DRAFT REPORT

Executive Engineer

Medium Project Division,

Ambadpal-Kudal

Nardave Medium Irrigation Project

Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra

EME/CS/NMIP /2018-19/102 R00 Date 01/05/2018

Draft

EIA EMP

Report

Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune

Environmental Impact Assessment of


Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali,

Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra

Submitted To:

DRAFT REPORT

Executive Engineer

Medium Project Division, Ambadpal-Kudal

Water Resources Department

Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation (KIDC), Thane

Tal Kudal Dist Sinhdhudurg, 416520

Phone office 02362-244241

Email ID - [email protected]

MITCON Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd

Agriculture College Campus,

Next to D.I.C Office, Shivajinagar,

Pune – 411005 Maharashtra

Tel: +91-20-66289400 (Direct)

Website:http://www.mitconindia.com

Prepared By

EME/CS/NMP/2018-19/102 R00 Date 01/05/2018

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.mitconindia.com/

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INDEX

CHAPTER NO. 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1

1.1 Preamble ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Need for the Project & its Importance ........................................................................... 2

1.3 Project Status ................................................................................................................. 2

1.4 Project Location ............................................................................................................. 3

1.5 Scope of the Study ......................................................................................................... 4

1.6 Approach and Methodology .......................................................................................... 4

1.7 Environmental, Social Policy and Legal Framework .................................................... 8

CHAPTER NO. 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................................... 10

2.1 Project Background ...................................................................................................... 10

2.2 Project site .................................................................................................................... 11

2.3 Brief Description and Nature of the Project ................................................................ 11

2.3.1 Salient Features ......................................................................................................... 11

2.3.2 Components of the Project: ....................................................................................... 14

2.3.3 Connectivity .............................................................................................................. 18

2.3.4 Land Form, Land use and Land ownership .............................................................. 18

2.4 Alternative sites ........................................................................................................... 20

2.5 Hydrology and Water Planning ................................................................................... 20

2.5.1 Water Availability ..................................................................................................... 20

2.5.2 Upstream Utilization ................................................................................................. 23

2.5.3 Water Planning.......................................................................................................... 23

2.6 Command Area ............................................................................................................ 27

2.7 Cropping Pattern .......................................................................................................... 29

2.8 Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R and R) Plan ......................................................... 29

2.8.1 Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement: ................................................ 29

2.8.2 Present Position of Rehabilitation ............................................................................. 30

2.8.3 Status of completion of civic amenities is tabulated below ...................................... 30

2.9 Project Schedule & Cost Estimate ............................................................................... 30

2.10 Analysis of proposal (Final Recommendations) .......................................................... 31

CHAPTER NO. 3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDY ............................... 33

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 33

3.2 Study Area ................................................................................................................... 34

3.3 Environmental Parameters ........................................................................................... 37

3.4 Meteorology ................................................................................................................. 38

3.5 Geological and Geophysical Study .............................................................................. 40

3.6 Seismic-Tectonic Appraisal of the Area ...................................................................... 41

3.7 Ambient Air Quality .................................................................................................... 42

3.8 Ambient Noise Level ................................................................................................... 44

3.9 Water Quality Study .................................................................................................... 46

3.10 Soil Quality .................................................................................................................. 61

3.11 Ecology and Biodiversity ............................................................................................. 69

3.11.1 Ephemeral Plant ........................................................................................................ 69

3.11.2 Phytosociological Study............................................................................................ 73

3.11.3 Vegetation survey in Command area ........................................................................ 84

3.11.4 Conclusion Vegetaion Study..................................................................................... 86

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3.11.5 Faunal Study ............................................................................................................. 89

3.11.6 Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary ............................................................................... 97

3.11.7 Wetland Ecology ..................................................................................................... 103

3.12 Land Use Land Cover Study ...................................................................................... 115

3.12.1 Land Use and Land Cover Classification of 12 km buffer ..................................... 115

3.12.2 Land Use Land Cover Classification of the Catchment Area ................................. 118

3.12.3 Land Use Land Cover Classification for Submergence Area ................................. 120

3.12.4 Land Use Land Cover Classification for Command Area ...................................... 122

3.13 Socio Economic Environment ................................................................................... 127

CHAPTER NO. 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS &

MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................... 134

4.1 Identification of the Impacts ...................................................................................... 134

4.2 Impacts on Environment Resources .......................................................................... 135

4.2.1 Impact on Air Quality ............................................................................................. 135

4.2.2 Impact on Noise Environment ................................................................................ 136

4.2.3 Impact on Water Resources .................................................................................... 137

4.2.4 Impact on Soil ......................................................................................................... 137

4.2.5 Impacts on Ecological Resources ........................................................................... 138

4.2.6 Land Use ................................................................................................................. 140

4.2.7 Impact on social and community structure ............................................................. 141

4.2.8 Impact on Aesthetic Values .................................................................................... 141

4.3 Impact Assessment Methodology .............................................................................. 141

4.3.1 Methodology Adopted ............................................................................................ 141

4.3.2 Matrix Method ........................................................................................................ 141

CHAPTER NO. 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES .............................................. 144

5.1 Site Location .............................................................................................................. 144

5.2 Technology Used ....................................................................................................... 144

CHAPTER NO. 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM .................. 145

6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 145

6.2 Monitoring Program (Construction /Operation) ........................................................ 145

CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES ...................................................................... 147

7.1 Public Consultation .................................................................................................... 147

CHAPTER 8 PROJECT BENEFITS ........................................................................ 148

8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 148

8.2 Project Benefited villages .......................................................................................... 148

8.3 Increase in Employment ............................................................................................ 148

8.4 Economic Aspects ...................................................................................................... 148

CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................. 150

9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 150

9.2 Management during Dam & KT Weir Construction ................................................. 150

9.3 Management of Physical and Environmental Resources ........................................... 152

9.3.1 Surface Water Hydrology ....................................................................................... 152

9.3.2 Water Quality .......................................................................................................... 152

9.3.3 Ecology & Biodiversity .......................................................................................... 153

9.4 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan .................................................................... 154

9.4.1 Objects of Catchment Area Treatment Plan ........................................................... 155

9.4.2 Status of the Project Catchment Area ..................................................................... 155

9.4.3 Proposed Catchment Area Treatment Plan ............................................................. 156

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9.5 Fishery Conservation and Management Plan ............................................................ 157

9.6 Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation & Management Plan .................................. 160

9.6.1 Vegetation and Wildlife Management Plan ............................................................ 160

9.6.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................... 162

9.7 Green Belt Development Plan ................................................................................... 163

9.7.1 Greenbelt should be developed in the following areas: .......................................... 164

9.7.2 Greenbelt Development Program ........................................................................... 164

9.7.3 Plantation: ............................................................................................................... 165

9.7.4 Maintenance of the Plantation ................................................................................ 166

9.8 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan ........................................................................ 168

9.8.1 Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement: .............................................. 168

9.9 Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Plan .......................................................... 171

9.10 Labour Management Plan for their Health and Safety .............................................. 171

9.11 Budgetary Allocation for Environment Management ............................................... 173

CHAPTER 10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................................. 174

CHAPTER 11. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT .............................................. 188

11.1 Background of the Organization ............................................................................... 188

11.2 Environmental Management and Engineering Division (EME) ............................... 188

11.3 NABET Accreditation ............................................................................................... 190

11.4 Key personnel’s engaged in preparation of EIA report ............................................. 190

TABLE

Table No.2.1. Salient Features of the Project ........................................................................... 11

Table No.2.2. Rainfall Data of Raimguage Station at Digavie (Tal- Kankawli, Dist. –

Sindhudurg) ........................................................................................................................ 21

Table No.2.3. Rainfall Data of Raimguage Station at Shivdav (Tal- Bhudargad, Dist. –

Kolhapur) ........................................................................................................................ 22

Table No.2.4. Area Content Table ........................................................................................... 25

Table No.2.5. Water Requirements by Modified Penman Method .......................................... 27

Table No.2.6. Taluka wise command area ............................................................................... 27

Table No.2.7. Taluka wise lists of benefited villages .............................................................. 28

Table No.2.8. Gross, Culturable and Irrigable Command Area ............................................... 28

Table No.2.9. Existing & Proposed cropping pattern .............................................................. 29

Table No.2.10. Estimated project cost along with analysis in terms of economic viability of

the project ........................................................................................................................ 31

Table No.3.1. Environmental Setting of the Study Area .......................................................... 36

Table No.3.2. Environmental Parameters and Frequency of Monitoring ................................ 37

Table No.3.3. The average annual rainfall observed to be 2464 mm ....................................... 39

Table No.3.4. Stratigraphic Information of the Sub basin ....................................................... 41

Table No.3.5. Techniques Used for the Analysis of Ambient Air Quality Parameters ........... 42

Table No.3.6. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...................................................... 43

Table No.3.7. Test Methods Used for Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter ............................ 43

Table No.3.8. Results of Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter (µg/m3).................................... 43

Table No.3.9. Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Locations ..................................................... 44

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Table No.3.10. Test Methods Used for Ambient Noise Level Monitoring............................. 44

Table No.3.11. Ambient Air Quality standards in respect of Noise ....................................... 45

Table No.3.12. Results of Analysis of Ambient Noise Level data various locations ............. 45

Table No.3.13. Surface Water Sampling Locations ................................................................ 46

Table No.3.14. Ground Water Sampling Locations ................................................................ 46

Table No.3.15. Test Methods Used for Surface Water Parameter .......................................... 47

Table No.3.16. Test Methods Used for Ground Water Parameter .......................................... 48

Table No.3.17. Physico-chemical Characteristics of Surface Water - Winter Season ............ 49

Table No.3.18. Physico-chemical Characteristics Surface Water - Summer Season .............. 52

Table No.3.19. Physico-chemical Characteristics Ground Water -Winter Season ................. 55

Table No.3.20. Physico-chemical Characteristics Ground Water - Summer Season .............. 58

Table No.3.21. Soil Sampling Locations ................................................................................ 61

Table No.3.22. Test Methods Used for Soil Quality Analysis ................................................ 62

Table No.3.23. Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil in Winter ....................................... 63

Table No.3.24. Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil - Summer ...................................... 66

Table No.3.25. List of Ephemeral Plant in Catchment area .................................................... 70

Table No.3.26. List of Ephemeral Plant in Submergence area ............................................... 71

Table No.3.27. List of Ephemeral Plant in Command area .................................................... 72

Table No.3.28. List of trees in the command area .................................................................. 85

Table No.3.29. List of Amphibians and Reptiles in and around the Nardave project ............ 89

Table No.3.30. List of Mammals in and around the Nardave project ..................................... 90

Table No.3.31. Checklist of Butterflies in and around study area .......................................... 90

Table No.3.32. Checklist of Dragonflies and Damselflies in and around study area ............. 91

Table No.3.33. List of Birds in and around the Nardave Project ............................................ 93

Table No.3.34. Checklist of Mammals species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur ................... 99

Table No.3.35. Checklist of Amphibian species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur ............... 100

Table No.3.36. Checklist of Reptilian species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur .................. 100

Table No.3.37. Checklist of Birds in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur (MH) India .................. 101

Table No.3.38. Algal genus Pollution Index (Palmer, 1969) ................................................ 107

Table No.3.39. Enumeration of Phytoplankton in Gad River ............................................... 108

Table No.3.40. Phytoplankton Genera Recorded in Gad River ............................................ 109

Table No.3.41. Enumeration of Zooplankton in Gad River .................................................. 111

Table No.3.42. Zooplankton Genera Recorded in Gad River ............................................... 112

Table No.3.43. Benthic Fauna recorded at Gad River .......................................................... 114

Table No.3.44. Area coverage for different land use and land cover forms. ........................ 116

Table No.3.45. Area Statistics for the catchment area .......................................................... 118

Table No.3.46. Area Statistics for the Submergence Area .................................................... 120

Table No.3.47. Area Statistics for the Command Area ......................................................... 122

Table No.3.48. Demographic and Socio-economic Information of Project affected villages ....

