The DRE DUI & DRUGS Captain George Crum Fullerton Police Department
What is a DRE?
• Drug Recognition Expert
• Experienced officer
• Selected by their department
• Special training in detecting drug
influence/impairment
• Able to determine what drug categories a
person is under the influence of through
the DRE evaluation process.
History
• 2014 - 16,000 certified DRE; 37 states; 1500 DRE instructors ; certified by IACP
• Canada, Australia, Sweden, Norway & England
• Now 80hrs of classroom
– 12-15 supervised evaluations
– Confirmation with Toxicology
– 100 question final knowledge exam
• Recertification: every two years
The 7 Drug Categories
• Depressants
• Inhalants
• Dissocative Anesthetics [PCP]
• Cannabis
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
• Narcotic Analgesics
Depressants
• This category includes alcohol
• Barbiturates
• Chloral Hydrate [ "knockout drops" or "Mickey Finn”] • GHB
• Methaqualone
• Lithium
• Phenobarbital
• They produce horizontal gaze nystagmus
• Do not generally affect pupil size, and typically depress the vital signs.
• The appearance of a “drunk” without the odor of alcohol
Inhalants
• Volatile Solvents: such as paint thinner,
gasoline, toluene, turpentine, and paint
• Aerosols: Glade air freshener, Pam,
hairspray, caned air
• Anesthetic Gases: Nitrous oxide [NOS]
("laughing gas"), Freon, ether
Cannabis
THC
(Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol)
• Marijuana
• Hash
• Hash oil
• Synthetic THC: Marinol© [dronabinol]
– Approved for two uses
• MARINOL treats nausea and vomiting associated with
cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed to respond
adequately to conventional treatments.
• MARINOL also treats appetite loss associated with weight
loss in people who have acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) ,
Hallucinogens
• LSD
• Psilocybin
• Mescaline / Peyote
• Bufotenine
• Morning Glory seeds
• Jimson Weed
• Nutmeg
• "Ecstasy“ MDMA psychedelic amphetamine [methylenedioxy methamphetamine]
• Salvia Divinorum
Narcotic Analgesics [opiates]
• Heroin
• Morphine
• Codeine
• Percodan© [oxycodone + aspirin]
• Oxycondone
• Vicodin © [hydrocodone]
• Demerol © [meperidine]
• Methadone
• Fentanyl
What is a DRE Evaluation?
• Standardized and Systematic method
• 12 step evaluation– 1. PASD – BAC
– 2. Interview of Arresting Officer
– 3. Preliminary Examination
– 4. Eye Exam- HGN, VGN, LOC, Size
– 5. Divided Attention Tests [SFSTs]
– 6. Vital Signs Exam – B/P, Temp, Pulse
– 7. Darkroom Exam – Room, Darkness, Direct, Nasal, Oral
– 8. Muscle tone
– 9. Exam Injection Sites – Evid of ingestion
– 10. Statements – Interrogation
– 11. Opinion of DRE
– 12. Toxicology
Drug Symptom MatrixCNS
DEPRESSANT INHALANTSDISSOCATIVE
ANESTHETIC CANNABIS
CNS
STIMULANTS HALLUCINOGENS
NARCOTIC
ANALGESICS
HGN PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT NONE NONE NONE NONE
VERTICAL
NYSTAGMUS
PRESENT *
(HIGH DOSE)
PRESENT *
(HIGH DOSE)PRESENT NONE NONE NONE NONE
LACK OF
CONVERGENCEPRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT NONE NONE NONE
PUPIL SIZE NORMAL (1) NORMAL (4) NORMAL DILATED (6) DILATED DILATED CONSTRICTED
REACTION TO LIGHT SLOW SLOW NORMAL NORMAL SLOW NORMAL (3)LITTLE TO NONE
VISABLE
PULSE RATE DOWN (2) UP UP UP UP UP DOWN
BLOOD PRESSURE DOWN UP/DOWN (5) UP UP UP UP DOWN
BODY TEMPERATURE NORMALUP/DOWN/
NORMALUP NORMAL UP UP DOWN
1. Soma and Quaaludes usually dilated pupils
2. Quaaludes and ETOH may elevate
3. Certain psychedelic amphetamines may cause slowing
4. Normal but may be dilated
5. Down with anesthetic gases, up with volatile solvents and aerosols
6. Pupil size possible normal
* High Dose for that particular individual
Orange County DRE Growth
• 2011-113 DRE
Officers
• 2014-Over 300
DRE Officers
• 2011-12 DRE
Instructors
• 2014-25 DRE
Instructors
Fullerton PD DRE Program
• 30 DRE Officers • 10 DRE Instructors
Saliva Preliminary Results
• 15 - Tested
• 10 - Positive for
Amphetamine/Meth
• 3 - Positive for
Meth/Opiates
• 1 - Meth/THC
• 1 - THC
Oral Fluid Admonition
• The Fullerton Police Department is participating in an oral fluid drug
testing research project. You are being asked to voluntarily submit to
two oral fluid swabs to detect the presence of drugs in your saliva.
The results of these saliva samples will not be used against you in
any criminal or administrative hearings.
If the suspect has refused to submit to an implied consent chemical test read
the following admonition:
Providing a saliva sample does not satisfy your legal requirement
to provide a blood sample to determine the drug content of your
blood. Even if you submit to a saliva test, you are still required by
state law to submit to a blood test.