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Drept civil. Contracte speciale - CURS UNIVERSITAR
Camelia Toader Drept civil. Contracte speciale - CURS
UNIVERSITAR, ediia 3, ed. C.. !ec", an #$$%
Titlul I
Contractul de vnzare-cumprare
Capitol&l I - Introd&cere. Re'lementare le'al(.
Noi&ne. Caractere )&ridice
Capitol&l II - Condiiile de validitate a
contract&l&i de v*n+are-c&mp(rare
Capitol&l III - Eectele contract&l&i de
v*n+are-c&mp(rare
Capitolul I
Introducere. Reglementare legal. Noiune. Caractere juridice
Seciunea 1
Noiuni generale despre contractul de vnzare-cumprare
. Introd&cere. Re'lementare. Dei n& este cel mai vec/i
contract, v*n+area-c&mp(rarea 0emptio-venditio1 este,
(r(2ndoial(, cel mai r(sp*ndit ast(+i, permi*nd des(&rarea
vieii cotidiene a iec(rei persoane. S-a remarcat c/iar
oe4pansi&ne a v*n+(rilor5 odat( c& creterea
nivel&l&i de trai, a mo6ilit(ii persoanelor, a
rec&l&l&i a&tar/iei (r(neti, alipsei de
spai&.
V*n+area-c&mp(rarea este ar/etip&l contractelor7 pornind
de la el, a&torii Cod&l&i civil i-a& orm&lat
raionamentelepentr& ela6orarea drept&l&i com&n al
o6li'aiilor. 8oate de aceea, el este i contract&l cel mai
detaliat re'lementat,
Cod&l civil,care constit&ie drept&l com&n 2n
materie, consacr*nd&-i &n 2ntre' titl& 2n Cartea a
III-a 0Despre dieritelemod&ri prin care se do6*ndete
proprietatea51, prin art. #9:-:$:. De aceea, i ponderea
st&dierii acest&i contract 2npre+enta l&crare va i
2nsemnat(.
;n aaraCod&l&i civil,o serie de acte normative speciale
re'lementea+( an&mite cate'orii de v*n+(ri, la care ne vomreeri
pe parc&rs&l e4p&nerilor, dat( iind aplicarea lor
recvent( 2n <imii ani. Este vor6a, de e4empl&, de
v*n+area deloc&ine constr&ite din ond&rile
stat&l&i, re'lementat( prinDecret&l-le'e nr. e'ea nr.
%?=99#,re'im&lv*n+(rii imo6ilelor prev(+&te 2n >e'ea nr.
#=99?7 v*n+area teren&rilor, re'lementat( prin Titl&l @ al
>e'ii nr.#:=#$$?#7 v*n+area a&tot&rismelor olosite,
c& reeriri 2n .B. nr.
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F. Car6onnier, Gle4i6le droit. Sociolo'ie de la vente, 8aris,
99#, p. 3$.#Anterior intr(rii 2n vi'oare a>e'ii nr. #:=#$$? 0H.
. nr.
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antecontract c& privire la teren : . 8otrivit &nei
interpret(ri ce s-a (c&t anterior, 2n lipsa &n&i te4t,
termen&l de2nstr(inare5 olosit de le'i&itor ar tre6&i
interpretat restrictiv, 2n sens&l c( se imp&ne orma
a&tentic( doar dac( setransmite proprietatea as&pra
&n&i teren, iar n& i 2n ca+&l constit&irii
sa& transmiterii de+mem6r(mintelor drept&l&i
deproprietate?. ;n pre+ent 2ns(, no&a le'e prevede 2n mod
ormal, 2n art. # alin. 0#1, aceeai cerin( a ormei a&tentice i2n
ca+&l constit&irii &n&i alt drept real as&pra
&n&i teren prin acte )&ridice 2ntre vii a acestea se
ada&'(, 2n ca+&l imo6ilelor, cerina 2ndeplinirii ormelor de
p&6licitateimo6iliar(, pentr& opo+a6ilitatea a( de teri a
2nstr(in(rii=do6*ndirii.
a1 Dac( 6&n&l este determinat individ&al 0res
certa1, transer&l propriet(ii i al risc&rilor pieirii
l&i operea+( de 2ndat(.Acest l&cr& n& se poate
2nt*mpla 2n ca+&l 6&n&rilor determinate 'eneric, c*nd
transer&l propriet(ii operea+( n&maid&p(
individ&ali+are, prin c*nt(rire, m(s&rare, n&m(rare,
operai&ni care se ac, de re'&l(, 2n moment&l pred(rii.
Deaceea, p*n( la acest moment n& are loc nici transer&l
risc&rilor pieirii ort&ite, c(ci 'enera non pere&nt,
iar 2n ca+ de
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pierire p*n( la individ&ali+are, v*n+(tor&l va i
in&t s( predea c&mp(r(tor&l&i 6&n&ri de
aceeai cantitate i calitate c&cele pierite3.
Asem(n(tor 6&n&rilor de 'en se anali+ea+( v*n+area
alternativ(, permis( deart. #9< alin. 0#1 C.civ.Ea const(
2naceea c( are ca o6iect do&( sa& mai m<e
l&cr&ri dintre care, la ale'erea cel&i 2ndrept(it, se
va vinde doar &n&l, do&(sa& mai m<e 0de
pild(, v*nd trei pipe din colecia de +ece pe care o am1. De
re'&l(, 2n practic(, ale'erea o acec&mp(r(tor&l, dar
c&m pe 6&n( dreptate s-a o6servat :, este nevoie de o
stip&laie e4pres( 2n acest sens, 2ntr&c*t, 2nca+ contrar,
2n temei&l art. $# C.civ., ale'erea va reveni
v*n+(tor&l&i, ca de6itor al o6li'aiei. 8*n( la ale'ere
n&operea+( transer&l drept&l&i de proprietate i
nici al risc&l&i, astel c(, dac( piere &n&l din
6&n&rile alternativ prev(+&tein o6li'atione,
de6itor&l 0v*n+(tor&l1 2l datorea+( pe cel(lalt.
61 a do&a condiie este ca 6&n&l s( e4iste. ;n
ca+&l v*n+(rii de 6&n&ri viitoare, permis( de art.
9
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Dac( 2ns( transmisi&nea drept&l&i real operea+( prin
voina indivi+ilor i mai ales prin contract, s-a p&s
2ntre6areadac( n& e4ist( incompati6ilitate 2ntre art. 93 C.civ.
0Conveniile n-a& eect dec*t 2ntre p(rile contractante51,
careconsacr( eect&l relativ al contract&l&i i
caracter&l a6sol&t al drept&l&i real transmis prin
contract.