...................................................................................................................... 127

Table No.3.49. Demographic and Socio-economic Information of Command Area ............ 129

Table No.4.1. Environmental Impacts of the Project ............................................................. 143

Table No. 6.1. Suggested Monitoring Programme ............................................................... 146

Table No.9.1. Area Statistics for the catchment area ............................................................. 155

Table No.9.2. List of Plant Species for Plantations ................................................................ 165

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Table No.9.3. For remaining 64.505 ha land present status ................................................... 168

Table No.9.4. Present Position of Rehabilitation ................................................................... 168

Table No.9.5. Status of completion of civic amenities .......................................................... 168

Table No.9.6. Villagewise Status of R & R facilities ............................................................. 169

Table No.9.7. Positive Performance Measure for Safety ....................................................... 172

Table No.11.1. Experts engaged in the preparation of EIA EMP report .............................. 190

FIGURE

Figure No. 1.1 Location Map .................................................................................................. 4

Figure No. 2.1. Index Map ..................................................................................................... 17

Figure No. 3.1. Photographs showing Dam site .................................................................... 34

Figure No. 3.2. Toposheet Showing 10 km radius from the Dam Site .................................. 35

Figure No. 3.3. Google Image showing catchmet, submergence and Command area of the

project ....................................................................................................................... 36

Figure No. 3.4. Wind Roses 0830 HRS & 1730 HRS (Year 1977-1995) .............................. 40

Figure No. 3.5. Seismic Zone Map of India showing the project site .................................... 41

Figure No. 3.6. Photographs showing Ambient Air Quality monitoring at Project site &

Sangve Village ....................................................................................................................... 42

Figure No. 3.7. Photographs of the Vegetation in the study area .......................................... 88

Figure No. 3.8. Photographs of the Butterfly and Dragonflies in study area ......................... 92

Figure No. 3.9. Photographs of the Bird Diversity in the study area ..................................... 95

Figure No. 3.10. View of Gad River ...................................................................................... 104

Figure No. 3.11. Collection of Plankton from various locations of the Gad River ................ 104

Figure No. 3.12. Collection of Benthos from various locations of the Gad River ................. 114

Figure No. 3.13. Land use and land cover map of 12 km buffer ........................................... 117

Figure No. 3.14. Land use and land cover map of catchment area ........................................ 119

Figure No. 3.15. Land use and land cover map of Submergence area ................................... 121

Figure No. 3.16. Land use and land cover map of command area ......................................... 123

Figure No. 3.17. Slope Map of Naradave Medium Irrigation Project ................................... 124

Figure No. 3.18. Aspect map of aradave Medium Irrigation Project ..................................... 125

Figure No. 3.19. DEM Map of Naradave Medium Irrigation Project .................................... 126

Figure No. 3.20. Photogrpahs of the project area................................................................... 132

Figure No. 9.1. Land use and land cover map of catchment area ........................................ 156

Figure No. 9.2. Photographs of Rehabilitation Villages - New Gaothans ........................... 170

Figure No. 9.3. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Controls Methodology ......... 172

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CHAPTER NO. 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preamble

Nardave Medium Irrigation Project is being constructed on Gad River near village Nardave,

Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg of Maharashtra state since 2001. The river Gad is west

flowing river originating from Sahyadri Mountain and meeting in Arabian Sea near Malwan.

The Dam Site is about 25 Km from Kankavali town on Kankavali - Nardave State Highway

No:120. The Kankavali is situated on the Mumbai – Goa National Highway No: 17, which is

435 Km away From Mumbai. Site is also approachable by Konkan Railway and the Nearest

Railway Station is Kankavali.

The Project envisages construction of an earthen dam having a maximum height of 66.43 m,

with gated spillway on right flank and an ICPO on the left flank with gross storage capacity of

123.74 Mcum. The Project on its completion will irrigate 8084 ha (Cropped Area = 12530 ha)

of land on both the banks of Gad river from 49 villages of Kankavli, Kudal and Malvan Taluka

of Sindhudurg District. Irrigation proposed in the project is by lift irrigation for which a series

of 14 no of K.T. weirs is provided along the river course to enable lifting of water for irrigation.

The project also envisages a dam foot power house with generation capacity of 3.00 MW.

Provision to the tune of 10.605 Mcum for domestic and 5.958 Mcum for industrial use is made.

Other benefits of the projects are fisheries and tourism.

The original administrative approval for project vide letter No. (Marathi) MHD/1085/

(390/85)/WRI Dt.12.07.1989 for Rs. 3243.78 Lacks. (RSR 1986 -1987).

Revised administrative approval vide Marathi Govt. Order No. Naradave 2007/140/ (47/2007)-

MPR Mantralay Bombay dated – 19’th JUL 2007. 1) Rs. 44670.76 lakhs. (As per D.S.R.05-

06)

Nardave Medium Irrigation Project is being constructed under Pradhan Mantri Krishi

Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

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The Project envisages construction of an earthen dam having a maximum height of 66.43 m,

with gated spillway on right flank and an ICPO on the left flank with gross storage capacity of

123.74 Mcum.

1.2 Need for the Project & its Importance

The Konkan region is known for the heavy rainfall of above 3000 mm and ample amount of

water, in rainy season. It is observed that due to poor irrigation facilities storm water in rainy

season flows to the Arabian Sea and villages in the Konkan region face drought in summer.

Most of the population in project area is dependent on the agriculture produce. Provide

adequate water supply for irrigation is the only way to improve the living standard of peoples

in this area. The soil in the project area is fertile and capable for cash crops like Mango, coconut

and Cashew etc. if sufficient and assured water is available. The climate is favorable for high

yield crops such as Mango, coconut and oil palms. This proposed project will help to improve

the agriculture and employment in the project area. The major crops in proposed project area

are Rice, Nagli, some seasonal vegetables, Mango and Cashew only. There is no perennial

irrigation found in project area. In the project area, not single well or bore well is used for

irrigation.

There is a need of such type of project to improve the livelihood, enhance the income status of

peoples. The proposed Naradave Medium Irrigation Project intends to irrigate 8084 ha land of

48 villages of Kankavli, Kudal and Malvan Taluka of Sindhudurg District.

1.3 Project Status

Initially application for Environment clearance submitted to EAC, MoEF&CC in

05/10/2011

MoEF&CC asked for forest clearance (letter No. J-12011/46/2011- I.A.I dated

19/12/2011)

Resubmitted for EC application on 27/09/2012.

Proposal was not considered by MoEF&CC due Western Ghat committee

Principal (Stage 1) Approved Vide MOEF & Climate Change Deptt. Ltr No. 6-MHC018/

2011- BHO/1691 DT. 30/09/2014 (Stage II under Process).

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Project recommended by SBWL recommended in its meeting held on 20th Feb 2014.

Reapplied for Environment clearance on dated 8/2/2017

During 2001 to 2006 Dam work of the Project partially completed

ICPO & Spillway work are also partially completed

Out of 14 KT Weirs 10 were completed,

Land acquired 566.657 ha and balance land o be acquired 120.716 ha

Rehabilitation work was 82 % completed up to Dec.2016

Project was considered for ToR on 3rd Meetings of Hon. EAC - River Valley &

Hydroelectric Projects (Item No. 3.5) dated 02/03/2017

ToR granted vide letter No. J-12011/7/2017-IA-I (R) dated 10th October 2017

The Nardave Medium Irrigation Project has been 61.50% work of total dam is completed. 80%

of ICPO completed, & 40% of Spillway work was completed, Out of 14 KT Weirs 10 were

completed, Land acquisition work was 91% completed & rehabilitation work was 82%

completed up to Dec.2016. The work is stopped from June 2012 for want of environmental and

forest clearance. Forest principal approval are final and preparation of final proposal is in

progress.

1.4 Project Location

Name of the Project Nardave Medium Irrigation Project,

Tal- kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg, Maharashtra

Scope of the scheme “Nardave” Medium Irrigation Project having instead of canals,

series of K.T. weir are provided. Irrigable area of this project is

8084 Ha.

Sources River Gad

Location Topo sheet 47H/15, 16,11,12

Latitude160-12’-00“(N) Longitude730-54’-0”(E)

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Figure No. 1.1 Location Map

1.5 Scope of the Study

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of

Nardave Medium Irrigation Project was carried out and mitigation measures have been

suggested to minimize the identified environmental impacts. The EIA EMP report has been

prepared as granted Terms of Reference (ToR) vide Letter No. J-12011/7/2017-IA-I (R) dated

10th October 2017.

1.6 Approach and Methodology

The Studies were carried as per guidelines of MoEF&CC, CPCB, and as per granted ToR. The

primary data were collected for Ambient Air quality, Noise, Soil, Water, Ecology and

biodiversity and socioeconomic aspects for the study area. Secondary data have been procured

from various dept. of government and published research papers.

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Collected primary and secondary data was reviewed and analyzed and incorporated in EIA

EMP report.

Land Environment:

Topography of the project area was studied by using toposheets. Land use and land cover study

was carried out based on satellite imagery and as per NRSA guidelines. The various maps like,

Land Use map, Drainage Map, DEM have been prepared.

Representative soil samples were collected and analyzed from the study area. The parameters

analyzed are Physical parameters viz. Soil, Texture, Percentage Of Different Components

(Sand,Silt,Clay), Soil Moisture , Bulk Density, Water Holding Capacity, pH , Conductivity,

Organic Carbon, Calcium (as Ca), Magnesium (as Mg), Available Nitrogen, Phosphorous (as

P), Potassium (as K), Iron (as Fe), Zinc (as Zn), Copper (as Cu), Sodium, Manganese (as Mn),

Total Chromium (as Cr), Nickel (as Ni), Cadmium (as Cd), Lead (as Pb), Sodium Adsorption

Ratio etc.

Meteorology

Meteorological data consisting of temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed/

direction, obtained for nearest Vengurla IMD station.

Air Environment:

The ambient air quality monitoring were carried out in the study area. The sampling station

location and number were selected based on upwind, downwind and crosswind directions. The

monitoring was carried out as per CPCB/MoEF&CC guideline.

Noise Environment:

Noise levels monitoring was carried out at various location within the study area. Ambient

Noise Level monitoring at various location has been carried out as per standard guidelines of

MoEF&CC and CPCB.

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Water Environment:

Surface water sampling locations were selected based availability of water in river, lake/dam,

natural stream/Nala etc. in the study area. Representative ground water samples were collected

from dug well, Hand pump as well as bore well.

The following surface/ground water quality parameters were measured: Odour, pH at 25 oC,

Temperature , Electrical Conductivity at 25 oC, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Solids

, Total Suspended Solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand , Dissolved

Oxygen, Acidity as CaCO3, Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, Total Hardness as CaCO3, Calcium

as Ca, Magnesium as Mg, Chloride as Cl-, Sulphates as SO4, Nitrate as NO3, Ammonical

Nitrogen as NH4-N, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as NH3-N, Nitrite as NO2, Fluoride as F , Total

Phosphorous , Silica as SiO3, Phenol , Sodium as Na, Potassium as K, Hexavalent Chromium

(as Cr6+), Iron (as Fe), Copper (as Cu), Nickel as Ni, Zinc as Zn, Boron as B, Carbonate as

CaCO3, Bicarbonate as HCO3, Total Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms

The sampling and analysis were carried out as per guidelines of CPCB.

Ecology & Biodiversity:

The ecological study was carried out to understand the ‘state of health’ of the habitat and

ecosystem such as degree of disturbance, presence of pollutants and nutrients. Type, location

and characteristics of sensitive flora and fauna were studied. Studies on both terrestrial and

aquatic ecology was carried out as follows:-

Vegetation of project area studied through primary and secondary data, published articles, and

scientific publications etc. A checklist of flora and fauna was prepared by frequent visits to

study area and vicinity. In the present study, fauna under different conservation status cited as

per IUCN Red List and Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Phyto-sociological studies for vegetation was carried out at various locations. Quadrat studies

were undertaken for analysis of abundance, density, frequency, species richness and diversity

indices.

