cooling fan, and machine accessories such as water injection.

Balling AirIs compressed air, which has passed down inside the drill string to lift drill cuttings to the surface.

BitThe part of a drill which cuts the rock or soil.

• Carbide A bit having inserts of tungsten carbide.

• Coring A bit that grinds the outside ring of the hole, leaving an inner core intact for sampling.

• Roller A drill bit consisting of a pin shank, pin shoulder, bit leg including shirttail, three separate cones with cutter teeth, nozzles, and a stamped description.The three cones with rotating cutters roll as the bit is rotated.

Bit Break-Out See Bit Wrench.

Bit Wrench A plate used to hold a drill bit while it is being joined to or removed from other drill string components.

Blast Hole A vertical drill hole 4 or more inches in diameter, used for a charge of explosives.

Box The female end of a drill pipe.

Box Thread The female side of API, IF, Beco or RH thread.

Carbide Bit A steel bit which contains inserts of tungsten carbide.

Carousel The rotating components of a loader.

Centralizer A device to assist in alignment of drill steel in the mast. Primarily used for angle drilling applications or single pass machines.

ChokeAn adjustable restrictor for a DTH that sets the division of air flows between the hammer mechanism and the bailing air.

CollaringStarting a drill hole. When the hole is deep and solid enough to hold the bit from moving about, it is said to be collared.

Deck Bushing See Table Bushing.

Deck Wrench See Holding Wrench.

Diamond Drill A light rotary drill, most often used for exploratory work.

Drill Bit One of a number of different types of detachable cut-ting tools used to cut a circular hole in rock, wood, metal, etc.

Drill Blast Hole A machine capable of drilling holes 4 inches or more in diameter to a depth of 100 or more feet.Percussion A pneumatic or hydraulic powered device used to break rock.

Drill Collar Thick walled drill pipe used immediately above a rotary bit to provide extra weight on top of the drill bit


Section 11

Drill Pipe The sections of a rotary drilling string used to advance the drill bit or DTH into the ground.

Drill Steel Hollow steel connecting a percussion drill with the bit. May be referred to as drill rods

Drill String All rotating components connected together between the rotary head and drill bit.

Drilling Rock drilling is used in many applications and is carried out in many different ways. Within such a wide sphere of activity, an extensive range of equipment has been developed and many special expressions and terms have come into use.

Bench DrillingIs drilling of blast holes for bench blasting, which is the simplest form of blasting. Characteristic for a bench is that it has a free surface at the front towards which the rock is blasted. Bench drilling can be carried out both over and under ground and drilling can be directed upwards, downwards or horizontally.

Down-The-Hole-Hammer (DTH)Pneumatic powered rock drill. A chuck driver, drill bit, retaining rings and a foot valve for this type of rock tool make a very efficient drilling method.

Feed Cylinders Hydraulic cylinder(s) used to feed and retract the drill string by means of a chain and sprocket or cable and sheave arrangement.

Flushing Medium Water, mud, air or foam used to flush drilled-out mate-rial out of the hole.

Holding Wrench A wrench tool fixed to the drill platform and used to hold drill pipe and subs to prevent them from turning when making and breaking joints.

Jacks A three-piece assembly used to support a blast hole drill. A typical blast hole machine has three leveling jacks. Optional fourth jack available for unstable ground conditions. Four leveling jacks are standard on Water well and D90KS machines.

‘J’ Wrench A stilson type wrench used to loosen tight drill pipe joints. This tool is manually placed.

Kelly A stationary rotary table turns a square and/or round pipe with flutes and kelley drive pins. The kelley is free to move up and down through the rotary table.

Lift Plug Lifting plugs are used to handle heavy equipment such as hammers, stabilizers, and subs. Lifting plugs are manufactured with box or pin type connections.

LoaderA rotating rack designed to hold drill pipes, positioned inside or outside the mast.

Main Pump Drive The pump drive gearbox first in line from the engine. It normally drives the propel pumps plus sometimes the feed and rotation pumps.