S-a& de+voltat mai m<e sisteme pentr& a re+olva
aceast( pro6lem(. Astel, potrivit drept&l&i roman, se
distin' do&(a+e prima a+( are doar eect&l de a crea 2ntre
p(ri o6li'aii, 2n special o6li'aia pentr& 2nstr(in(tor de a
constit&i sa&a transera &n drept real7 cea de-a
do&a a+( este cea 2n care are loc transmiterea propri&-+is(
prin tradii&nea l&cr&l&isa& printr-o alt(
ormalitate. Acest sistem a ost prel&at de mai m<e
le'islaii moderne 0drept&l 'erman, drept&lelveian,
drept&l olande+, drept&l 'recesc1 #3 contract&l n&
d( natere dec*t o6li'aiei de a constit&i sa& de a
transmite&n drept real7 pentr& eectiva transmitere este
nevoie de &n act special, care )oac( 2n acelai timp rol de
p&6licitate. ;n
aceste sisteme, scop&l p&6licit(ii imo6iliare n&
este doar acela de a-i inorma pe teri, ci de a transmite
drept&l real2ns&i 0sisteme reale de p&6licitate este
proprietar cel care este 2nscris 2n cartea &nciar(7 ai carte,
ai parte51.
8otrivit sistem&l&i de inspiraie rance+( 0prel&at i
2n drept&l 6el'ian, rom*n, spaniol, polone+ etc.1,
contract&l areeect translativ de proprietate de la moment&l
consim(m*nt&l&i p(rilor 0solo consens&1. ;ntr-&n
asemenea sistemconsens&al, este indispensa6il( e4istena
&n&i sistem de p&6licitate, pentr& ca terii
neparticipani la 2nc/eiereacontract&l&i s(-i c&noasc(
e4istena, iar eectele )&ridice pe care le'ea le rec&noate
contract&l&i s( ie opo+a6ileterilor. Dei Cod&l civil
instit&ie principi&l consens&alism&l&i, 2n ca+
de v*n+are imo6iliar( p(rile vor 2ntocmi &n actscris. Aa
c&m oarte s&'estiv se reine 2ntr-o l&crare de reerin(
pentr& drept&l civil #:, dei v*n+area este reali+at(2ntre
p(ri prin acord&l de voine i independent de redactarea
&n&i 2nscris, a( de teri 2ns(, drept&l de
proprietatedo6*ndit de c&mp(r(tor n& este opo+a6il dec*t
c& condiia de a i transcris Lart. #9? alin. 0#1M7 aceast(
dispo+iie a le'iiace ca v*n+(rile de imo6ile s( ie 2ntotdea&na
constatate prin acte scrise 0ie a&tentice, ie private15.
;ntr-adev(r,potrivitart. #9? alin. 0#1 C.civ.,2n materia v*n+(rii
imo6ilelor, drept&rile care re+<( din contract&l
perect dintre p(ri,
n& pot i op&se &nei tere persoane care ar avea i ar
i conservat drept&ri as&pra imo6il&l&i v*nd&t,
mai 2nainte detranscrierea act&l&i. Detaliile acest&i
mod de a ace opo+a6ile 2nstr(in(rile a& ost re'lementate 2n
Cod&l de proced&r(civil(,d&p( model&l >e'ii
6el'iene de la %? privind revi+&irea re'im&l&i
ipotecar#?. ;n sistem&l c(rilor &nciare, careera
re'lementat prin >e'ea nr. ? din # aprilie 93% pentr&
&niicarea dispo+iiilor privitoare la c(rile
&nciare,aplica6il 2n Transilvania, !anat i nord&l Holdovei
0sistem&l p&6licit(ii reale1, de inspiraie 'ermanic(,
2nscrierea 2ncartea &nciar( avea eect constit&tiv de
drept&ri reale.
;n pre+ent, prin >e'ea nr. =99< a cadastr&l&i
&nciar i a p&6licit(ii imo6iliare s-a instit&it 2n
toat( ara sistem&l de2nscriere 2n cartea &nciar( a
2nstr(in(rilor de 6&n&ri imo6ile, c& eect de
opo+a6ilitate a( de teri. Aadar, 2ntre p(ri,contract&l 2i
prod&ce eecte (r( a i 2nscris, potrivit principi&l&i
relativit(ii. Dar a( de teri, convenia devine opo+a6il(n&mai de
la data 2nre'istr(rii cererii de 2nscriere la 6iro&l de carte
&nciar( din cadr&l oici&l&i teritorial de
cadastr& ip&6licitate imo6iliar( Lart. #? alin. 01 din
>e'ea nr. =99e'ea prevede c( lipsa 2nscrierii 2n cartea
&nciar( n&poate i invocat( de partea contractant( care a
2nstr(inat 0v*n+(tor&l1 i de s&ccesorii ei &niversali
sa& c& titl&&niversal. De asemenea, 2n orma
iniial(, le'ea prevedea c( n& a& calitatea de teri, deci
n& pot invoca lipsa 2nscrieriido6*nditor&l <erior
care a c&nosc&t pe alt( cale despre e4istena 2nstr(in(rii,
c/iar ne2nscrise #% , prec&m ido6*nditor&l c& titl&
'rat&it, c/iar de 6&n(-credin(, 2n acest <im ca+,
c& e4plicaia c( 2n conlict&l dintre &n do6*nditor
c& titl& 'rat&it, care certat de l&cro captando,
2ncearc( s( p(stre+e &n olos 'rat&it i cel c& titl&
oneros, care ca&t( s(evite o pa'&6(, tre6&ie s( ai6(
prioritate <im&l#9.
;n no&a orm&lare a art. 3 alin. 01, 2n aara 2n'r(dirilor
i e4cepiilor le'ale, se consider( e4act n&mai 2n olos&l
aceleipersoane care, 2n virt&tea &n&i act )&ridic
c& titl& le'al 0O1, a do6*ndit c& 6&n(-credin(
&n drept real 2nscris 2n cartea&nciar(. Iar alin. 0#1
prevede c( do6*nditor&l este considerat de 6&n(-credin(
dac( la data 2nre'istr(rii cererii de
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2nscriere a drept&l&i 2n olos&l s(&, n& a
ost notat( nici o aci&ne prin care se contest(
c&prins&l c(rii &nciare sa&dac( din titl&l
transmi(tor&l&i i din c&prins&l c(rii &nciare
n& reiese vreo neconcordan( 2ntre aceasta i
sit&aia)&ridic( real(.
;n ca+&l 2n care contract&l de v*n+are-c&mp(rare a
ost 2ntocmit i a&tentiicat 2n aa &n&i notar p&6lic,
6iro&l notarialva cere, din oici&, 2nscrierea 2n cartea
&nciar( pe n&mele c&mp(r(tor&l&i a
drept&l&i imo6iliar do6*ndit, potrivitdispo+iiilor>e'ii
nr. 3
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:D. C/iric(, op. cit., p. :.?Qi 2n )&rispr&dena rance+(
mai recent( sa decis c( re'&la 2nscris( 2n art. ?%3
C.civ.rance+ 0corespondent&l art.
#9? C.civ.rom*n1 instit&ie o norm( dispo+itiv(. ;n acest
sens, a se vedea Cass. r., secia a 3a civil(, deci+ia din e'ii nr.
99=999 art. # din Titl&l VI al>e'ii nr. 99=999 privind
&nele m(s&ri pentr& accelerarea reormei
economice,prec&m i acces&l li6er la inormaiile 2nscrise
c& privire la avi+ele de 'aranie.