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Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Benthos studies were carried out at various locations. Shanon

Weiner Diversity Index (SWI) for Phytoplankton & Zooplankton and Palmer Pollution Index

(PPI) for phytoplankton were calculated

Demography & Socio-Economic Profile

Analysis & interpretation of Demography, Literacy, working & non-working population

(Workers Categorization) based on Census 2011 data Project level public consultation

(questionnaire & group discussion) has also been carried out and obtained their view of the

projects.

ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Impacts on the environment due to proposed project activities are discussed in detail in this

report. Identification and assessment was carried out on the basis of baseline conditions and

project characteristics, positive and negative impacts during construction and operation phase.

Establishment of short term and long term impacts on sensitive areas such as habitat loss,

sites/monuments of historical and cultural importance, and centers with concentrated pollution

in the study area.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Environmental Management Plans (EMP) were prepared to mitigate the estimated impacts for

each ambient environmental receptor. The elaborated management plans were also proposed

for mitigating the impacts on ambient air, noise, groundwater & soil conditions, aquatic &

terrestrial ecology. EMP describes the requirements of institutional arrangements and capacity

development trainings/programs for its implementation and verification

POST STUDY MONITORING PLAN

Monitoring plan of Environmental parameters as required by regulatory agencies is prepared.

Suggestion given for necessary monitoring equipment and man power required to implement

the monitoring plan.

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1.7 Environmental, Social Policy and Legal Framework

In India the Environmental Protection Act (1986) acts as an umbrella empowering Government

of India to protect and improve environmental quality, control and reduce pollution from all

sources. As a part of EPA 1986, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was made

compulsory for assessing various developmental projects. Other acts like water act; air act also

have certain obligations to fulfill.

Environmental Regulations

India has an elaborate legal framework with number of laws relating to environmental

protection. Key national Acts for the prevention and control of industrial and urban pollution

include the following:

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, amended in 1988

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act of 1977, amended in 1991

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, amended in 1987

The Noise Pollution (Regulation And Control) Rules 2001 amendment 2002, 2006

Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 (EPA)

National Environmental Tribunal Act of 1995

The Forest (Conservation) act 1980, amended 1988

The Maharashtra (Urban Areas) Protection And Preservation of Trees Act, 1975 ( As

modified up to the 1st January, 2016)

The Wildlife Protection Act 1972, Amendment, 2002

The Biological Diversity Act 2002

Ozone depleting substances regulation and control rules 2000

The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation

and Resettlement Act 2013

EIA Notification dated 14th September, 2006 and its sub sequent amendments

In addition to the above mentioned acts and rules, some of the rules which are of importance

in context with this assignment include –

The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 & amendment rules 2010

The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (Amendment) Rules, 2000

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Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Trans boundary Movement) Rules, 2016

Dangerous Goods (Classification, Packaging and Labelling) Rules, 2013

Plastic Waste Management & Handling Rules 2016

Plastic Waste (M &H)Rules, 2011

Plastic Waste (M&H)Amendment Rules, 2011

Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

E-Waste Management Rules 2016

E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

Contract Labour Act, 1970

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1996 along with Rules, 1988

Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933 (as amended in 2002)

Fire Safety Act, 2002

Disaster Management Act, 2005

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CHAPTER NO. 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Project Background

The Konkan region is known for the heavy rainfall and ample amount of water, in rainy season.

The rainfall in the area is +3000 mm. It is observed that due to poor irrigation facilities storm

water in rainy season flows to the Arabian Sea and villages in the Konkan region face drought

in summer.

Although, the climatic

conditions and soil type supports

and helps grow number of

economic crops, lack of

adequate irrigation facilities has

curtailed agricultural activities

in the region.

This has promoted Water

Resource Department of Government of Maharashtra Enterprise, Konkan Irrigation

Development Corporation to propose a Dam project so as to make water available to some of

the area in Kankavali, Kudal and Malvan taluka in Sinhdudhurg district. One of the main

objectives of the Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation (KIDC) is to provide adequate

water for irrigation.

The original estimated cost of the project approved vide letter No. (Marathi)

MHD/1085/(390/85)/WRI Dt.12.07.1989 for Rs. 3243.78 Lacks.( RSR 1986 -1987).

The first revised estimate as per RSR 1993-94 was approved for Rs.10298.204 lacks vide GR

No. (Marathi) MHD/1096/ (70/96) MP Dt.17.11.1997); the estimated cost is again revised to

Rs.18990.676 lacks (RSR 1997-1998) and IInd revised Administrative approval is accorded by

Government of Maharashtra vide letter No. (Marathi) MHD/1099/67/(16/99) MP

Dt.22.04.1999 .The estimated cost is again revised to Rs 44670.769 lakh (RSR 2005-06) and

third revised administrative approval is accorded by Government of Maharashtra vide letter

No. Marathi 2007/140(47/2007)- MP, Date-19/07/07

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There is strong demand from farmers in this area for assured water supply to irrigate their crops.

2.2 Project site

The Dam Site is about 25 Km from Kankavali town on Kankavali - Nardave State Highway

No. 120. The Kankavali is situated on the Mumbai – Goa National Highway No. 17, which is

435 Km away from Mumbai. Site is also approachable by Konkan Railway and the Nearest


2.3 Brief Description and Nature of the Project

2.3.1 Salient Features

Table No.2.1. Salient Features of the Project

Sr. No. Particulars Details

1 Name of the Project NARDAVE MEDIUM IRRIGATION PROJECT,

Tal- kankavali, Dist - Sindhudurg

2 Scope of the scheme “Nardave” Medium Irrigation Project having instead

of canals, series of K.T. weir are provided. Irrigable

area of this project is 8084 Ha.

3 Sources River Gad

4 Location Topo sheet 47H/15, 16,11,12

Latitude 160-12’-00“(N)Longitude730-54’-0”(E)

State Maharashtra

Region Konkan

District Sindhudurg

Taluka Kankavali

5 Upstream utilization Nil

6 Yield &utilization of project

a) Catchment area 47.70 sq.km.

(18.53 sq miles )

b) Average rainfall 4450.10 mm.

c) 75 % Dependable yield 126.60 Mcum.

d) Utilization proposed 121.78Mcum.

7 Dam & Reservoir

a) Gross capacity of storage 123.74 Mcum

b) Live storage 119.16 Mcum

c) Dead storage 4.58 Mcum

8 Relevant levels

a) River Bed R.L. 127.17 M

b) Outlet sill level 144.30 M

c) M.D.D.L.R.L. 146.80 M

d) Full Reservoir level R.L. 190.00 M

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e) M.W.L. 190.60 M

f) Top of Dam R.L. 193.60 M

g) Spillway crest R.L. 185 M

9 Submergence.

a) Submergence 356.352 Ha.

b) No. of villages under

submergence

Jambhalgaon

Nardave.

Yavteshvar.

Bhairavgaon

Durganagar

c) No. of Houses under

Submergence Village No.of Houses.

Jambhalgaon 249

Nardave 327

Yavteshvar 56

Bhairavgaon 99

Durganagar 236

Total 967

d) No. of Souls affected 3849

10 Type of Dam

a) Type Earthen Dam with Gated spillway

b) Maximum height of dam

above river bed

66.43 Mtrs

c) Length of Dam.

i) Earthen Dam.

ii) Masonary Dam

=1790 M (total=earthan dam+Spillway)

(R.D.-30 M to 1479.5 M & 1505 M

to1740M)

Total = 1749 M

=(R.D 1479.5 M to1520.5 M)

Total = 41.00 M

d) Total quantity of earth work 136.11 lakh cum

e) Total quantity of concrete

works

0.53 lakh cum

f) Total quantity of excavation

Soft Strata 1.78 lakh cum

Hard rock 0.20 lakh cum

TOTAL 1.98 lakh cum

11 Waste weir

a) Length of the waste weir 41.00 Mtr. (Including both side pier)

b) Type Gated

c) Flood depth 0.60 M.

d) Free Board 3.00 M.

e) Design flood discharge 1504 cumecs

g) Spillway Gates 12 M x 5 M = 3 Nos.

12 Outlet (Power)

a) Location RD 70 M

b) Full supply discharge 7.66 cumecs

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13. Canals – instead of canals series of K.T. weirs are provided

Sr.

No.

Name of

Valley

Name of

K.T. weir

Chainage Length

in M

storage in

TM cum

1

Gad River

Vally Basin

Nardave 1100 M 52 0.028

2 Jambhavade 2850 M 64 0.034

3 Kupavade 5 970 M 112 0.054

4 Digavale 8510 M 91 0.202

5 Pangamwadi 11100 M 110 0.168

6 Dariste 12250 M 91 0.191

7 Sangave 15400 M 91 0.491

8 Shivdav 17430 M. 110 0.511

9 Chichalwadi 1 8 8 70 M. 85 0.191

10 Shekhwadi 21870 M. 115 0.473

11 Harkul bru. 23370 M. 103 0.337

12 Halwal 25350 M. 118 0.472

13 Kankavali 27350.M 112 0.498

14 Ramgad 38850 M 125 0.546

14 Irrigable Area 8084 Ha

a) Taluka benefited & village

Benefited.

Taluka - Kankavali -30 villages.

Taluka - Kudal -08 villages

Taluka - Malvan -10 villages

Total -48 villages

15 Proposed crop pattern Crop % age

1. Perennial i) Coconut 15

ii) With Black Pepper

( Inter Crop)

-

iii) Mango 30

45

2. Kharif i) Kh Paddy 46

ii) Vegetable 09

55

3. Rabbi (Follow on crops) i) Rabi paddy 07

ii) Rabbi Vegetable 15

iii) H W Pulses 13

iv) H W Ground nut 05

vii) Chillies Two

seasonal

15

55

Total 155

(b) Existing crop pattern i) Paddy 42

iii) Warai/Nagali 12

iii) Pulses 08

iv) Seams 01

iv) Fruits 02

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v) Grass 03

vi) Culturable 32

Total 100

16 Cost of the Project 1) Rs. 44670.76 lakhs. ( Third Revised)

( As per D.S.R.05-06)

Third Administrative approval vide Marathi Govt.

Order No. Naradave 2007/140/(47/2007)- MPR

Mantralay Bombay dated – 19’th JUL 2007

(2) Latest Revised Amount Rs.1200.00 Lakhs (As

per D.S.R. 2016-2017 ( Under Finalization)

a) Cost of the Project (

Original )

3243.78 lakhs

(As per DSR 1986-1987)

b) Cost of the Project (I st

Revised)

10298.20 lakhs

(As per DSR 1993-94)

b) Cost of the Project (II nd

Revised)

18990.67 lakhs

(As per DSR 1997-1998)

17 Cost per unit of

i) Irrigable area

Rs 5.526 Lakh / Ha

18 Cost per unit of storage

b) Gross storage/Mcum Rs. 361.005 Lakh/Mcum

19 Benefit cost ratio Irrigation 1.54

20 Percentage of submergence to

irrigable area.

4.40 %

21 Percentage of annual

utilization to 75 %

Dependable yield

96.19 %

2.3.2 Components of the Project:

The major components of the project as being executed are as follows.

(I) Earthen Dam: Earthen Dam is proposed in a length of 1749 m and its maximum height

and top width are 66.43 m and 6.50 m respectively. Nearly 61.50% of earth work is completed.

Earthwork between RD 330

m to 702 m is completed up

to RL 174.00m, RD 880 m to

1170 m is completed up to

RL 175.00 m and between

RD 60 m to 150 m is

completed up to RL 155.00

m (Designed TBL is 193.60

m).

Dam Site

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(II) Spillway: A cement concrete spillway having a length of 41 m. is proposed in the right

flank. The spillway will have 3 Nos of Radial Gates of Size 12 X 5 m and approach channel,

stilling basin and tail channel. Excavation for foundation of spillway and stilling basin up to

designed level is nearing to completion. Falls are proposed in tail channel for energy dissipation

construction of which are in progress. Nearly 40% work of spillway is completed.

(III) Irrigation cum Power Outlet:

Irrigation cum Power Outlet is proposed on left flank at RD 70m with discharging capacity of

7.66 cumecs and a dam foot power house having generation capacity of 3.00 MW. Generating

units proposed under this project are 13.45 million units. Excavation excluding approach

channel is completed. Construction of penstock for entire length as per design is completed.

