Definition of highway drainage : The process of interception (pemintasan ) & removal of water from over, under and the vicinity (sekeliling ) of the road surface. Proses pemintasan & penyingkiran air dari atas, bawah serta sekitar permukaan jalan. PREPARED BY: MAI AZUNA 2011 1
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Definition of highway drainage :
The process of interception (pemintasan ) & removal of
water from over, under and the vicinity (sekeliling ) of the
road surface.
Proses pemintasan & penyingkiran air dari atas, bawah serta
sekitar permukaan jalan.
PREPARED BY: MAI AZUNA 2011 1
Introduction :
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Road drainage is very important for safe &
efficient design of the road way.
an essential part (bahagian penting ) of highway design &
construction.
A rainwater falling on road surface & adjoining
area(kwsn bersebelahan) is lost by evaporation(penyejatan) &
percolation (penapisan)
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The remaining water known as surface water, either
remains on the surface of the road & adjoining
area, or flows away from it (aliran dari mana-mana kawasan
)(depending upon the topography & general slope
of the area )
Removal & diversion (pengalihan) of this surface water from
highway & adjoining land is known as surface
drainage.
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If water table rises to road sub-grade, it requires
to be lowered as it will affect road sub-grade.
Measures adopted to lower the subsoil water
table are called sub surface drainage. Langkah-langkah yang
digunakan untuk menurunkan aras air tanah bawah dipanggil saliran sub permukaan .
Negative (-) effect of water, to :
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1. User safety keselamatan pengguna- stagnant water on the
road - vehicle diverted in high speed @ at the
road corner. air bertakung atas jalan – kenderaan terbabas pd kelajuan tinggi @ selekoh.
2. The stability of subgrade / pavementKestabilan
subgred/turapan- - diffusion of water into the subgrade,
weaken & destroy the pavement also
subgrade. resapan air ke dlm subgred –melemahkan & merosakkan subgred & turapan.
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Road surface if made of soil, gravel (kelikir) @ water
bound macadam, it will becomes soft & losses
strength.
The road sub-grade may be softened & its bearing
capacity keupayaan galas reduced.
Variation in moisture content in expensive soils, causes
variation in the volume of sub-grade & causes
failure of roads. Perbezaan kandungan lembapan dalam tanah , menyebabkan perubahan dalam
isipadu sub-gred & menyebabkan jalanraya gagal .
Failure of formation slopes is also attributed to poor
drainage. Kegagalan cerun bentukan juga disebabkan oleh saliran yang tidak sempurna.
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If rain water is not properly drained & allowed to flow along the road side
for long distances, slip & land slides may occur causing road failures.
Erosion of side slopes, side drains, formation of gullies may result if proper
drainage conditions are not maintained.
Flexible pavement’s failure by formation of waves & corrugations is due to
poor drainage.
Continuous contact of water, with bituminous pavements causes failures due
to stripping of bitumen from aggregates like loosening or detachment of
some of the bituminuos pavement layers & formation of pot holes.
Rigid pavement’s prime cause of failure in by mud pumping which occures
due to water in fine sub-grade soil. Sebab utama turapan tegar gagal disebabkan pengepaman
lumpur - disebabkan oleh air di dalam tanah sub-gred yg halus.
Penyaliran jalan dibahagi kepada dua :
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2. Surface drainage Penyaliran permukaan
PENYALIRAN BAWAH PERMUKAAN
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- Kegunaan : utk atasi resapan dari air bawah
tanah & air bumi – merendahkan paras air
bumi.
- Keburukan lembapan air : tanah akan
bersifat plastik & krg mampu tanggung beban
- -Penyaliran dilakukan melalui pemasangan
parit bawah tanah
PENYALIRAN BAWAH PERMUKAAN
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10 Fungsi:
Untuk menangani air dalam bumi- memastikan
paras air bumi cukup rendah & tdk menepukan
struktur jln & kwsn sekeliling.
Untuk mengelak struktur & tanah jadi plastik &
gagal menanggung beban lalulintas serta
kerosakan oleh fros.
Tiga sumber utama air dalam bumi :
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Air bumi - air yg menusuk ke dlm tanah & arasnya
naik turun mengikut keadaan cuaca.
Tindakan rerambut – kenaikan air bumi ke atas oleh
sedutan jirim tanah & ketinggian bergantung kpd
saiz zarah tanah.
- Pergerakan boleh juga disebabkan
perbezaan kandungan wap air dlm tanah.
Resipan – 3 punca : resipan dr tebing tinggi, melalui
turapan yg tdk telap air & dr bahu jalan.
SISTEM PENYALIRAN BAWAH PERMUKAAN
1. Penyaliran memanjang – paip
berliang selari pada sisi jalan / bahu beserta
turas salir utk merendahkan paras air bumi di bawah turapan.
2. Penyaliran melintang – diguna jika penyaliran memanjang masih belum mencukupi dlm susunan serenjang.
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3. Saliran/paip pintasan – bg kws potongan , air yg