3 V*n+area ond&l&i de comer este privit( ca o v*n+are
mo6iliar(, s&p&s( 2ns( 2nre'istr(rii 2n re'istr&l
comer&l&i,potrivit art. # lit. a1 din >e'ea nr. #
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anterior 2nc/eierii contract&l&i, respectiv
contract&ale, dac( vi+ea+( &tili+area, &ncionarea,
monta)&l 6&n&l&ic&mp(rat1. Dei ri'&ros
e4act( din p&nct de vedere teoretic, aceast( distincie tinde s(
dispar(, 2n sens&l c( ar i vor6a2n am6ele ca+&ri de o
o6li'aie de inormare &nic(, de nat&r(
contract&al($.
>e'islaia special( privind protecia cons&matorilor conine
dispo+iii am(n&nite privind c&prins&l o6li'aiei
deinormare, care inc&m6( at*t prod&c(tor&l&i 0care
tre6&ie s( inorme+e despre den&mire, cantitate, termen de
'aranie,principalele caracteristici te/nice i calitative,
event&alitatea &nor risc&ri previ+i6ile, mod&l de
olosire, manip&lare,depo+itare, despre contraindicaii, valoarea
n&tritiv( a prod&selor alimentare pream6alate, ara
prod&c(toare 2n ca+&lm(r&rilor din import1, c*t i
v*n+(tor&l&i, care tre6&ie s( &rni+e+e
c&mp(r(tor&l&i inormaii despre pre i
desprecaracteristicile 6&n&l&i, astel c&m s&nt
2nscrise 2n doc&mentele te/nice care 2nsoesc prod&s&l,
prec&m i indicaiile
necesare olosirii &tile i (r( risc&ri a
6&n&l&i c&mp(rat
. Desi'&r c( 2n ma'a+inele c& a&toservire, 2n care
prindeiniie c&mp(r(tor&l 2i ale'e sin'&r
6&n&rile, e sarcina l&i s( solicite inormaii
s&plimentare, dac( cele aiate peam6ala) n& i se par
satis(c(toare.
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;n privina ormei, promisi&nea &nilateral( de v*n+are
este o convenie consens&al(, p&t*nd i dovedit( c& orice
mi)locde pro6(, 2n condiiile art. 9 i &rm. C.civ.
Henion(m, de asemenea, c(>e'ea nr. =99< permite, 2n art.
:, notarea 2n cartea &nciar( a inteniei de a 2nstr(ina&n
imo6il, 2nscriere ce se poate ace la cererea
promitent&l&i-v*n+(tor, ca proprietar.
%. 8romisi&nea 6ilateral( de v*n+are-c&mp(rare n&
este nici ea re'lementat( 2n Cod&l nostr& civil # 7
&tilitateaacesteia este 2ns( necontestat(, dovad( iind 6o'ata
practic( )&diciar( e4istent( 2n materie. 8romisi&nea
sinala'matic(este &n antecontract ##prin care am6ele p(ri,
n&mite promitent-v*n+(tor i promitent-c&mp(r(tor, se o6li'(
0o6li'aii dea ace1 ca 2n viitor s( 2nc/eie contract&l de
v*n+are-c&mp(rare 2n condiiile sta6ilite i c& 2ndeplinirea
ormalit(ilor
prev(+&te de le'e. De pild(, p(rile convin ca 2n viitor, de
re'&l( 2ntr-&n an&mit termen, s( se pre+inte la &n
6iro¬arial pentr& 2nstr(inarea=do6*ndirea
drept&l&i de proprietate as&pra &n&i teren.
recvent( aplicare practic( ac&nosc&t instit&ia
antecontract&l&i d&p( restr*n'erea treptat(, 2ncep*nd
c& anii Z?$, a circ&laiei )&ridice a imo6ilelor#3.
8rin antecontract&l astel convenit n& se transmite
drept&l de proprietate. De aceea, 2n ca+&l 2nc(lc(rii
o6li'aiei de aace as&mate, oricare dintre p(ri poate cere
instanei ca 2n 6a+a art. $3 i art. $ C.civ. 0conorm
principi&l&ie4ec&t(rii 2n nat&r( a o6li'aiilor i a
repar(rii 2n nat&r( a pre)&dici&l&i1 s( pron&ne
o /ot(r*re care s( in( loc decontract de v*n+are-c&mp(rare i
care va avea caracter constit&tiv de drept&ri, oper*nd
transer&l propriet(ii de ladata c*nd r(m*ne deinitiv( #: .
Recent, prin art. ? alin. 0#1 din Titl&l @ al >e'ii nr.
#:=#$$?, s-a prev(+&t, in terminis,posi6ilitatea instanelor de
a pron&na /ot(r*ri )&dec(toreti care s( in( loc de contract
de v*n+are-c&mp(rare #?av*ndca o6iect derivat &n teren, 2n
ipote+a 2n care &na din p(rile antecontract&l&i n&
2i e4ec&t( o6li'aia de a ace.
8entr& admisi6ilitatea &nei atare aci&ni tre6&ie
2ns( s( ie 2ndeplinite an&mite condiii, i an&me s( e4iste
&nantecontract vala6il 2nc/eiat #
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arv&n(, s&ma primit( 2n vederea v*n+(rii tre6&ie
considerat( acont, adic( parte din pre, care, 2n ca+ de nereali+are
av*n+(rii, &rmea+( s( ie restit&it 3.
Tot astel, cla&+a de arv&n( poate s( &ncione+e i ca
o adev(rat( cla&+( penal(, prin care p(rile i4ea+(
anticipatc&ant&m&l da&nelor-interese ce s&nt
datorate 2n ca+&l nee4ec&t(rii o6li'aiilor as&mate prin
convenia principal( pecare o 2nsoete. Nimic n& se op&ne
2ns( ca p(rile contractante s( prevad( restit&irea 2ntreit(5 a
arv&nei, prevederileart. #9% C.civ.av*nd &n caracter
s&pletiv, iar n& imperativ3%.
Dac( 2n contract s-a prev(+&t o cla&+( de de+icere 2n
avoarea &neia sa& a am6elor p(ri, instana n& mai
poatepron&na o /ot(r*re care s( in( loc de contract 39.
9. Drept comparat. Cele mai vec/i i s&6tile anali+e privind
antecontractele s-a& semnalat 2n doctrina 'erman( i 2ncea
italian( din secol&l al @I@-lea :$ antecontract&l este o
convenie prin care p(rile se an'a)ea+( s( 2nc/eie 2n viitor&n
contract7 d*nd natere &nei o6li'aii de a contracta, este el
2ns&i &n contract, care se deose6ete de simpla oert(sa&
de simplele disc&ii, c/iar dac( acestea 2m6rac( orma scris( :.
Ulterior, aceste preoc&p(ri a& av&t &n
semniicativeco& i 2n Grana:#.
;n privina stadi&l&i le'islaiei, s&nt de semnalat
c*teva dispo+iii. Astel, 2n Italia, potrivit art. 3?
C.civ.,antecontract&l, den&mit contratto preliminare, este
n&l dac( n& 2m6rac( aceeai orm( pe care le'ea o prevede
pentr&validitatea contract&l&i deinitiv.