Construction of dry well up to RL 157.00 m is completed. 80% work of ICPO is completed.

Work of power generation is entrusted to Laksh Power Private Limited, Mumbai on B. O. T.

Same work is under supervision of Hydro Division.

(IV) K.T. Weirs:

Due to hilly nature of the country, canals are not economical. Hence in such hilly terrain,

storage is built up behind series of KT weirs from where water is lifted for irrigation domestic

and industrial use by individual beneficiaries or by formation of co-operative societies. Such

schemes will have their own distribution system in the form of minors and field channels and

need no special elaboration. The government will not incur any expenditure on lift schemes.

A series of 14 K.T. Weirs is proposed along the river course of Gad river to enable lifting of

water for irrigating irrigable command area to the tune of 8084 ha (Cropped Area 12530 ha.)

Out of 14 K.T. Weirs 10 Nos. of K.T. Weirs are completed so far and irrigation potential

and its utilization to the tune of 757 ha against 8084 ha is achieved up to Dec 2016. Provision

to the tune of 10.605 Mcum for domestic and 5.958 Mcum for industrial use is made. Other

benefits of the project are fisheries and tourism

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K.T. Weir No. 1 K.T. Weir No. 3

K.T. Weir at Kankavali

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Figure No. 2.1. Index Map

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2.3.3 Connectivity

The Dam Site is about 25 Km From Kankavali town on Kankavali - Nardave State Highway

No:120. The Kankavali is situated on the Mumbai – Goa National Highway No: 17, which is

435 Km away From Mumbai. Site is also approachable by Konkan Railway and the Nearest


1 Location 35 Km from District Place Sindhudurg

25 Km from Taluka Place Kankavali

1 Km from nearest Village Naradave

2 Nearest Railway Station Kankavali Railway Station (25 km)

3 Nearest Airport Goa Airport 95 km

4 Nearest Petrol and Diesel Pump At. Kankavali at 25 Km. from work site

2.3.4 Land Form, Land use and Land ownership

For construction of earthen dam and its allied works, total 631.162 Ha land is required for

submergence, dam seat, tail channel, alternative roads, which incorporates 585.772 ha Private

Land, 11.25 ha Govt. Land and 34.14 ha Identified Forest Land.

Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement:


submergence, dam seat, tail channel, alternative roads & other allied works which incorporates

585.772 ha Private Land, 11.25 ha Govt. Land and 34.14 ha Identified Forest Land. Out of this

total 631.162 ha land acquisition procedure for 566.657 ha is completed and it is in possession

of Water Resources Department. For remaining 64.505 ha land, present status is as under.

For remaining 64.505 ha land present status is as under

Sr.

No.

Componenet Type Acquired Land

in hector

Remaining

land in hector

1 Dam, Submergence,

dam seat, tail channel,

alternative roads &

other allied works

Private Land 566.657 19.115

Govt. Land 00 11.25

Identified Forest Land 00 34.14

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As per scheduled programme for the year 2016-17 area required for the construction of main

dam, waste weir, ICPO and other related ancillary works, is in possession of Water Resources

department. Hence there is no any bottleneck for construction of main dam and other ancillary

works during the year 2016-17 as per scheduled programme. Remaining land required is

mainly for submergence of dam and land acquisition proposals for the same are well in

progress. There are five villages coming under submergence and are to be rehabilitated before

impounding. There are 967 no. of families are proposed to be rehabilitated in three new

gaothans with 18 civic amenities. The work is already started and present position is as below.

Present Position of Rehabilitation is as below

Sr.

No.

Details of Villages Affected Details of Rehabilitation Villages

Affected

Village

Population No of

Families

Name of new

Gaothan

Present position

Land of

Gaothan

Creation of civic

amenities

1 Durganagar 881 236 Jambhavade Acquired 80% completed

2 Nardave 1240 327 Digawale Acquired 90% completed

3 Bhairavgaon 426 99

4 Yawateshwar 402 56 Sangve Acquired 80% completed

5 Jambhalgaon 3229 249

Total 3849 967

Status of completion of civic amenities is tabulated below

Sr.

No.

Name of

Village

% age completion

of civic amenities

Total no. of PAFs/

PAPs Affected

Total no. of PAFs/

PAPs Affected

1 Digawale 90 262 0

2 Jambhavade 60 260 0

3 Sangave 85 445 0

967 0

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2.4 Alternative sites

The site is feasible on technical & financial aspects. No alternative studies has been carried out.

2.5 Hydrology and Water Planning

2.5.1 Water Availability

Catchment Area

The river Gad Originates from Sahyadri Mountains ranges. The catchment area of proposed

dam is 47.70Sq.km. The

slope of the catchment area

is palm shaped surrounded

by hill ranges with steep

slope. The catchment area

is good thick forest and

vegetation. The catchment

area lies in the heavy

rainfall zone in range of

5588 mm to 6350 mm

based on the isohytal map

prepared by IMD for west flowing rivers. The catchment area of the project is good not

degraded.

This river Originates mainly with three Nallas and number of small Nallas. The Catchment is

surrounded with steep slopes and is covered with thick to moderately tick forest and vegetation

with good drainage and water.

The entire valley up to dam site is covered with overburden of soil, murum and boulders. The

river gad flows towards west and meets Arabian Sea near villages Revandi in Malvan Taluka.

The total catchment area of the proposed project is 47.70 Sq.km. The slope of catchment is of

palm shaped surrounded by mountain ranges with steep slopes.

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The catchment area lies in heavy rainfall zone in range of 5588mm to 6350mm based on the

Isohytetal map prepared by Indian meteorological department for west flowing rovers.

Rainfall

The rainfall is generally confined to the southwest monsoon and its period is from June to

September in each year. The rainfall is aerographic and not uniform. The rainfall is higher order

in the mountain ranges and reduces as it approaches the dam site. The precipitation is more

intense in July and August months. There is a rainfall station established at Digavle village, in

the command area on downstream of the dam site on the right flank of the river area which has

been in operation since 1966.

The average annual yield has been calculated by adopting the Inglis’s formula for Ghat

Catchment, by using average rainfall data at 75% Dependability and tabulated as below.

Sr. No. Particulars 75% dependability

Mcum TMC

1 By Isohytal method 177.02 6.25

2 Rain gauge Station at Digavle 133.29 4.71

3 Rain gauge station at Patgaon 163.05 5.76

Table No.2.2. Rainfall Data of Raimguage Station at Digavie (Tal- Kankawli, Dist. –

Sindhudurg)

Sr.

No.

Year Rainfall in mm

(Chronological order

Year Rainfall in mm


Remark

1. 1966 8089.4 1967 8866.1

2. 1967 8866.1 1976 8728.7

3. 1968 3154.1 1966 8089.4

4. 1969 3987.3 1975 6126.1

5. 1970 5388.2 1979 5827.8

6. 1971 4063.6 1970 5388.2

7. 1972 2351 1980 4908.7

8. 1973 4529.8 1998 4891.3

9. 1974 4759 1974 4759.0

10. 1975 6126.1 1978 4688.8

11. 1976 8728.7 1977 4628.7

12. 1977 4628.7 1994 4610.7

13. 1978 4688.8 1973 4529.8

14. 1979 5827.8 1981 4524.4

15. 1980 4908.7 1985 4421.7

16. 1981 4524.4 1990 4366.0

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17. 1982 4174.6 1988 4304.2 75%

dependable

rainfall 18. 1983 3952.5 1997 4299.6

19. 1984 3843.5 1993 4255.8

20. 1985 4421.7 1982 4174.6

21. 1986 3171.3 2005 4155.5

22. 1987 3267.4 1999 4105.8

23. 1988 4304.2 2000 4095.8

24. 1989 3551.7 1971 4063.6

25. 1990 4366 1969 3987.3

26. 1991 3838.4 1983 3952.5

27. 1992 3141.2 1996 3916.8

28. 1993 4255.8 1984 3843.5

29. 1994 4610.7 1991 3838.4

30. 1995 3646.1 1995 3646.1

31. 1996 3916.8 2004 3586.6

32. 1997 4299.6 1989 3551.7

33. 1998 4891.3 2002 3491.8

34. 1999 4105.8 1987 3267.4

35. 2000 4095.8 2003 3192.8

36. 2001 3101.2 1986 3171.3

37. 2002 3491.8 1968 3154.1

38. 2003 3192.8 1992 3141.2

39. 2004 3586.8 2001 3101.2

40. 2005 4155.5 1972 2351.0

Table No.2.3. Rainfall Data of Raimguage Station at Shivdav (Tal- Bhudargad, Dist. –

Kolhapur)

Sr.

No.

Year Rainfall in mm


Year Rainfall in mm


Remark

1. 1967 5193.0 1990 6440.0

2. 1968 4407.0 1994 6300.0

3. 1969 5044.0 1980 6193.0

4. 1970 5830.0 1983 6193.0

5. 1971 4382.0 1975 6060.0

6. 1972 3823.0 1978 5891.0

7. 1973 4740.0 1997 5845.0

8. 1974 5526.0 1970 5830.0

9. 1975 6060.0 1993 5802.0

10. 1976 5564.0 2005 5773.0

11. 1977 5388.0 1999 5728.0

12. 1978 5891.0 1976 5564.0

13. 1979 4789.0 1974 5526.0

14. 1980 6193.0 1981 5508.0

15. 1981 5508.0 1982 5438.0

16. 1982 5438.0 1977 5388.0

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17. 1983 6193.0 1985 5208.0 75%

dependable

rainfall 18. 1984 4699.0 1967 5193.0

19. 1985 5208.0 1988 5182.0

20. 1986 3664.0 1969 5044.0

21. 1987 4013.0 1998 5040.0

22. 1988 5182.0 2004 4900.0

23. 1989 4458.0 1979 4789.0

24. 1990 6440.0 1973 4740.0

25. 1991 4132.0 1984 4699.0

26. 1992 4585.0 1992 4585.0

27. 1993 5802.0 2001 4509.0

28. 1994 6300.0 1989 4458.0

29. 1995 3998.0 1968 4407.0

30. 1996 4096.0 1971 4382.30

31. 1997 5845.0 2000 4380.0

32. 1998 5040.0 1991 4132.0

33. 1999 5728.0 1996 4096.0

34. 2000 4380.0 1987 4013.0

35. 2001 4509.0 1995 3998.0

36. 2002 3939.0 2002 3939.0

37. 2003 3613.0 1972 3823.0

38. 2004 4900.0 1986 3664.0

39. 2005 5773.0 2003 3613.0

2.5.2 Upstream Utilization

There are no proposed and existing irrigation on upstream of the dam site.

2.5.3 Water Planning

Water Requirnmnet

The water requirement for different crops is computed as per modified Penman method for

proposed revised crop pattern which is enclosed in this report.

Silt Pocket

The catchment area at the proposed dam site near village Nardave is 47.70 sq.km (18.53

Sqmile).The silt load is computed by considering silting rate at 652.46 Cum/SqKm/Year (1.37

acre ft/ Sqmile/ Year). Assuming life of reservoir as 100 year, the silt capacity is workled out

to 3.1122 MCum. Considering trap efficiency of 95%, vide page 10 of CBIP publication no 89

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capacity survey of storage reservoir, Silt capacity works out to 2.957 MCum. The silt capacity

is available at RL 144.30 m.

Dead Storage

The required silt pocket capacity is vailable at R.L.144.30 m.Therefore considering driving

head of 2.50 m the MDDL is proposed at RL. 146.80m. The contents at this R.L are 4.578

Mcum and corresponding submergence area is 0.701 Msqm. The provision of this content is

considered as dead storage.

Evaporation Losses

Evaporation losses on the mean surface area of the lake in each season are worked out at the

rate of 0.70m in kharif, 0.60 m in rabbi and 0.80m in hot weather. The procedure adopted is as

under.

For Kharif season the mean of surface area at MDDL and FRL have been considered.For

computing rabbi losses mean surface area at the beginning and at the end of rabbi season is

considered. For hot weather losses the mean surface area at the beginning and end of hot

weather season is considered.

