DreamGreen

Ensuring World Class Civic Amenities In Urban India

Team Members Details:

Mihir Rambhia, Kartik Kapoor, Kashish Gandhi, Abhijeet Patel, Hardik Soni

Civil Engineering,

Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar.

CARBON NEUTRAL MUNICIPALITIESA step towards “Zero Emission City”

SCENARIO Urbanization is Booming !!

The cities have emerged as the growth engines of productivity and economic growth for India.

30 % urban population = 60 % contribution in GDP = 90 % contribution in government revenues.

India’s urban population will soar from 391 million in 2012 to 590 million in 2030 and this

urban expansion will happen at a speed quite unlike anything India has seen before. – McKinsey Global Institute.

Environment is Degrading !!

India is the world’s fourth largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter with emissions amounting to 1.34 billion tonnes per annum.

3 of India’s cities: Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai figure among the 10 most polluted cities in the world.

60 to 75 percent of total energy is consumed in urban areas.

Urban Infrastructure is Crumbling !!

Mumbai’s suburban railway system, originally designed for a capacity of 1,700 people per 9-car train, runs with super-densecapacities of almost 5,000 people per train during peak time.

About 30 to 50 percent households do not have sewerage connections and less than 20 percent of total waste water is treated.

WHAT IS THE ROOT CAUSE??

Urban Local Bodies(ULBs) which bear the primaryresponsibility of providing basic civic amenities areexperiencing a number of constraints such as poorrevenues, inefficient organisational and humanresources, lack of supportive environment etc.

User charges are most important sources of non-taxrevenues for ULBs. There has been a tendency tocharge for various services at rates that are much lowerthan the actual costs. This has lead to poor costrecovery, poor maintenance and inadequateinvestments in the infrastructure.

There is a growing realisation therefore, that theproblems associated with urbanisation emanates frompoor city management and finances rather than beingendemic to city growth per se.

Not enough revenue' s

Poor Infrastructure

Investment

Poor Maintenance

Poor User-Experience

Users not ready to pay more revenues

SNAPSHOT OF SOLUTION PROPOSED

GOAL: Improving a city's Financial Sustainability and Ecological Footprint by using renewable

energy sources for municipal electrical consumption.

Rooftop Solar

Project

Common Solar-

Thermal Plant &

Wind Mills

Waste to

Electricity

• Waste Segregation at source.• Recyclable waste to be sent to

recycling units.• Organic waste to be treated in

biogas plant for producing Biogasand Organic Manure.

• Non-Recyclable waste to beconverted to palettes which areused as fuel in various industries.

• Biogas to be supplied to nearbysemi-urban areas.

• Solar panels to be installed on theroof top of each public building.

• Electricity produced needs to beconnected with the smart-gridnetwork.

• Transmission cost and Land spacecan be saved by this model.

• Pay back period of such systemvaries between 7-10 years.

• This model can be extended forentire city on PPP basis.

• Solar thermal plants or Wind millscan be built up after a properstudy of the amount of energyrequired by municipality, solarradiation (in case of solar plant),wind velocities (in case of windmill), distance between differentcities, etc.,

• This plants are constructed in theoutskirts of city, so landavailability is not an issue.

CURRENT PRACTICES- MUNICIPAL WORKS

"During this financial year, the AMC has paid a total of Rs 149.11 crore towards the electricity bill, the expenditure of which comes to around five per cent of our total budget," - Ahmedabad Municipal Commissioner (2012)

Problems in current Practices:• Large amount of energy is consumed in pumping water for water supply, and sewage for the disposal.

• Street Lights also consume lot of energy if sodium lights are used.

• Municipal Administrative buildings also consume huge energy due to artificial lightings, air-conditioning, inefficient

electronic appliances etc.,

SOLUTION- SOLAR PLANT & WIND MILLS

• The Capacity Utilization Factor of Solar PV is14%, whereas it is 23% in case of Solar Thermal.

• India has a huge potential of solar energy, as ithas an excellent solar radiation and shiningdays up to 330 days a year !!