;n Bermania se admite c( &n antecontract 0Vorvertra'1 care
precede 2nstr(inarea &n&i imo6il tre6&ie 2nc/eiat 2n
orm(
a&tentic( L[ 36 alin. 01M7 c& toate acestea, dac(
acord&l &rmat de 2nscrierea 2n cartea &nciar( a&
av&t loc, conin&t&lcontract&l&i este vala6il.
Henion(m c( prel&*nd teoria c&lpa in contra/endo :3 ,
sol&iile )&rispr&denei i cele c*tevadispo+iii disparate
de p*n( at&nci, >e'ea de moderni+are a drept&l&i
o6li'aiilor 0intrat( 2n vi'oare la ian&arie #$$#1a
introd&s, c& valoare de 'eneralitate, 2n [3 alin. 0#1 i 031
!B!, r(sp&nderea pentr& 2nceperea tratativelor sa& a
&norcontracte preliminare asem(n(toare7 e4istena &nor
asemenea raport&ri o6li'aionale precontract&ale poate
cond&ce laacordarea da&nelor-interese 2n avoarea p(rii
inocente, 2n ca+&l ne2nc/eierii contract&l&i :: .
D&p( model&l 'erman aost ela6orat iCod&l civil al
Beor'iei din an&l 99, care 2n aceast( materie a prel&at, 2n
art. 3 alin. 031, dispo+iiacoresp&n+(toare din !B!:?. ;n
8olonia, antecontract&l este 2ncadrat 2n cate'oria contractelor
n&mite, pentr& validitateal&i iind necesar(, s&6
sanci&nea n&lit(ii, preci+area termen&l&i :
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loc&ina pe care o oc&p( se p&ne 2n v*n+are 0art. %
din .U.B. nr. :$=999 privind protecia c/iriailor i
sta6ilireac/iriei pentr& spaiile c& destinaia de
loc&ine1. Instit&ia n& este no&( 2n drept&l
rom*nesc ?3i e4ist( i 2n alte le'islaii?:.
Hecanism&l se deose6ete de o v*n+are orat( proprietar&l
n& este in&t s( v*nd(7 2n ca+&l 2n care 2ns( se
/ot(r(tes( v*nd(, el este o6li'at de le'e s( acorde prioritate
&nei an&mite persoane 0determinate sa&
determina6ile1.
;n le'islaia noastr( act&al(, mai m<e acte normative
se reer( la drept&l de preempi&ne. Vom 2nt*lni
astelre'lement(ri din domeni&l e4proprierii pentr&
ca&+( de &tilitate p&6lic(, al 2nstr(in(rii
loc&inelor, al prote)(riimon&mentelor istorice etc.
;ntr&c*t p*n( recent o aplicaie recvent( a drept&l&i de
preempi&ne se 2nt*lnea 2n
domeni&l teren&rilor a'ricole, 2n raport c&
principi&l temp&s re'it act&m, vom menine reeririle la
dispo+iiile>e'ii nr.?:=99% ce re'lementa& &n asemenea
drept. Astel c&m s-a mai amintit, prin eect&l a6ro'(rii
acest&i act normativ 0deTitl&l @ al>e'ii nr. #:=#$$?1 de
la intrarea 2n vi'oare a >e'ii privind reorma 2n domeniile
propriet(ii i )&stiiei,v*n+area teren&rilor a'ricole se va
p&tea ace li6er, (r( a i necesar( veriicarea inteniei altor
persoane de a c&mp(rac& prioritate. Nimic n& se
op&ne 2ns( ca pe cale convenional(, coproprietarii, vecinii
sa& alte persoane interesate s(do6*ndeasc(, 2n raport c&
proprietar&l teren&l&i, &n drept prioritar de
c&mp(rare.
;ntr&c*t p*n( la #? i&lie #$$? drept&l de
preempi&ne, 2n re'lementarea>e'ii nr. ?:=99%,(cea parte din
ordinea dedrept, 2n ca+&l &nor liti'ii vi+*nd contracte de
v*n+are-c&mp(rare 2nc/eiate anterior acestei date, vor
tre6&i c&nosc&tei aplicate vec/ile re'lement(ri, pe
care le pre+ent(m 2n cele ce &rmea+(.
.. >e'ea nr. ?:=99% privind circ&laia )&ridic( a
teren&rilor prevedea, 2n art. ? i &rm., c( 2n ca+&l 2n
care
proprietar&l &n&i teren a'ricol sit&at 2n
e4travilan intenionea+( s(-l v*nd(, a& &n drept prioritar
la c&mp(rarecoproprietarii, vecinii i arenda&l.
... Nat&r( )&ridic(. Giind prev(+&t 2n le'e,
drept&l de preempi&ne, spre deose6ire de pact&l de
preerin(, arenat&r( le'al(, iind instit&it printr-o norm(
imperativ(. ;n m(s&ra 2n care s-a /ot(r*t s( v*nd( teren&l
a'ricol sit&at 2ne4travilan, proprietar&l acest&ia este
o6li'at s( respecte drept&l prioritar de c&mp(rare
rec&nosc&t de le'e persoanelormenionate. Giind
concep&t( ca o restr*n'ere a drept&l&i
proprietar&l&i de a disp&ne li6er de 6&n&l
s(&, re'lementareadrept&l&i de preempi&ne
tre6&ie interpretat( restrictiv. Hai preci+(m c( drept&l de
preempi&ne, asem(n(tor drept&rilorreale, este opo+a6il er'a
omnes7 sanci&nea instit&it( de le'e 2n ca+&l
nerespect(rii sale va interveni indierent de 6&nasa&
rea&a-credin( a do6*nditor&l&i??.
..#. Domeni&l i condiiile de aplicare. 8otrivit le'ii,
drept&l de preempi&ne are ca o6iect n&mai
teren&rile a'ricolesit&ate 2n e4travilan.
;ntr&c*t, d&p( mod&l de re'lementare, re+<( c(
se e4ercit( la pre e'al, 2nseamn( c( drept&l de preempi&ne
sepoate e4ercita doar dac( 2nstr(inarea teren&l&i are loc
prin v*n+are, n& i 2n alt mod, indierent dac( ar i vor6a
decontracte c& titl& oneros 0renta via'er(, 2ntreinere,
sc/im61 ori c& titl& 'rat&it. C&m pe 6&n(
dreptate s-a o6servat 2nliterat&ra )&ridic(, de vreme ce
n& e4ist( pre, drept&l de preempi&ne n& poate i
rec&nosc&t, e4 le'e, nici 2n ca+&lad&cerii
teren&l&i ca aport 2ntr-o societate civil( sa&
comercial(?e'ii nr. ?:=99%,proprietar&l teren&l&i ce
&rmea+( a iv*nd&t va 2nre'istra oerta de v*n+are ?9la
consili&l local al localit(ii de la loc&l sit&(rii
teren&l&i. Secretar&l consili&l&ilocal are
o6li'aia ca 2n aceeai +i s( o aie+e la sedi&l prim(riei.