The evaporation losses for annual utilization are shown as under.

a) Kharif -------- 2.014 MCum

b) Rabbi -------- 2.400 Mcum

c) Hot weathet -------- 1.570 Mcum

Total -------- 5.984Mcum

Storage Capacity

The storage capacity for required irrigartion 8084 ha of land is worked out with the above stated

water requrnmnet and losses.

a) Kharif ……0.340 MCum

b) Rabbi …….34.830 MCum

c) Hot weather

Total

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d) Industrial and domestic requirnmnet

e) Lake losses

Total (I) to (V)

f) Deduct 2% post monsoon flo

(2% of 75 % dependable yield i.e of 133.29 MCum)

g) Live storage

h) Dead storage

i) Gross storage

The contentd are available at RL 190.00 m at which FRL is fixed. The actual content at this

RL are 123.74 Mcum and water spread area is 5.019 MSqm.

Annual Utilization

The annual utilization worked out with the water requirnment and losses is as under.

Kharif …………. 0.340 MCum

Rabbi ………..... 34.830 MCum

Hot weather …………. 64.060 MCum

Industrial and domestic ………….. 16.564 MCum

Annual lake losses …………. 5.984 MCum

Total …………. 121.778 MCum

75% dependable yield available at the dam site is 133.29 MCum which is more than annual

utilization.

Table No.2.4. Area Content Table

R.L.in

M

Area in

Msqm

Contents

Mcum

Progressive

Contents Mcum

Remark

127.57 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 River bed R.L

130.00 0.0131 0.0106 0.0106

132.00 0.0320 0.0433 0.0540

134.00 0.0600 0.0903 0.1443

136.00 0.1200 0.1765 0.3208

138.00 0.2100 0.3258 0.7806

140.00 0.3030 0.5100 1.2906 C.B.L.R.L

140.10 0.3080 0.0305 1.3211

140.20 0.3131 0.0310 1.3521

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140.30 0.3183 0.0315 1.3836

140.40 0.3235 0.0320 1.4156

140.50 0.3839 0.3885 1.8041 M.D.D.L

142.00 0.4130 0.1992 2.0039

144.00 0.5400 0.9495 2.9528

146.00 0.6650 1.2028 4.1556

148.00 0.8110 1.4735 5.6291

150.00 0.9650 1.7737 7.4028

152.00 1.1460 2.1084 9.5112

154.00 1.3150 2.4590 11.9702

156.00 1.5030 2.8158 14.7860

158.00 1.6920 3.1930 17.9790

160.00 1.8720 3.5624 21.5414

162.00 2.0730 3.9482 25.4896

164.00 2.2720 4.3485 29.8381

166.00 2.4380 4.7090 34.5471

168.00 2.6020 5.0390 39.5861

169.10 2.6160 0.2608 39.8469

170.00 2.0080 5.5659 45.1520

172.00 3.1850 6.1516 51.3036

174.00 3.3430 6.5273 57.8309

176.00 3.5270 6.8691 64.7000

176.70 3.5891 2.4906 67.1906

177.20 3.6338 4.2963 68.9963

178.00 3.7060 7.2322 71.9322

179.20 3.8229 4.5171 76.4493

180.00 3.9020 7.6071 79.5393

182.00 4.1090 8.0100 87.5493

183.40 4.2432 5.6514 93.3947 F.R.L as per A.A Estimates

183.90 4.2911 2.3297 35.5284 H.F.L as per A.A Estimates

184.00 4.3610 8.4094 95.9585

186.00 4.5150 3.8150 104.7735

186.90 4.6075 3.9397 108.7132 T.B.L as per A.A Estimates

188.00 4.7226 4.2362 114.0097

190.00 5.0190 9.7385 123.7482 F.R.L as per height raising proposal

190.50 5.0843 2.5777 126.3259 H.F.L as per height raising proposal

192.00 5.2800 7.7330 134.0589

193.50 4.3453 0.000 134.0589 T.B.L as per height raising proposal

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Table No.2.5. Water Requirements by Modified Penman Method

N

o

Crops January Feb March April May June July Augu

st

Septem

ber

Octobe

r

Novemb

er

Decemb

er

To

tal

I II I II I II I II I II I I

I

I I

I

I I

I

I II I I

I

I II I II

A Perennial

1 Coconut 0.

86

0.

9

1

0.

91

0.

9

1

1.

25

1.

39

1.

25

1.

2

5

1.

1

8

1.

2

6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.

7

1

0.

7

1

0.

7

2

0.

7

7

14

.0

8

2 Mango 1.

71

1.

8

2

1.

83

1.

8

3

2.

6

2.

77

2.

51

2.

5

1

2.

3

7

2.

5

2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.

4

2

1.

4

2

1.

4

3

1.

5

4

28

.2

8

B Kharif 0

1 Kharif

Paddy

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.

5

8

0 0 0 0 4.

58

2 Vegetabl

es

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.

1

7

0.

1

7

0.

1

2

0 0 0 0 0.

46

C Follow on crops 0

1 Rabbi

paddy

1.

06

1.

0

9

1.

14

1.

1

4

1.

25

1.

3

1.

17

1.

1

7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.

8

5

12

.1

7

2 Rabbi

Vegetabl

es

0.

61

0.

6

5

0.

96

0.

9

6

1.

36

1.

45

1.

33

1.

3

3

0.

3

9

0.

4

2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.

2

2

0.

2

2

0.

2

3

0.

2

5

10

.3

8

3 HW

Pulses

0.

69

0.

7

3

0.

51

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.

8

0.

9

8

0.

6

3

5.

34

4 H.W.

Ground

nut

0 0.

7

1

0.

33

0.

3

3

0.

65

0.

7

0.

45

0.

5

1

0.

3

6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.

04

5 Chilies

two

seasonal

2.

65

0.

7

4

1.

4

1.

4

2.

45

2.

61

2.

27

2.

2

7

1.

9

8

2.

1

2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19

.8

9

Fortnigh

tly

7.

58

6.

6

5

7.

08

6.

5

7

9.

56

10

.2

2

8.

98

9.

0

4

6.

2

8

6.

3

2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.

1

7

0.

1

7

4.

7

0 2.

3

5

4.

1

5

3.

3

6

6.

0

4

99

.2

2

Monthly 14

.2

3

13

.6

5

19

.7

8

18

.0

2

1

2.

6

0 0 0 0.

3

4

4.

7

6.

5

9.

4

9

9.

22

2.6 Command Area

There is no irrigation facility available in the command area. The taluka wise command area

and villages benefited of proposed project

Table No.2.6. Taluka wise command area

Sr. No. Taluka No of villages Area benefited in ha

i) Kankavli 30 5191

ii) Kudal 8 909

iii) Malvan 10 1984

Total 48 8084

The total 48 villages will be benefited in Kankavali, Kudal and Malvan Talukas of

Sindhudurg district.

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Table No.2.7. Taluka wise lists of benefited villages

Sr. No. Villages Taluka Sr. No. Villages Taluka

1 Dariste Kankavali 25 Tarandale Kankavali

2 Nardave Kankavali 26 Kalamath Kankavali

3 Pimpalgaon Kankavali 27 Kankavli Kankavali

4 Digavle Kankavali 28 Ashiye Kankavali

5 Ranjangaon Kankavali 29 Varavde Kankavali

6 Natal Kankavali 30 Savdav Kankavali

7 Kumbhavde Kankavali 31 Sonavde Kudal

8 Bhiravande Kankavali 32 Ghadigaon Kudal

9 Neharunagar Kankavali 33 Ghotage Kudal

10 Gandhinagar Kankavali 34 Bharani Kudal

11 Rameshwarnagar Kankavali 35 Jambhavde Kudal

12 Subhashnagar Kankavali 36 Bhutvad Kudal

13 Sangave Kankavali 37 Kupavde Kudal

14 Navanagar Kankavali 38 Gavalgaon Kudal

15 Shiwajinagar Kankavali 39 Gothane Malwan

16 Shastrinagar Kankavali 40 Ramgad Malwan

17 Sambhajinagar Kankavali 41 Shravan Malwan

18 Harkul(Budruk) Kankavali 42 Phanaswadi Malwan

19 Nagave Kankavali 43 Bidwadi Malwan

20 Karanje Kankavali 44 Kasaral Malwan

21 Harkul(Kh) Kankavali 45 Asarondi Malwan

22 Sakedi Kankavali 46 Kirlos Malwan

23 Humbrath Kankavali 47 Ajagani Malwan

24 Janavli Kankavali 48 Rathivade Malwan

Distribution of Gross, Culturable And Irrigable Command Area: The distribution of Gross,

culturable and irrigable command area of Naradave Medium Irrigation project is provided in

the table below:

Table No.2.8. Gross, Culturable and Irrigable Command Area

Sr. No. Command Area (ha) Total

1. Gross command Area 12631

2. Culturable Command Area 9978

3. Irrigable Command Area 8084

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2.7 Cropping Pattern

Table No.2.9. Existing & Proposed cropping pattern

Season Crop % age

A Proposed crop pattern

1 Perennial i) Coconut 15

ii) With Black Pepper ( Inter Crop)

iii) Mango 30

45

2 Kharif i) Kh Paddy 46

ii) Vegetable 9

55

3 Rabbi (Follow on crops) i) Rabi paddy 7


iii) H W Pulses 13

iv) H W Gound nut 5

vii) Chillies Two seasonal 15

55

Total 155

B Existing crop pattern i) Paddy 42

iii) Wari/Nagali 12

iii) Pulses 8

iv) Seams 1

iv) Fruits 2

v) Grass 3

vi) Culturable 32

Total 100

Considering the changing trend of taking cash crops in this region mainly fruit crops such as

mango, coconut, cashew nut etc. are proposed for changing crop pattern.

2.8 Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R and R) Plan

2.8.1 Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement:






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Sr.

No.

Component Type Acquired

Land in hector

Remaining

land in hector

1 Dam, Submergence, dam seat, tail channel,

alternative roads & other allied works

Private

Land

566.657 19.115

2.8.2 Present Position of Rehabilitation

Sr.

No.


Affected

Village

Population No of

Families

Name of new

Gaothan

Present position

Land of

Gaothan

Creation of civic

amenities

1 Durganagar 881 236 Jambhavade Acquired 40 % completed

2 Nardave 1240 327 Digawale Acquired 90 % completed


4 Yawateshwar 402 56 Sangve

(Sambhajinagar)

Acquired 90 % completed


Total 3849 967

2.8.3 Status of completion of civic amenities is tabulated below

Sr.

No.

Name of

Village

% age completion

of civic amenities

Total no. of PAFs/ PAPs

Affected

1 Digawale 90 262

2 Jambhavade 40 260

3 Sangave (Sambhajinagar) 90 445

967

2.9 Project Schedule & Cost Estimate

Likely date of start of construction & likely date of completion

The Nardave Medium Irrigation Project has been 61.50% work of total dam is completed. 80%

of ICPO completed, & 40% of Spillway work was completed, Out of 14 KT Weirs 10 were

completed, Land acquisition work was 91% completed & rehabilitation work was 82%

completed up to sep.2016. The work is stopped from June 2012 for want of environmental and

forest clearance. Forest principal approval are final and preparation of final proposal is in

progress.

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Table No.2.10. Estimated project cost along with analysis in terms of economic viability of the

project

1 Cost of the Project 1) Rs. 44670.76 lakhs.

( As per D.S.R.05-06)

Administrative approval vide Marathi

Govt. Order No. Naradave

2007/140/(47/2007)-

MPR Mantralaya Bombay dated – 19th

July 2007

a) Cost of the Project ( Ist Revised ) Revised Amount Rs.10298.20 Lakhs

(As per D.S.R. 1993-1994

b) Cost of the Project (II nd Revised) Revised Amount Rs. 18990.67 lakhs

(As per DSR 1997-1998)

2 Cost per unit of

i) Irrigable area

Rs 5.526 Lakh / Ha




5 Percentage of submergence to irrigable

area.

4.40 %

6 Percentage of annual utilization to 75 %

Dependable yield

96.19 %

2.10 Analysis of proposal (Final Recommendations)

The Naradave Medium Irrigation Project will provide assured irrigation facility to the area and

help to enhance the income from the agriculture based activities in the region. This will boost

the social as well as economic conditions of the farmers.