• India has a coastline of 7517 km’s, which is a clearindicator that it has a huge wind energy potential.

• With the advancement in technology, thepayback period has reduced to as low as 7 years,and is expected to decrease in further years.

• So, a Common Solar Power Plant (CSPP) or Common Wind Mill Station (CWMS) can be set up in such a way that 3-4municipalities will share the stake holding in the project, and will share the benefits in a similar way.

• This system will work similarly as Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP), which is a great success.

- Suitable Site

HOW THE SYSTEM WILL WORK ?

• Thus we can see the cluster of cities/towns located verynearby. Generally one big city and 2-3 small towns.

• Thus a suitable location can be selected considering solarradiation, shining days, distance from each city etc., forsetting up a Common Solar Thermal Plant.

Benefits:• As it will be a joint venture, so large capacity will be

required, thus overall project cost will be reduced.• Also as this is located in outskirts part of the city, the land

will be available at cheaper price, so the cost is less.• A 3 MW capacity Solar Thermal power plant, considering

300 shining days, it can be operated at 23% plantutilization factor, and will produce 51,84,000 units powerper year. The cost of this development would be Rs. 40 -44 Crores and land required would be 4-5 Ha. This muchenergy can satisfy the need of 5 towns.

CURRENT PRACTICE – WASTE MANAGEMENT

All kind of waste is collected in a

common dustbin.Waste is transported

collected from the source in mini trucks.

Some waste in INCINERATED in open.

Rest of the waste is dumped at DUMP SITE.

Problems in current Practices:• Zero Cost Recovery.• Large area of Land is occupied and is converted to wasteland.• High chances of infection to the nearby localities.• Rate of degradation is very slow, so requirement of more and more land.

SOLUTION- ENERGY FROM WASTE

SEGREGATION of waste at source using color coded dustbins.

Organic waste (Food waste, garden waste, animal waste etc.) are treated in Biogas Plant. Biogas produced is sent to nearby peri-urban areas and manureproduced can be given as incentives to farmers and gardens.

Recyclable waste(Paper, plastic, cardboard etc.) to be recycled.

Non-Recyclable waste to be converted to energy using scientific method.

ROOFTOP SOLAR PROJECT

CURRENT PRACTICE

• Under this Scheme Solar pane are set up on each house on PPP model. • Electricity generated by this panels is added to the grid network, and

the house-owner gets the equivalent incentives of Rs- 3 per kWh of energy produced.

• A typical house of plot size 200 Sq. m. and having a Built up area of 120 sq. mt can generate 540 kWh of energy. Thus a monthly discount of 1620 Rs can be obtained by the house owner.

• Such scheme not only help in reducing transmission cost, but also decrease the pressure on the government to fulfill the energy demand of the increasing population.

SOLUTION

CHALLENGES & RISKS V/S MITIGATION FACTORS

CHALLENGES

• Users may no co-operate in source segregation, and may continue with their traditional practices.

• Municipalities may not see viability in adopting renewable energy as a tool to financial sustainability.

• Municipalities may not be able to fund the projects.

• Transmission cost may increase if number of cities increases.

MITIGATION FACTORS

• Continuous awareness programs need to be conducted, in order to make the people conscious about the importance of segregating waste.

• A detailed feasibility study can be done and shown to the stake holders, including the pay back period and cost recovery mechanism.

• Projects can be carried out on PPP model to support the projects. Also Government schemes can be modelled to support this projects.

• Project should be implemented considering the population.

REFERENCES

URBANISATION & SUSTAINABILITY IN INDIA : AN INTERDEPENDENT AGENDA by Mirabilis Advisory

PROPOSAL FOR CARBON NEUTRAL TOWNS- SHWETAL SHAH.

WORLD DATA BANK-WORLD DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORS.

AHMEDABAD MUNICIPAL CORPORATION- SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROFILE

HTTP://WWW.WATERGYMEX.ORG/WATERGY%20TOOLKIT/RESOURCES/ACTIVITIES-SSM-CASE10.HTM

THANK YOU !!

GO GREEN !! DREAM GREEN !!