As&pra acestei oerte tit&larii drept&l&i
depreempi&ne tre6&ie s( se pron&ne 2n termen de :? de
+ile de la aiare, ar(t*nd i pre&l oerit. Ca nat&r(
)&ridic(,aceasta este o verita6il( oert( de c&mp(rare, ce
&rmea+( re'&lile drept&l&i com&n. >e'ea
prevede c(, dac( 2n acestinterval 2i e4ercit( mai m&li
tit&lari drept&l, proprietar&l are drept&l de a
ale'e pe &n&l dintre oertani
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contract&l&i c& &n ter la &n pre mai mic ori
c/iar e'al c& cel prop&s de tit&lar&l
drept&l&i de preempi&ne este an&la6il(Lart. : alin.
01 din >e'ea nr. ?:=99%M.
;n ipote+a 2n care 2n termen&l 0de dec(dere1 de :? de +ile
nici &n&l dintre tit&larii drept&l&i de
preempi&ne n& i-amaniestat voina de a c&mp(ra
teren&l, proprietar&l este li6er s( 2nc/eie contract&l
c& oricine i la orice pre. 8entr& aace dovada respect(rii
drept&l&i de preempi&ne, le'ea prevede pentr&
proprietar o6li'aia de a pre+enta, c& oca+iaa&tentiic(rii
contract&l&i, &n 2nscris eli6erat de secretar&l
prim(riei, ce atest( aiarea oertei de v*n+are.
Dac( oerta de v*n+are este acceptat( de &n&l dintre
tit&larii drept&l&i de preempi&ne la &n pre
convena6il pentr&proprietar, aceast( 2nele'ere are doar
semniicaia &n&i antecontract de v*n+are-c&mp(rare, iar
n& a &n&i contract
vala6il translativ de proprietate, 2ntr&c*t iind &n
contract solemn, v*n+area-c&mp(rarea teren&rilor n&
este vala6il2nc/eiat( dec*t din moment&l a&tentiic(rii
Lart. # alin. 01 din >e'ea nr. ?:=99%M.
..?. Sanci&ni. 8otrivit art. : din le'e, 2nstr(inarea
teren&l&i c& 2nc(lcarea drept&l&i de
preempi&ne sesancionea+( c& n&litatea relativ( a
contract&l&i astel 2nc/eiat. Ga( de caracter&l opo+a6il
er'a omnes al drept&l&i depreempi&ne, spre deose6ire de
re'im&l de drept com&n al aci&nii 2n an&la6ilitate,
se admite c( ea poate i intentat( detit&lar&l
drept&l&i de preempi&ne, dei acesta n& a ost parte
2n contract
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c/iria, permi*nd acest&ia s( se s&6ro'e 2n
drept&rile c&mp(r(tor&l&i. 8entr& a da eicien(
dispo+iiei, le'ea prevedec( proprietar&l este o6li'at s(-i
notiice c/iria&l&i contract&l de v*n+are-c&mp(rare
2nc/eiat c& privire la loc&inaoc&pat( c& contract
de 2nc/iriere.
Aceeai proced&r( se aplic( i pentr& ipote+a 2n care
proprietar&l vinde loc&ina 2nainte de e4pirarea
termen&l&iprev(+&t 2n contract&l de 2nc/iriere.
.?. >e'ea nr. 3:e'ea nr. #:=#$$?,2n acest ca+ e4ist( &n
drept de preempi&ne reciproc pentr& dein(torii cl(dirii
iniialei cei ai cl(dirilor ad(&'ate.
..>e'ea nr. :##=#$$ privind prote)area mon&mentelor
istoriceinstit&ie i ea &n drept de preempi&ne.
Articol&l :alin. 0:1 din le'e prevede c( mon&mentele
istorice alate 2n proprietatea persoanelor i+ice sa&
)&ridice de drept privat
pot i v*nd&te n&mai 2n condiiile e4ercit(rii
drept&l&i de preempi&ne al stat&l&i rom*n, prin
Hinister&l C<&rii iC<elor, pentr&
mon&mentele istorice casate 2n 'r&pa A, sa& prin
serviciile p&6lice deconcentrate ale
Hinister&l&iC<&rii i C<elor, pentr&
mon&mentele istrice clasate 2n 'r&pa !, ori al
&nit(ilor administrativ-teritoriale, s&6sanci&nea
n&lit(ii a6sol&te a v*n+(rii. Alineatele &rm(toare ale
art. : re'lementea+( mod&l de e4ercitare a acest&idrept.
Astel, proprietarii care intenionea+( s( v*nd( &n imo6il
clasiicat ca iind mon&ment istoric a& o6li'aia de a2ntiina
2n scris direciile pentr& c<&r(, c<e i
patrimoni& c<&ral naional )&deene, respectiv a
m&nicipi&l&i!&c&reti, care le vor transmite
Hinister&l&i C<&rii i C<elor. De la data
2nre'istr(rii acestei 2ntiin(ri, c&r'e termen&lde #? de
+ile prev(+&t de art. : alin. 01 pentr& e4ercitarea
drept&l&i de preempi&ne pentr& stat. D&p(
e4pirareaacest&i termen, le'ea prevede 2nceperea &n&i
alt termen, de ? +ile, pentr& e4ercitarea drept&l&i de
c(tre a&torit(ilep&6lice locale, 2n ipote+a 2n care
stat&l n& i-a maniestat opi&nea de c&mp(rare.
.%. >e'ea nr. 39=#$$3 privind re'im&l mormintelor i
operelor comemorative de r(+6oi # prevede c( 6&n&rile
lacare se reer(, alate 2n proprietate privat(, pot ace o6iect&l
circ&it&l&i civil, c& meninerea destinaiei.
Articol&l 9 din
le'e re'lementea+(, la r*nd&l s(&, &n drept de
preempi&ne. Astel, potrivit art. 9 alin. 0#1, imo6ilele pe care
s&ntamplasate mormintele i operele comemorative de r(+6oi,
alate 2n proprietatea persoanelor i+ice sa& )&ridice de
dreptprivat, pot i v*nd&te n&mai 2n condiiile e4ercit(rii
drept&l&i de preempi&ne al stat&l&i sa& al
&nit(ilor administrativ-teritoriale, d&p( ca+, prin
ici&l Naional pentr& C<&l Eroilor, s&6
sanci&nea n&lit(ii a6sol&te a v*n+(rii. Gac
e4cepieimo6ilele c& destinaie de loc&in( pe care s&nt
amplasate pl(ci comemorative.
8roprietarii, persoane i+ice sa& )&ridice, care
intenionea+( s( v*nd( imo6ilele pe care s&nt amplasate morminte
oriopere comemorative de r(+6oi vor 2ntiina 2n scris consili&l
local al &nit(ii administrativ-teritoriale 2n a c(r&i ra+(
seal( imo6il&l 2n ca&+( Lart. 9 alin. 031M.
Consiliile locale ale &nit(ilor administrativ-teritoriale
vor transmite ici&l&i Naional pentr& C<&l
Eroilor 2ntiinareaprev(+&t( la alin. 031, 2n termen de +ile de
la primirea acesteia Lart. 9 alin. 0:1M.