Project Benefited villages:

Out of total 48 villages, 33 villages of Kankavli taluka, 7 villages of Malvan & 8 villages of

Kudal taluka of Sindhudurg district will be benefited.

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Increase in Employment

The project is expected to provide fair employment opportunities during the construction phase

of the project. Employment will be generated with respect to both skilled as well as unskilled

labour. Furthermore this project is also expected to generate secondary employment

opportunities in the form of agro-based industries after its completion.

Estimated work force for running & maintenance of the system is of about 100 individuals.

Additional direct and indirect employment will be generated due to overall development of

the area.

Economic Aspects




in summer.









irrigation.




The project is expected to enable the local people to change cropping patterns and cultivate

both the cash crops as well as the perennials. This will lead to increase in the agro-based

industries in the command area, which would eventually lead to the economic up-liftment of

the area.

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CHAPTER NO. 3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDY

3.1 Introduction

The baseline status of environmental quality in the vicinity of project site serves as a basis

for identification and prediction of impact. This chapter illustrates the description of existing

environmental status of the study area with reference to the prominent environmental

attributes. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary source

data were collected through environmental monitoring in the study area. Primary survey

involved ambient air quality, ambient noise level, water quality, soil quality, ecology &

biodiversity, interaction with local people etc. in the study area.

Monitoring locations fixed for the primary data collection on the basis of environmental

setting, meteorology and potential probable impacts of the project. Required secondary data

was obtained from various Government agencies, research paper, DPR etc.

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3.2 Study Area

Study area includes Dam Site, Catchment Area, Submergence Area, Command Area and

Area within 10 km radius from dam Site

Figure No. 3.1. Photographs showing Dam site

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Figure No. 3.2. Toposheet Showing 10 km radius from the Dam Site

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Figure No. 3.3. Google Image showing catchmet, submergence and Command area of the

project

Table No.3.1. Environmental Setting of the Study Area

Sr.

No. Particulars Details

Distance from

Project Site (km)

1. Project Location Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist –

Sindhudurg Maharashtra

-

2. Water Bodies Gad River -

3. Forest Radhanagari Wild Life Sanctuary Ajuscent to

submergence and

catchment

4. Roads Naradave Road Adjuscent

5. Highways State Highway 120 3.5 km

6. Railway station Kankavali Approx 20 km

7. Nearest School/

College

Naradave Approx 1km

8. Nearest IMD Vengurla -

9. Seismic Zone III -

Command Area

Submergence &

Catchment Area

Dam Site

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3.3 Environmental Parameters

This chapter provide details of site information related environmental attributes like ambient

air quality, noise level, ground / surface water quality, ecology & biodiversity and

socioeconomic conditions in and around project area. Details of environmental parameters

were monitored and their frequency is presented in Table No. 3.2

Table No.3.2. Environmental Parameters and Frequency of Monitoring

Sr.

No

Components Parameters Frequency of

Monitoring

Methodology

adopted

1. Meteorology Wind speed and

direction,

temperature,

relative humidity

and rainfall

Data collected from

IMD Pune for Vengurla

Station

-

2 Ambient Air

Quality

PM2.5, PM10, SO2,

NOx

Ambient air quality

samples were monitored

at 8 locations for 24

hours twice a week

PM10/PM2.5:

Gravimetric method

SO2 : Modified West

and Gaeke Method

(IS : 5182, Part II)

NOx : Jacobs and

Hochheiser Method

(IS 5182 Part VI)

3 Noise Level Noise levels in

dB (A)

samples were monitored

at 8 locations for 24

hours

IS: 4954 as adopted

by CPCB.

4 Water quality Physical, Chemical

and Biological

parameters.

Ground water 9 nos. ,

surface water 5 nos

were collected

Standard methods

for Examination of

Water and

Wastewater’

published by

Amercian Public

Health Association

(APHA) & IS

Method

5 Soil Physico-chemical Sampling at 13 locations

around project site once

during the study period.

IS Method

6 Ecology &

Biodiversity

Terrestrial flora,

fauna and River

ecology

Field survey conducted

by frequent visits during

the study period

Quadrat method,

Checklist

Sampling &

Analysis

7 Socio –economic

aspects

Socio –economic

characteristics of

local population

Based on data collected

from the year 2011

Census Abstract

Based on Census

Data 2011 and

primary survey

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3.4 Meteorology

The climate of the study area and the surrounding region is generally humid. The year may

broadly be divided into four seasons.

Winter season: December to February

Pre-monsoon season/ Summer: March to June

Monsoon season: June to September

Post Monsoon season: October to November

The regional surface meteorological data viz., temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and

direction, station level pressure, rainfall etc. has been compiled from IMD data, Pune for

Vengurla station, which is the nearest IMD station to the site.

Analysis of the Data Recorded at IMD – Vengurla

The Meteorological data of IMD Vengurla for the period of 1987 to 2008 is discussed below:

Temperature:

The mean maximum temperature is 34.4 C recorded in month of April in 1987 and mean

minimum temperature is 14.8 recorded in month of December in 2000. The highest maximum

temperature is 38.2 C recorded in month of June in 2007 and highest minimum temperature

is 6.2 C recorded in month of November 2005.

The average maximum temperature is 34.21C and average minimum temperature is 18.91C

recorded in last 21 year.

Relative Humidity:

During Pre-monsoon period, the monthly mean relative humidity was observed to be in the

range of 67% - 89% at 0830 hrs and at 1730 hrs it occurred in the range of 55% - 72%. During

the monsoon season, relative humidity ranges between 82% - 94% at 0830 hrs and 76% -

92% at 1730 hrs. In the post-monsoon season, the range was observed to be in the range

68.3% - 91% at 0830 hrs and at 1730 hrs. The range of relative humidity occurred between

56% - 83%. During winter season the range of humidity was observed between 65% - 91%

at 0830 hrs and 46% - 67% at 1730 hrs.

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Rainfall:

Table No.3.3. The average annual rainfall observed to be 2464 mm

Sr.

No. Year

Total Rainfall

In mm

Sr.

No. Year

Total Rainfall

In mm

1 1987 2546.4 12 1999 3315

2 1988 2973 13 2000 3831.4

3 1689 2447 14 2001 2206

4 1990 1413 15 2002 2361

5 1991 2626 16 2003 2590.5

6 1992 2579 17 2004 2720

7 1993 1025.2 18 2005 2904

8 1994 2442.4 19 2006 2330.2

9 1995 3753 20 2007 3584.4

10 1996 834.2 21 2008 2600.4

11 1998 3138.4

Wind Speed/Direction:

Generally light to moderate winds prevail throughout the year with slightly stronger winds

in the early monsoon period. Winds are light and variable in the post-monsoon and winter

seasons particularly during the morning hours, while during the afternoon hours the winds

are slightly stronger. It is observed from the data that the predominant wind direction in the

region is west followed by Northwest and Southwest. The average wind speed in the region

is observed to be in the range of 6.6 to 17.9 kmph.

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Figure No. 3.4. Wind Roses 0830 HRS & 1730 HRS (Year 1977-1995)

3.5 Geological and Geophysical Study

The Geological formations in the area investigated are Dharwar, Kaladgis, Deccan Trap,

Peninsular Gneiss and Cainozoic group. The Dharwar rocks represented by archaean Meta

Sediments and granite gneisses with mafic and ultramafic intrusive occupy major part of the

area. Kaladgisrest unconfirmably over the archaeans comprise of conglomerates, grits, ortho-

quartzitesshales and stand in relief as narrow ridges. Deccan traps occupy small area in the

northern and eastern part of the area forming isolated patches separated by river valleys.

Sedimentary beds comprising carbonaceous, pyritic and ferruginous shales are noticed below

lateritis in well sentions and dissected valley sections along the coast near Malvan &

Kaluswadi, Laterites both primary and secondary occupy extensive areas in low lying platens

and coastal track in the West as well as East. Beach sand along narrow coastal strip and along

the banks of rivers are recent formations in the area.

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Table No.3.4. Stratigraphic Information of the Sub basin

Lithology Rock type Stratigraphic status

Basalt Aa/pahoehoe/Simple flows

(Mahabaleshwar/Karanja)

Deccan trap (Sahyadri

Group)

Massive Granite & Plutonic

Rocks

Granite/Pegmatite/aplite Peninsular gneiss

Phyllite / Schist / Slate Quartz chlorite amphibolite

schist/ferruginous phyllite

Dharwar

Laterite Laterite (Ferricrete) Cainozoic

Quartzite with Shale/Phyllite

bands

Quartzite/quartz sericite

schist

Dharwar

Bedded Sandstone/Quartzite Sedimentary quartzite Kaladgi

3.6 Seismic-Tectonic Appraisal of the Area

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has prepared a seismic zoning map of India based on tectonic

features and records of past earthquakes. The site is located in Zone-III as per the seismic map

given in below figure.

Figure No. 3.5. Seismic Zone Map of India showing the project site

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3.7 Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality monitoring were carried out in the study area. The sampling station

location and number were selected at dam site, submergence and command area. The

monitoring was carried out as per CPCB/MoEF&CC guideline.

The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOX samples were collected as 24 hourly average

by drawing air at the rate of 1.0 -1.5 m3/min through glass fibre filter paper and analyzing by

the gravimetric method. Pre-calibrated fine dust particulate samplers were used for monitoring

of PM10 & PM2.5. Concentrations of SO2 and NOX were analyzed by absorption & colorimetric

method.

Table No.3.5. Techniques Used for the Analysis of Ambient Air Quality Parameters

Sr.

No

Parameter Technique Technical

Protocol

Minimum

Detectable Limit

1 PM 10 & PM2.5 Gravimetric method IS -5182 (Part-4) 1.0 g/m3

2 Sulphur Dioxide Modified West and Gaeke IS-5182 (Part-2) 4.0 g/m3

3 Nitrogen Oxide Jacob & Hochheiser IS-5182 (Part-6) 4.0 g/m3

Figure No. 3.6. Photographs showing Ambient Air Quality monitoring at Project site &

Sangve Village

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Table No.3.6. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

Sr. No. Name of the Location Area

1 Dam Site - Naradave

2 Yewateshwar Submergence Area

3 Jambhalgaon Submergence Area

4 Bhairavgaon Submergence Area

5 Pimpalvadi Command Area

6 Sangve Command Area

7 Jambhavade Command Area

8 Digawale Command Area

Table No.3.7. Test Methods Used for Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter

Sr. No. Parameter Unit Test Method

01 Nitrogen dioxide, NOx µg/m3 IS: 5182 (Part-IV) 2006, First Revision

02 Sulphur dioxide SO2 µg/m3 IS 5182 Part-II .2001 First Revision

03 Particulate Matter PM10 µg/m3 IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006 Reaff 2012

04 Particulate Matter PM2.5 µg/m3 USEPA (40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–14 Edition)

Appendix L to Part 50)

Table No.3.8. Results of Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter (µg/m3)

Sr. No. Monitoring Locations Parameter PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2

1. Dam Site Naradave Minimum 54.3 24.6 21.6 20.7

Minimum 37.4 14.7 12.6 14.2

Average 46.71 18.97 17.07 16.94

98 Percentile 54.11 23.95 20.77 20.7

2. Yewateshwar Minimum 54.2 22.6 19.2 20.7

Minimum 44.4 12.5 11.5 13.2

Average 49.26 18.31 14.6 16.51

98 Percentile 54.15 22.55 18.28 20.51

3. Jambhalgaon Minimum 55.4 29 17.2 18.4

Minimum 38.9 18 12.8 14.9

Average 47.09 23.62 15.14 16.75

98 Percentile 54.2 28.72 17.01 18.35

4. Bhairavgaon Minimum 53.6 29.1 16.8 20.6

Minimum 39.4 18.4 12 14.2

Average 46.16 23.03 15.22 17.16

98 Percentile 53.04 28.5 16.75 20.23

5. Pimpalvadi Minimum 54.6 29.1 16.3 22.7

Minimum 42.4 14.9 11.9 11.9

Average 47.17 22.15 14.79 16.69

98 Percentile 54 28.5 16.3 22.14

6. Sangve Minimum 52.4 28.4 16.8 18.4

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Sr. No. Monitoring Locations Parameter PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2

Minimum 35.8 17.6 11.9 14.9

Average 46.59 24.59 14.88 16.74

98 Percentile 52.26 28.12 16.62 18.3

7. Jambhavade Minimum 54.2 26.5 16.8 20.6

Minimum 38.9 18.1 11.5 13.2

Average 47.17 21.9 15.06 16.64

98 Percentile 53.83 26.5 16.75 19.49

8. Digawale Minimum 54.2 28.7 18.3 21.7

Minimum 42.5 16.8 12 15.3

Average 47.68 22.96 15.05 17.46

98 Percentile 53.83 28.28 17.61 21.65

3.8 Ambient Noise Level

Methodology of Noise Level Monitoring

Noise levels monitoring was carried out at various locations within the study area. Ambient

Noise Level monitoring at various location has been carried out as per standard guidelines of

MoEF&CC and CPCB.