Mud Additives to water for making a drilling fluid to improve performance in hole cutting, hole cleaning, hole stabil-ity and productivity. Trade names: Bentonite, Slurry, and Grout.

Multi Pass Drilling Drilling to such depth as requires the use of more than one drill pipe.

Pin The male end of a drill pipe.

Pin Thread The male side of API, IF, Beco and RH tapered thread.

Pipe Support Mechanisms to support drill pipe in the mast during pipe changing operations when angle drilling.

Power Tong The hydraulic tool fixed at the bottom of a drill mast, used to clamp and turn tight drill string components.

Power Wrench See Power Tong.

Propel Gearbox See Main Pump Drive

Page 2

Section 11

Propelling The act of driving a crawler mounted drill in either direction. Also may be referred to as tramming.

Pulldown The force used to press the drill string and bit against the bottom of the hole. It is controlled by the hydraulic pressure in the feed cylinders (up to the relief valve set-ting), and is related to the overall weight of the drill rig. The pressure at the bit will be the sum of the pulldown force plus the force exerted by the weight of the drill string. The term is also used to specify the pulldown force, which is available from a particular drill. A D90KS can produce 90,000-lbs. pulldown.

Pulldown Cylinders See Feed Cylinders.

Receiver The air tank or reservoir in a compressor system.

Rotary Head The hydraulically driven gearbox that turns the drill string.

Rotary Table The part of a rotary drill which turns a square or round kelly bar.

Round Trip The process of pulling the drill string from a borehole, performing an operation on the string (such as chang-ing bit, emptying core barrel, etc.) and then returning the drill string into the borehole.

Single Pass Drilling Drilling which is completed using only one drill pipe.

Stabilizers A device to assist centering the bit in the hole, prevent-ing hole deviation and providing equal weight distribu-tion to each rotary cone. It is normally placed immediately behind the bit. Several stabilizers may be used in a long drill string.

Stacker ValvesThis is a slang term for hydraulic spool valves. One inlet section, three sections up to eight sections and an outlet section may be used. The inlet section will have a relief valve for circuit protection.

StrokeTotal rotary head travel.

Sub• Bit Subs Used to connect bits, which have an API thread, to the drill pipes, which may have API, IF, RH, Beco threads.

• Bypass Top Sub Is an option sub and will bypass compressed air from a DTH. Used when bad ground conditions warrant extra flushing.

• Saver Subs Connectors between drill pipes, drill bits and the rotary head that save the thread of these components from the effects of constant use.

• Shock Subs Tools that absorb shock and vibration with a resilient rubber element, preventing metal to metal contact in the drill string.

• Top Sub A saver sub used on the rotary head.

Swivel Head Allows compressed air to be delivered to a drill bit on a diamond drill, reverse circulation, and kelly drive sys-tem.

Table BushingA replaceable bushing located in the mast table. A fixed bushing for vertical drilling and a bearing type for angle drilling. This bushing centralizes the drill pipes as they passing through it.

Thread Protectors Threaded covers which prevent damage and contami-nation of the threads on drill string components.

Tooling Tools used to make and break drill string joints, e.g. auto tong, holding wrench.

Top Hammer A rock drill which works on a feed slide. As the top hammer cannot enter into the hole, the distance between it and the drill bit increase, as the hole becomes deeper.

Torque A hydraulic motor and planetary reduction gears mounted on a rotary head develop rotary torque. The torque is specified in inch-pounds.

Travelling Carrier Is a support for the feed and hoist chains. Sprockets slide up and down by the feed (pulldown) cylinder(s) motion.


Section 11

UHV Up-Hole Velocity The upward speed of the bailing air in the annulus of the drill hole.Refer to air water velocity charts.

Water Injection Addition of a small quantity of water to the bailing air in order to suppress dust.

Work Deck A deck at the base of the mast which gives access to components in the drilling area.

Page 4

Drilling

Documents

percussive drilling

drilling components3

blasthole drilling page

blast hole drilling

main components of drilling

blasthole drilling techniques

drill pipe

drill accessories8