8otrivit art. 9 alin. 0?1, termen&l de e4ercitare a
drept&l&i de preempi&ne al stat&l&i este de 3$
de +ile de la data2nre'istr(rii 2ntiin(rii prev(+&te la alin.
031 la ici&l Naional pentr& C<&l Eroilor, iar
conorm art. 9 alin. 0
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H. Costin, H. H&rean, V. Ursa, Dicionar de drept civil, Ed.
Qtiiniic( i Enciclopedic(, !&c&reti, 9%$, p. $#.#D.
Hacovei, H.S. Stri6lea, op. cit., p. #:.3 spe( devenit( cele6r( 2n
Grana 0n& doar prin d&rata proces&l&i, din an&l
9# p*n( 2n an&l 9%1 a dat oca+ia
instanelor s( s&6linie+e c( eroarea as&pra s&6stanei
l&cr&l&i v*nd&t vi+ea+( n& doar material&l
din care esteconecionat, ci i calit(ile care in de
a&tenticitate i de ori'inea 6&n&l&i. A ost admis(
astel, prin deci+ia din 3decem6rie 9# a Tri6&nal&l&i
8aris 0menin&t( 2n e4ercitarea c(ilor de atac1, aci&nea
v*n+(torilor, care a& 2ncasat &npre de #.#$$ ranci rance+i
de la c&mp(r(tor 02n loc&l c(r&ia sa
s&6stit&it, prin e4ercitarea drept&l&i de
preempi&ne,Re&ni&nea m&+eelor naionale1 pentr&
&n ta6lo& e4p&s apoi la H&+e&l >&vr&
ca opera l&i Nicolas 8o&ssin. Hotiv&ladmiterii eroarea
v*n+(torilor as&pra s&6stanei 6&n&l&i. A se
vedea, pe lar', 2n Dallo+, 8aris, 9%, p. e Dallo+ nr. #3=#$$#, p.
%e'ea nr. 9=9e'ea nr.
?%=9:,>e'ea nr. ?9=9:.8entr& alte e4plicaii de ordin
istoric, a se vedea D. C/iric(, Consecinele modiic(rilorle'islative
postrevol&0ionare as&pra circ&laiei imo6ilelor
proprietate partic&lar(, Drept&l nr.
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#:;n acest sens, de pild(, a se vedea V. Stoica, Gl. !aias,
E4ec&tarea silit( a antecontractelor de 2nstr(inare aimo6ilelor
2n condiiile a6ro'(rii art. # din Decret&l nr.
::=9?%,Drept&l nr. 3=99#, p. :7 Gr. Dea", op. cit., p.
##7C.S.F., deci+ia civil( nr. #
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:? A se vedea >. C/ant&ria, Das ne&e
`ivil'eset+6&c/ Beor'ienes Ver/Wltnis +&m de&tsc/en
!r'erlic/enBeset+6&c/, 2n A&6r&c/ nac/ E&ropa ?
Fa/re Ha48lanc"Instit&t r 8rivatrec/t, Ed. F. !asedoK, U.
Dro6ni', R.Ell'er, . opt, . Yt+, R. &lms, E.F. HestmWc"er, Ho/r
Sie6ec", #$$, p. 9$3.
:oKit+sc/, T. Ne&sel, Der Vorvertra' im polnisc/en
`ivilrec/t, 2n XiR nr. ?=#$$#, p.#9 i &rm.
:A se vedea T/. B&/l, Das sc/Keit+erisc/e 6li'ationenrec/t,
9 A&l, Sc/</ess, `ric/, #$$$, art. #< alin. 0#1
R.:%8entr& o tratare mono'raic(, a se vedea H. Da'ot, >e
pacte de pr\\rence, Ed. >itec, 8aris, 9%%. 8entr&
drept&l
'erman, a se vedea [ ?$: i &rm. !B!.:9A se vedea D. C/iric(,
8act&l de preerin(, 2n R.D.C. nr. =999, p. #% i &rm.7
pentr& deose6irea a( de
contractele de ne'ociere c& cla&+a de re+erv( a
6&n&l&i, a se vedea F. Boicovici, Acord&l de
principi&, Drept&l nr.
:=#$$#, p. ?%. De asemenea, a se vedea F. Boicovici, Sancionarea
2nc(lc(rii pact&l&i de preerin(, 8.R. nr. :=#$$%.?$C.
aman'i&, I. Rosetti!(l(nesc&, Al. !(icoian&, Tratat de
drept civil rom*n, vol. II, Ed. All, 99, p. ?:9.?Astel, prin
deci+ia din < i&nie #$$, C&rtea de Casaie din Grana,
secia I civil(, a respins aci&nea prin care &n&l
dintre asociai, care 2n &rm( c& 9 ani 2nc/eiase &n
pact de preerin( c& asociat&l s(&, cer&se s( se
constate n&litateapact&l&i 0pe care 2ntre timp 2l
2nc(lcase, v*n+*nd &n&i ter1. Instana s&prem( a
rein&t do&( idei eseniale pentr&re'im&l )&ridic
al pact&l&i de preerin( predeterminarea pre&l&i
contract&l&i ce se va 2nc/eia event&al n& este
denat&ra pact&l&i de preerin(7 stip&larea
&n&i termen n& este o condiie de validitate a
pact&l&i de preerin(. A se vedea2n R.T.D. civ. nr. =#$$#,
c& comentarii de 8.. Ba&tier 0p. ?1 i F. Hestre, !. Ga'es
0p. %%1.
?#Etimolo'ic, termen&l provine din c&vintele latine prae
2nainte i emptio c&mp(rare.?3 8&rta n&mele, 2n
vec/i&l drept rom*nesc, de protimisis. A se vedea D.
Ale4andresco, 8rincipiile drept&l&i civil
rom*n, vol. IV, !&c&reti, 9#e'ii nr. %=99, a se vedea
B/. !elei&, Drept&l de
preempi&ne re'lementat de>e'ea nr. %=99 a ond&l&i
&nciar, Drept&l nr. #=99#, p. 37 D. C/iric(,
Consecinelemodiic(rilor le'islative postrevol&ionare as&pra
circ&laiei imo6ilelor proprietate partic&lar(, Drept&l
nr. e'ea nr. #:=#$$?7.B. nr. 9
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ost menin&t.Articol&l # lit. e1 din >e'ea nr. 3:e'ea
re'lementea+( &n drept de preempi&ne care se poate e4ercita
de c(trestat, prin Hinister&l C<&rii, n&mai 2n
ca+&l v*n+(rilor p&6lice ale &nor 6&n&ri mo6ile
clasate 2n te+a&r. 8entr& detalii, ase vedea R.
8opesc&, op. cit., C&rs selectiv pentr& licen(, p. 3$3.
Asem(n(tor, >e'ea nr.