The noise monitoring has been carried-out by deploying a digital noise meter having a noise

level measuring range of 35 dB (A) to 100 dB (A). In this monitoring, at each location, the

maximum and the minimum values of noise levels, and the equivalent noise levels were

monitored.

Table No.3.9. Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Locations

Sr. No. Name of the Location Area

1 Naradave Dam Site

2 Yewateshwar Submergence Area

3 Jambhalgaon Submergence Area

4 Bhairavgaon Submergence Area

5 Pimpalvadi Command Area

6 Sangve Command Area

7 Jambhavade Command Area

8 Digawale Command Area

Table No.3.10.Test Methods Used for Ambient Noise Level Monitoring

Sr. No. Parameter Unit Test Method

01 Noise level dB IS 4954 ,1968 Reaff 2014

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Noise Pollution Standards in India

The Schedule of ambient air quality standards in respect of noise notified in the above

‘Rules’ is reproduced below:

Table No.3.11.Ambient Air Quality standards in respect of Noise

Area Code Category of Area/ Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq

Day time Night time

(A) Industrial area 75 70

(B) Commercial area 65 55 (C) Residential area 55 45 (D) Silence Zone 50 40

Note:

Day time shall mean 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.

Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00.a.m.

Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 meters around

hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silent zones are zones which are

declared as such by the competent authority.

Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-mentioned

categories by the competent authority.

dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on

scale A.

Source: Ministry of Environment Forests & Climate Change, Government of India vide ‘The

Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

Table No.3.12.Results of Analysis of Ambient Noise Level data various locations

Sr. No. Location Day Night

Limits in dB(A)

1 Naradave 58.3 42.8

2 Yewateshwar 46.2 39.2

3 Jambhalgaon 50.4 39.8

4 Bhairavgaon 50.5 40.2

5 Pimpalvadi 46.8 40.6

6 Sangve 50.5 42.3

7 Jambhavade 51.3 39.5

8 Digawale 48.3 38.5

The noise levels were measured at 8 locations. Noise levels recorded at various stations were

within the permissible limit.

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3.9 Water Quality Study

Water sampling locations were selected from submergence and command area of the project.

The samples were collected from river, lake/dam, dug well as well as bore well.

The sampling and analysis was carried out as per guidelines of CPCB

Methodology

The surface and ground water sampling was carried out by using central pollution control

board (CPCB) guidelines.

A sample container was properly cleaned and rinsed with sample for three times before it

was filled.

Sample containers were labeled properly and sample code, sampling date and sample

location was clearly marked on container.

Surface water Samples were collected from well mixed section of stream about 30 cm

below the water surface using a weighted bottle.

Ground water Samples were collected from bore well & Dug well

Water samples from various locations in and around the project site were collected for

assessment of the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality.

Table No.3.13.Surface Water Sampling Locations

No. Name of the Location Source

1. Nardave Dam site River

2. Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad River) River

3. Jambhavade School River

4. Gopuri Ashram K.T. Weir River

5. Kankavali K.T. (Gad River) River

Table No.3.14.Ground Water Sampling Locations

No. Name of the Location Source

1. Pimpalvadi Well

2. Yewateshwar Well

3. Jambhalgaon Well

4. Ranjaanwadi Well

5. Kanedi Well

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6. Sambhajinagar-Sangave Bore Well

7. Bhairavgaon (Submergence) Open Well

8. Sambhajinagar-Sangave Open Well

9. Zambhalgaon (ZP) - Submergence Open Well

Table No.3.15.Test Methods Used for Surface Water Parameter

Sr. No. Parameters Unit Test Methods

Chemical Potability

1 Hazen IS: 3025 Part-4 (Rev.1, RA 2012)

2 Odour - IS: 3025 Part-5 (Rev.1, RA 2012)

3 pH at 25 oC - APHA 4500 H+, A, 4-91, 22nd Ed.2012.

4 Temperature 0C APHA 2550 B,2-69 to 2-70 ,22nd Ed.2012

5 Electrical Conductivity at 25 oC µS/cm APHA 2510 B,2-54 to 2-55 ,22nd Ed.2012

6 Turbidity NTU IS: 3025 Part-10 (Rev.1,RA:2012)

7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l APHA 2540 C, 2-65, 22nd Ed.2012

8 Total Solids mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-17)-1984 (Rev.1, R.A : 2012)

9 Total Suspended Solids mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-17)-1984 (Rev.1, R.A : 2012)

10 Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l IS:3025 (Part 44)-1993 (Reaffirmed 2003)

11 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l IS:3025 (Part 58)-2006

12 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l IS: 3025 (pt-38)-1989, Reaff. 2003

13 Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l IS 3025 (part 22),1986,(Rev 1R.A.2014)

14 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012.

15 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2340 C ,2-44 to 2-46,22nd Ed 2012

16 Calcium as Ca mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B, 3.-67 to 3-68,22nd Ed 2012

17 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B, 3.-84 ,22nd Ed 2012

18 Chloride as Cl- mg/l APHA 4500 Cl B,4-72 to 4-73,22nd Ed 2012

19 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l APHA 4500 SO4-E,4-190 to 4-191 22nd Ed.2012.

20 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l APHA 4500 NO3- B 22nd Ed.2012

21 Ammonical Nitrogen as NH4-N mg/l APHA 4500 NH3 F, 4-115 to 4-116, 22nd Ed.2012.

22 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as NH3-N mg/l APHA 4500 N org B and 4500 N-NH3 C

23 Nitrite as NO2 mg/l IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988, Cl. 3, Rev.1, Reaff 2014

24 Fluoride as F mg/l APHA 4500 F-D 4-87 to 4-88 ,22nd Ed 2012

25 Total Phosphorous mg/l APHA 4500 P-C4-153 to 4-154, 22 nd Ed. 2012

26 Silica as SiO3 mg/l APHA 4500 SIO2,4-167 to 4-168 ,22nd Ed 2012

27 Phenol mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-43) (Rev.1, R.A : 2014)

28 Sodium as Na mg/l APHA 3111B, 3-18 to 3-22 , 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

29 Potassium as K mg/l APHA 3111B, 3-18 to 3-22,22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

30 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

31 Iron (as Fe) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

32 Copper (as Cu) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

33 Nickel as Ni mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

34 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

35 Boron as B mg/l APHA 4500 B-C 4-27, 22 nd Ed. 2012

36 Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012.

37 Bicarbonate as HCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012.

Bacteriological Potability

1 Total Coliforms No./100 ml IS: 1622 (R.A 1 2014)

2 Fecal Coliforms No./100 ml IS: 1622 (R.A 1 2014)

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Table No.3.16.Test Methods Used for Ground Water Parameter

Sr.

No.

Parameters Unit Test Methods

CHEMICAL POTABILITY

1 Colour Hazen IS: 3025 Part-4 (Rev.1, RA 2012)

2 Odour - IS: 3025 Part-5 (Rev.1, RA 2012)

3 pH at 25 oC - APHA 4500 H+, A, 4-91, 22nd Ed.2012.

4 Temperature 0C APHA 2550 B,2-69 to 2-70 ,22nd Ed.2012

5 Electrical Conductivity at 25 oC µS/cm APHA 2510 B,2-54 to 2-55 ,22nd Ed.2012

6 Turbidity NTU IS: 3025 Part-10 (Rev.1,RA:2012)

7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l APHA 2540 C, 2-65, 22nd Ed.2012

8 Total Solids mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-17)-1984 (Rev.1, R.A : 2012)

9 Total Suspended Solids mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-17)-1984 (Rev.1, R.A : 2012)

10 Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l IS 3025 (part 22),1986,(Rev 1R.A.2014)

11 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012.

12 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2340 C ,2-44 to 2-46,22nd Ed 2012

13 Calcium as Ca mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B, 3.-67 to 3-68,22nd Ed 2012

14 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B, 3.-84 ,22nd Ed 2012

15 Chloride as Cl- mg/l APHA 4500 Cl B,4-72 to 4-73,22nd Ed 2012

16 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l APHA 4500 SO4-E,4-190 to 4-191 22nd Ed.2012.

17 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l APHA 4500 NO3- B 22nd Ed.2012

18 Ammonical Nitrogen as NH4-N mg/l APHA 4500 NH3 F, 4-115 to 4-116, 22nd Ed.2012.

19 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as NH3-N mg/l APHA 4500 N org B and 4500 N-NH3 C

20 Nitrite as NO2 mg/l IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988, Cl. 3, Rev.1, Reaff 2014

21 Fluoride as F mg/l APHA 4500 F-D 4-87 to 4-88 ,22nd Ed 2012

22 Total Phosphorous mg/l APHA 4500 P-C4-153 to 4-154, 22 nd Ed. 2012

23 Silica as SiO3 mg/l APHA 4500 SIO2,4-167 to 4-168 ,22nd Ed 2012

24 Phenol mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-43) (Rev.1, R.A : 2014)

25 Sodium as Na mg/l APHA 3111B, 3-18 to 3-22 , 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

26 Potassium as K mg/l APHA 3111B, 3-18 to 3-22,22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

27 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

28 Iron (as Fe) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

29 Copper (as Cu) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

30 Manganese has Mn mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

31 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

32 Nickel as Ni mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

33 Boron as B mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012. 34 Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012.

35 Bicarbonate as HCO3 mg/l APHA 4500 B-C 4-27, 22 nd Ed. 2012

BACTERIOLOGICAL POTABILITY

1 Total Coliforms No./100 ml IS: 1622 (R.A 1 2014)

2 Fecal Coliforms No./100 ml IS: 1622 (R.A 1 2014)

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Result

Surface Water Quality

Table No.3.17. Physico-chemical Characteristics of Surface Water - Winter Season

Sr.

No. Parameter Units

Nardave

Dam

Sangave K.T. Weir

(Gad River)

Jambhavade

School

Gopuri Ashram

(Tal. Kankavali)-

K.T. Weir

Kankavali K.T.

Weir (Gad River)

CHEMICAL POTABILITY

1. Colour Hazen < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5

2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable

3. pH at 25 oC - 7.45 7.13 7.11 7.29 7.22

4. Temperature 0C 24 23 25 25 25

5. Electrical Conductivity at 25 oC µS/cm 126.0 92.3 105 128 118

6. Turbidity NTU <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

7. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 84 61 75 87 77

8. Total Solids mg/l 87 63 78 89 80

9. Total Suspended Solids mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 6 8 06 6 5

11. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 17 22 21 20 22

12. Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.8 7.2 7.0 7.0 6.8

13. Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

14. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 46 32 38 44 40

15. Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 42 33 42 47 44

16. Calcium as Ca mg/l 14 10 12 15.8 14

17. Magnesium as Mg mg/l 7 5 7.2 8.6 5.2

18. Chloride as Cl- mg/l 13.8 13.2 7.42 16.1 9.0

19. Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 14.5 11.5 8.5 15.3 11.5

20. Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 5 3 <1 4.8 <1

21. Ammonical Nitrogen as NH4-N mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

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22. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as NH3-N mg/l 2.9 3.2 <1 3.1 <1

23. Nitrite as NO2 mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

24. Fluoride as F <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

25. Total Phosphorous mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

26. Silica as SiO3 mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

27. Phenol mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

28. Sodium as Na mg/l 6 5 5 6 3

29. Potassium as K mg/l 2 2 3 3 1

30. Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

31. Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

32. Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04

33. Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

34. Zinc as Zn mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

35. Boron as B mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04

36. Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l 46 32 38 44 40

37. Bicarbonate as HCO3 mg/l 0 0 0 0 0


1. Total Coliforms No./100 ml 900 500 <1600 <1600 <1600

2. Fecal Coliforms No./100 ml 500 300 <1600 <1600 <1600

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Observations:

Surface water samples from 5 representative areas were taken from Gad River and

interpretation given below.

