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Historical Significance of Waterborne TransportationSafe and Efficient (95% of US trade through ports)Evolution of Ships (larger, wider, faster vessels)Evolution of Shipping (containerization)
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Navigation ChannelsFew rivers or harbors are naturally deep.Channel improvements for ships to enter/leave ports efficiently, quickly and safely.Designing, building, and maintaining channels compared to constructing underwater highways.First US projects in 1789, with congressional approval for lighthouse construction.
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Dredging = Underwater Excavation
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Early Forms of DredgingSpades & Buckets (Nile, Tigris, Euphrates)Agitation Dredging (Indus)Scraper Dredging (1435)Bag & Spoon (Netherlands)Revolving Chain “Mud Mill” (1500’s)
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Dredging ProjectsShort-Term Objective
Construct or maintain channels
Long-Term ObjectiveManagement and operation of disposal areas
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Project Design ConsiderationsLocation and quantitiesSediment properties and characteristicsEvaluate disposal alternativesIdentify social, environmental, and institutional factors
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Selection of Dredge Plant Equipment
Material CharacteristicsQuantitiesDredging DepthDistance to Disposal AreaContamination of SedimentsMethod of Disposal
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Types of Dredges
MechanicalBucketDipper
HydraulicSidecastHopperDustpanCutterhead
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Bucket DredgesAdvantages
Hard/Compact MaterialsPrecise control of excavation
LimitationsDifficult to retain finesLow production ratesRequires scow barges
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Dipper DredgesSame Advantages and Limitations as for Bucket Dredges
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Sidecaster DredgesAdvantages
Self-propelledRapid Response
LimitationsOpen water disposal onlySome material may return to the channel prism
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Dustpan Dredges
AdvantagesSelf-propelledHigh production ratesRapid deployment
LimitationsLoose materials onlyNo open water1000 ft pumping distance
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Hopper DredgesAdvantages
Work in open waterSelf-propelled vesselNo obstruction of trafficEconomical over long distances
LimitationsDeep draftNot continuousNo contaminated sedimentsNot effective around structures
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Cutterhead Pipeline Dredges
AdvantagesMost material typesContinuous operation
LimitationsNo open waterNot self-propelledPipeline is a navigation hazard
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Cutterhead Dredge Operations
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Pipeline Transport of Solids
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Disposal AlternativesOpen-water DisposalConfined Disposal Habitat Development
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Dewatering & Densification
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Long Term Dredge Material Management Plans
50-year typical project lifeDredged material characteristicsIdentification of placement sitesImplementation Plan (Party Responsibilities)Geotechnical ReportCost EstimatesHistoric/Archaeological ConcernsAgency Cooperation/CoordinationReal Estate and Local
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Environmental Challenges:Public Perception IS REALITY!
PastTerminology (spoil, sludge, disposal)Previous History
PresentPollution is a resource that is out of placeBeneficial Uses