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;n pl&s, s&nt ap(rate i interesele creditorilor
so&l&i v*n+(tor, care ar p&tea i ra&dai prin
2nc/eierea &nor contractede v*n+are-c&mp(rare sim&late
sa& ictive, prin care 2nstr(in(tor&l ca&t( s(
s&stra'( an&mite 6&n&ri de la
&rm(rireacreditorilor c/iro'raarie'ii nr. 3
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Aceeai sanci&ne credem c( este aplica6il( i 2n ca+&l
2nc(lc(rii interdiciei prev(+&te 2n art. :3 din >e'ea
nr.%%=#$$$ privind e4ec&torii )&dec(toreti # este inter+is
e4ec&torilor )&dec(toreti s( do6*ndeasc(, direct sa&
prinpersoane interp&se, pentr& ei sa& pentr& alii,
6&n&ri ce a& (c&t o6iect&l activit(ii de
e4ec&tare silit( 3.
1 cet(enii str(ini i apatri+ii n& pot do6*ndi drept&l de
proprietate as&pra teren&rilor. 8otrivit art. :: alin. 0#1
te+a ado&a din Constit&ie 0revi+&it( 2n an&l #$$31,
cet(enii str(ini i apatri+ii pot do6*ndi drept&l de proprietate
privat(as&pra teren&-rilor n&mai 2n condiiile
re+<ate din aderarea Rom*niei la Uni&nea E&ropean( :
i din alte tratateinternaionale la care Rom*nia este parte, pe 6a+(
de reciprocitate, 2n condiiile prev(+&te prin le'e or'anic(,
prec&mi prin motenire le'al(.
Interdicia constit&ional( anterioar( c& privire la
str(ini i apatri+i de a do6*ndi proprietatea as&pra
teren&rilor 2nRom*nia a ost 2nt(rit( prin art. 3 alin. 01 din
>e'ea nr. ?:=99% ? . Interpret*nd aceast( interdicie, reinem
c(nesocotirea ei se sancionea+( c& n&litatea a6sol&t( a
contract&l&i 0ie el sincer sa& sim&lat1. Cerina
cet(eniei se cerea i 2ndeplinit( la data 2nc/eierii
contract&l&i de v*n+are-c&mp(rare 2n orm(
a&tentic(.
8e de alt( parte, 2ntr&c*t instit&ie o 2n'r(dire,
dispo+iiile le'ale 2n ca&+( tre6&ie interpretate
restrictiv. Astel,persoanele i+ice care a& 0i1 cet(enia rom*n(
pot do6*ndi drept&l de proprietate as&pra teren&rilor
2n Rom*nia, ieprin acte )&ridice inter vivos, ie pe cale de
s&ccesi&ne, le'al( sa& testamentar( e'ii nr.
#:=#$$?,cet(enii str(ini i apatri+ii,prec&m i persoanele
)&ridice str(ine pot do6*ndi drept&l de proprietate
as&pra teren&rilor 2n Rom*nia 2n condiiileprev(+&te de
le'ea special(5. 6serv(m o interesant( evol&ie a voinei
le'i&itor&l&i, care, 2n re'lementarea acesteipro6leme,
a trec&t de la orm&la ne'ativ( Ln& pot do6*ndi 0...15
art. : alin. 0#1 te+a a II-a din Constit&ia din 997art. : din
>e'ea nr. ?:=99%Mla cea po+itiv( Lpot do6*ndi 0...1 n&mai 2n
condiiile 0...15 art. :: alin. 0#1 te+a a II-a dinConstit&ia
revi+&it( 2n #$$37 respectiv pot do6*ndi 0...1 2n condiiile
prev(+&te de le'ea special(5 art. 3 din Titl&l @ al>e'ii
nr. #:=#$$?M.8entr& respectarea art. 3 alin. 031 lit. m1 din
Constit&ie,o asemenea le'e va tre6&i s( ie
&naor'anic(#.
'1 persoanele insolva6ile n& pot c&mp(ra 6&n&ri
imo6ile care se v*nd prin licitaie p&6lic( 0 art. ?3?
C.proc.civ.1##. ;nprivina v*n+(rii prin licitaie p&6lic( a
6&n&rilor mo6ile, art. ::: C.proc.civ. #3 prevede c(
d&p( ad)&decare,
c&mp(r(tor&l este o6li'at s( dep&n( de 2ndat(
2ntre'&l pre 02n n&merar, prin ordin de plat( sa& orice
alt instr&mentle'al de plat(1. Ca atare, 2n principi&,
pro6lema solva6ilit(ii n& se p&ne.
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7/18/2019 Drept Civil-contracte Speciale 1
21/236
;n acest sens, a se vedea Gr. Dea", op. cit., p. 39. Acest
principi&, potrivit c(r&ia prin e4cepie, actele 2nc/eiate
deminor prod&c eecte o6li'atorii a( de am6ele p(ri, este
consacrat i 2n drept&l en'le+. Astel, art. 3 din Sale o
BoodsAct 99 se reer( la 'oods s&ita6le to t/e condition in lie
o t/e minor 0...1 and to /is act&al re&irements at t/e
timeo t/e sale and deliverP5, 2nele'*nd&se prin acestea /rana,
2m6r(c(minte, medicamente, asi'&rarea loc&inei. Seconsider(
i 2n )&rispr&den( c( ap(rarea circ&it&l&i civil
tre6&ie s( predomine 2n ca+&l &nor asemenea acte de
mic(importan(. ;n mod asem(n(tor se pre+int( l&cr&rile i 2n
drept&l rance+. A se vedea . Yt+,
E&ropWisc/esVertra'srec/t, vol. I, F.C.!. Ho/r 08a&l
Sie6ec"1, T6in'en, 99%$ din 9 i&lie #$$$1. 8entr& &n
comentari&, C.E. !*rsan, Domeni&l de aplicare
aldirectivelor e&ropene reeritoare la re'lementarea interdiciei
discrimin(rii 2n drept&l civil 02n lim6a 'erman(1, A.U.!.
nr.#=#$$.
3
A se vedea B/. !elei&, op. cit., ed. a VIIa, revi+&it( i
ad(&'it( de H. Nicolae, 8. Tr&c(, #$$, nr. #aK ,prepared 6P
t/e Commission on E&ropean Contract >aK, Ed. le >ando b
&'/ !eale, l&Ker >aK International,#$$$, p. #$$.
Articol&l 3#$? prevede c( repre+entat&l poate an&la
contract&l 2nc/eiat de repre+entant, dac( e4ist( &nconlict
de interese pe care ter&l le c¬ea sa& n&
p&tea s( le i'nore7 alin. 0#1 prevede c( se pre+&m(
e4istena &n&iconlict de interese dac( repre+entant&l a
2nc/eiat act&l c& sine 2ns&i sa& prin d&6l(
repre+entare7 sanci&nea n& esteaplica6il( dac( el
0repre+entat&l1 a consimit la act&l astel 2nc/eiat ori dac(
repre+entant&l la inormat despre conlicti na ridicat o6iecii
2ntr&n termen re+ona6il.
$
;n practic(, a se vedea C.S.F., secia civil(, deci+ia nr.
#9=99#,2n !.F. 99$99#, p. :9?.
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7/18/2019 Drept Civil-contracte Speciale 1
22/236
;n acest sens, a se vedea Gr. Dea", op. cit., p. 3#.
#
H. . nr. ??9 din $ noiem6rie #$$$.
3
alt( incapacitate de a c&mp(ra 0de apt, mai lar'(, de
do6*ndire prin acte 2ntre vii1 a ost instit&it( de art. # alin.
0#1din >e'ea nr. ?:=99% privind circ&laia )&ridic( a
teren&rilor 02n pre+ent, a6ro'at(1. 8otrivit le'ii,
proprietatea &nciar( ado6*nditor&l&i n& p&tea
dep(i #$$ /a teren a'ricol 2n ec/ivalent ara6il, de amilie 0amilie,
2n sens&l acestei interdicii,2nseamn( soii si copiii
nec(s(torii, dac( 'ospod(resc 2mpre&n( c& p(rinii1. ;n
anali+a acestei interdicii, sa ar(tat 0R.8opesc&, op. cit., p.
3$e'ea nr. #:=#$$?1,limita era de $$ /a de amilie, s&6
aceeaisanci&ne.
:
8otrivit Ane4ei VII a Tratat&l&i de aderare a Rom*niei
la Uni&nea E&ropean( 0H. . nr. :
-
7/18/2019 Drept Civil-contracte Speciale 1
23/236
C.C., Deci+ia nr. :%=#$$3 0H. . nr. 3 din # mai #$$31. 8reci+(m
c( prin ac&is com&nitar se 2nele'e acel setde re'&li,
principii politice, deci+ii )&dec(toreti pe care at*t statele
mem6re, c*t i statele candidate la aderare tre6&ies( le
respecte, de nat&r( a asi'&ra &ncionarea mecanismelor i
or'anelor Com&nit(ii. A se vedea i E.S.
T(n(sesc&,Comentari& la Deci+ia C&riiConstit&ionale
menionat(, 2n C.F. nr.
-
7/18/2019 Drept Civil-contracte Speciale 1
24/236
poate i 2ns( dierit( 2n privina s&port(rii risc&rilor,
dac( prin convenie p(rile s-a& 2neles c( operai&nea are
caracteraleatori&, ca+ 2n care c&mp(r(tor&l, declar*nd
c( 2i as&m( risc&l nereali+(rii l&cr&l&i
viitor, n& mai poate pretindeda&ne de la v*n+(tor.
%. ;n al doilea r*nd, l&cr&l tre6&ie s( ie 2n
circ&it&l civil. Cod&l civil instit&ie aceast(
cerin( at*t printr-&n te4t alat 2npartea 'eneral( a
drept&l&i o6li'aiilor art. 9e'ea nr. #?=#$$ aadministraiei
p&6lice locale sa& 2n >e'ea nr. %#=#$$$ privind
prote)area patrimoni&l&i c<&ral naional
mo6il1.Dispo+iii privind 6&n&rile proprietate p&6lic(
conin, 2n aar( de >e'ea nr. #3=99%, i alte acte normative
speciale,c&m ar i >e'ea nr. $=99< 0>e'ea apelor1,
>e'ea nr. %?=#$$3 0>e'ea minelor1, >e'ea nr. #3%=#$$:
0>e'eapetrol&l&i1,.U.B. nr. $?=#$$ privind rontiera de
stat a Rom*niei%.
Tot inaliena6ile s&nt i corp&l &man i elementele
acest&ia Lart. #< alin. 0#1 din Constit&ie,Titl&l VI
din>e'ea nr.9?=#$$< privind reorma 2n domeni&l s(n(t(iiM7
drept&rile morale ale a&tor&l&i &nei creaii
literare, artistice, tiiniicesa& te/nice97 drept&l de
&+&r&ct, &+ i a6itaie 0art. ?3:, art. ?, art. ?3
C.civ.1.
;n le'islaia rom*n( a& e4istat i e4ist( 2nc( instit&ite
norme de inaliena6ilitate temporar(, )&stiicate tot de
protecia&n&i interes 'eneral. Astel, prin >e'ea nr.
9=99$ $ 02n pre+ent, a6ro'at(1 a ost inter+is( temporar
2nstr(inareateren&rilor prin acte 2ntre vii 7 apoi,
prin>e'ea nr. %=99 a ond&l&i &nciar s-a
instit&it interdicia ca timp de $ anide la 2nscrierea
propriet(ii, teren&l 2n privina c(r&ia s-a constit&it
drept&l de proprietate s( ie 2nstr(inat prin acte 2ntrevii7 la
el,>e'ea nr. #=99? pentr& re'lementarea sit&aiei
)&ridice a &nor imo6ile c& destinaia de loc&ine
trec&te 2nproprietatea stat&l&i, permi*nd c/iriailor 2n
an&mite condiii s( c&mpere loc&inele, a inter+is
2nstr(inarea acestoratimp de $ ani#. ;n aceste <ime do&(
ipote+e, o6li'aia de a n& 2nstr(ina se consider( a i propter
rem 3, 2n sens&l
c( 6&n&l este lovit de inaliena6ilitate, indierent dac(
2n interval&l celor $ ani a a)&ns, prin s&ccesi&ne,
2n proprietatea&nei alte persoane. Sanci&nea 2nstr(in(rii
6&n&l&i imo6il 2n disc&ie este n&litatea
a6sol&t( a v*n+(rii-c&mp(r(rii0sincere sa&
de'/i+ate1:.
>e'ea nr. $=#$$, rep&6licat(, inter+ice, 2n art. # alin.
0?1, s&6 sanci&nea n&lit(ii a6sol&te,
2nstr(inarea,concesionarea, locaia de 'esti&ne, asocierea 2n
participai&ne, ipotecarea, locai&nea, prec&m i orice
2nc/iriere sa&s&62nc/iriere 2n 6eneici&l no&l&i
c/iria, sc/im6area destinaiei, 'revarea s&6 orice orm( a
6&n&rilor imo6ile teren&rii=sa& constr&cii
notiicate potrivit prevederilor acestei le'i, p*n( la
sol&ionarea proced&rilor administrative i, d&p(ca+,
)&diciare.
Aceeai le'e inter+ice, 2n art. :3 alin. 0#1, 2nstr(inarea 2n
orice mod a imo6ilelor do6*ndite 2n 6a+a >e'ii nr. #=99?,p*n( la
sol&ionarea deinitiv( i irevoca6il( a aci&nilor
orm&late de persoanele 2ndrept(ite.
Hai e4ist( i alte acte normative care instit&ie interdicii
temporare de 2nstr(inare, incl&siv prin v*n+are, a
an&mitor6&n&ri, aparin*nd an&mitor persoane,
s&p&n*nd&-le, event&al, o6inerii &nor
a&tori+aii, c&m ar i >e'ea nr. ?=99e'ea nr. ::=#$$
privind 2niinarea,or'ani+area i &ncionarea A'eniei Naionale de
Inte'ritate 0H. . nr. 3?9 din #? mai #$$1M7 Decret&l-le'e
nr.e'ea nr. %?=99# privind v*n+area c(tre pop&laie a
loc&inelor i a altor spaii constr&ite din ond&rile
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