The observed pH values in water samples in the range of neutral (7.11-7.45).

Electrical Conductivity was highest at Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)-Ketty Weir (128.0

µS/cm) and minimum at Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad River) (92.3 µS/cm).

Turbidity observed <1 at all sampling stations. Total Dissolved Solids was observed <5 at all

sampling stations.

Maximum Total Solids was observed (89 mg/l) at Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)-Ketty Weir

and minimum at (63 mg/l) at Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad River).

Similarly, observed Total Suspended Solids was ranges <5 in all sampling stations.

Total alkalinity ranges from 32 mg/l to 46 mg/l. Maximum Calcium 15.8 mg/l was found at

Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)-Ketty Weir. Minimum Calcium 10 mg/l was found at

Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad River).

Similarly, Magnesium was found <0.05 mg/l at all the sampling locations.

The hardness (33 mg/l) was lower at Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad River) and higher (47 mg/l) at

Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)-Ketty Weir.

Concentration of Sodium ranges from 3 mg/l to 6 mg/l. Concentration of Potassium ranges

from 1 mg/l to 3 mg/l.

Amount of Nitrate was found to be <1 to 5 mg/l. Nitrate concentration depends upon the

activity of nitrifying bacteria.

Ammonical Nitrogen found <0.1 in all sampling stations.

The Chloride was observed maximum (16.1 mg/l) at at Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali) - Ketty

Weir and minimum (7.42 mg/l) at Jambhavade School.

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Table No.3.18.Physico-chemical Characteristics Surface Water - Summer Season

Sr.

No. Parameter Units

Nardave

Dam

Sangave

K.T. Weir

(Gad River)

Gopuri Ashram

(Tal. Kankavali)-

K.T. Weir

Kankavali K.T.

Weir

(Gad River)

Jambhavade

School

1. Colour Hazen < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5

2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable

3. pH at 25 oC - 7.49 7.54 7.52 7.42 7.52

4. Temperature 0C 25 25 25 25 25

5. Electrical Conductivity at 25 oC µS/cm 168 136 150.6 154.7 334.5

6. Turbidity NTU <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

7. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 108 92 102 98 229

8. Total Solids mg/l 112 94 105 102 233

9. Total Suspended Solids mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l <1 5 <1 8 5

11. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l <5 18 <5 27 18

12. Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.0 6.7

13. Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

14. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 38.38 30.3 36.36 34.34 76.76

15. Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 71.76 53.57 57.61 60.64 129.38

16. Calcium as Ca mg/l 23.07 12.54 14.57 14.16 39.67

17. Magnesium as Mg mg/l 3.43 5.40 5.15 6.13 7.36

18. Chloride as Cl- mg/l 6.84 7.33 6.84 6.25 7.82

19. Sulphates as SO4 mg/l <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

20. Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 2.05 1.37 <1 <1 <1

21. Ammonical Nitrogen as NH4-N mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

22. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as NH3-N mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

23. Nitrite as NO2 mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

24. Fluoride as F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

25. Total Phosphorous mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

26. Silica as SiO3 mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

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27. Phenol mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

28. Sodium as Na mg/l 8 6 5 7 7

29. Potassium as K mg/l 3 5 3 4 4

30. Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

31. Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

32. Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04

33. Zinc as Zn mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

34. Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

35. Boron as B mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04

36. Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l 38.38 30.3 36.36 34.34 76.76

37. Bicarbonate as HCO3 mg/l 0 0 0 0 0

1. Total Coliforms MPN/100 ml 40 39 40 100 32

2. Fecal Coliforms MPN/100 ml 28 42 35 80 18

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Observations:

Surface water samples from 5 representative areas were taken from Gad River and

interpretation given below.

The observed pH values in water samples in the range of neutral (7.42-7.54).

Electrical Conductivity was highest near Jambhavade School (334.5 µS/cm) and minimum at

Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad River) (136µS/cm).

Turbidity observed <1 at all sampling stations.

Maximum Total Dissolved Solids was observed (229 mg/l) at Jambhavade School and

minimum (92 mg/l) at Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad River).

Maximum Total Solids was observed (233 mg/l) at Jambhavade School and minimum (94

mg/l) at Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad River).

Similarly, observed Total Suspended Solids was ranges <5 in all sampling stations.

Total Alkalinity ranges from 30.3 mg/l to 76.76 mg/l. Maximum Calcium 39.67 mg/l was found

at Jambhavade School Minimum Calcium 12.54 mg/l was found at Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad

River).

Similarly, maximum Magnesium 7.36 mg/l was found at Jambhavade School and minimum

3.43 mg/l was found at Nardave Dam.

Concentration of Calcium was always greater than that of Magnesium. The hardness (129.38

mg/l) was higher at Jambhavade School and lower (53.57 mg/l) at Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad

River).

Concentration of Sodium ranges from 5.0 mg/l to 8 mg/l.

Concentration of Potassium ranges from 3.0 mg/l to 5.0 mg/l.

Amount of Nitrate was found to be <1 to 2.05 mg/l. Nitrate concentration depends upon the

activity of nitrifying bacteria.

Ammonical Nitrogen found <0.1 in all sampling stations. The Chloride was observed

maximum (7.82 mg/l) near Jambhawade school and minimum (6.25 mg/l) at Kankavali Ketty

Weir (Gad River).

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Ground Water Quality

Table No.3.19.Physico-chemical Characteristics Ground Water -Winter Season

Sr.

No.

Parameter Units Pimpalvadi Yewateshwar Jambhalgaon Ranjaanwadi Kanedi Sambhajinagar-

Sangave

Bhairavgaon

(Submergence)

Sambhajinagar-

Sangave

Zambhalgaon

(ZP) -

Submergence

1. Colour Hazen < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable

3. pH at 25 oC - 7.18 7.23 6.98 7.12 7.08 7.21 7.25 7.28 7.12

4. Temperature 0C 24 24 24 23 23 21 23 23 23 5. EC at 25 oC µS/cm 157.6 200.6 193.5 160.1 128 127.4 158 162 162 6. Turbidity NTU <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 7. Total Dissolved

Solids

mg/l 102 130 125 104 84 82 106 110 106

8. Total Solids mg/l 105 133 128 107 86 84 108 113 108 9. Total Suspended

Solids

mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

10. Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 11. Total Alkalinity as

CaCO3

mg/l 52 53 56 54 40 52 56 58 50

12. Total Hardness as

CaCO3

mg/l 56 65 62 60 45 56 62 62 54

13. Calcium as Ca mg/l 15 17 20 20 15 16 20 24 20 14. Magnesium as Mg mg/l 5 6 6 8 5 6.5 9 11 08 15. Chloride as Cl- mg/l 9.5 13.5 13 18 13 14.5 20.2 28 14 16. Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 8 11.5 14.5 15.5 14.2 11 18 23 18 17. Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 7 10 <0.1 10 9 5 10 12 11 18. Ammonical

Nitrogen as NH4-N

mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

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19. Total Kjeldahl

Nitrogen as NH3-N

mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

20. Nitrite as NO2 mg/l 0.062 0.054 0.058 0.058 0.062 0.051 0.057 0.058 0.058 21. Fluoride as F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 22. Total Phosphorous mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 23. Silica as SiO3 mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 24. Phenol mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 25. Sodium as Na mg/l 5 6 5 4 6 4 6 5 5 26. Potassium as K mg/l 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 27. Hexavalent

Chromium (as

Cr6+)

mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

28. Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 29. Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 30. Manganese as Mn mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 31. Zinc as Zn mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 32. Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 33. Boron as B mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 34. Carbonate as

CaCO3

mg/l 52 53 56 54 40 52 56 58 50

35. Bicarbonate as

HCO3

mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


1. Total Coliforms MPN/100 ml <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 2. Fecal Coliforms MPN./100 ml absent absent absent absent absent absent Absent Absent Absent

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Observations:

Ground water samples from 9 representative areas were taken from sources and described in

above Table. The pH values ranges from 6.98 to 7.28.

Electrical Conductivity was maximum at Yewateshwar (200.6 µS/cm) and minimum at

Sambhajinagar-Sangave (127.4 µS/cm). Turbidity count ranges from <1 NTU at all sampling

stations.

Total Dissolved Solids was observed maximum (130 mg/l) at Yewateshwar and minimum (82

mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave.

Total Solids was observed maximum (133 mg/l) at Yewateshwar and minimum (84 mg/l) at

Sambhajinagar-Sangave. Similarly, Total Suspended Solids count was ranges <5 in all

sampling stations.

Total Alkalinity ranges from 40 mg/l to 58 mg/l. Maximum Calcium 24 mg/l was found at

Sambhajinagar-Sangave.Minimum Calcium 15 mg/l was found at Pimpalvadi.

Similarly, maximum Magnesium 11 mg/l was found at Sambhajinagar-Sangave and minimum

Magnesium 2.5 mg/l was found at Pimpalvadi and Kanedi.

The hardness ranges from 45 to 65 mg/l. Concentration of Sodium ranged between 4 mg/l to 6

mg/l. Similarly, concentration of Potassium ranges between 1 mg/l to 3 mg/l.

Nitrate was found in the range of <0.1 to 12. Total sulphate ranges from 8 mg/l to 23 mg/l .

The Chloride was observed maximum (28 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave and minimum (9.5

mg/l) at Pimpalvadi.

Most of the physico-chemical parameters are found well within prescribed limits of IS

10500:2012.

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Table No.3.20.Physico-chemical Characteristics Ground Water - Summer Season

Sr.

No. Parameter Units

Pimpalvadi

(Well water)

Yewateshw

ar

(Well

water)

Jambhalga

on

(Bore well)

Ranjaanwa

di

(Well

water)

Kanedi

(Well

water)

Sambhajina

gar-Sangave

(Bore well)

Bhairavgaon

(Submergence)

(Open well)

Sambhajinaga

r-Sangave

(Open well)

Zambhalga

on (ZP) –

Submergen

ce

(Open well)

1. Colour Hazen < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5

2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable

3. pH at 25 oC - 7.47 7.48 7.45 7.47 7.42 7.42 7.39 7.42 7.54

4. Temperature 0C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

5. Electrical Conductivity at

25 oC

µS/cm 327.4 358 414 313 298 187 225 389 347

6. Turbidity NTU <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

7. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 193 185 272 178 195 122 142 180 236

8. Total Solids mg/l 196 188 275 182 198 124 145 182 240

9. Total Suspended Solids mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

10. Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

11. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 71.71 64.64 92.92 61.61 92.92 60.6 61.61 96.96 64.64

12. Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 101.08 69.74 165.77 67.75 71.76 64.69 67.72 68.73 133.42

13. Calcium as Ca mg/l 20.24 22.66 55.05 16.19 19.43 18.62 16.59 22.66 45.33

14. Magnesium as Mg mg/l 12.27 3.19 6.87 6.62 5.64 4.41 6.38 2.94 4.91

15. Chloride as Cl- mg/l 12.71 18.10 16.63 22.01 19.07 6.35 6.60 9.78 21.52

16. Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 12.93 17.93 <10 20 16.95 <10 <10 <10 20.43

17. Nitrate as MPN3 mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

18. Ammonical Nitrogen as

NH4-N

mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

19. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

as NH3-N

mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

20. Nitrite as NO2 mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

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21. Fluoride as F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

22. Total Phosphorous mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

23. Silica as SiO3 mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

24. Phenol mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

25. Sodium as Na mg/l 13 12 12 10 10 10 13 10 14

26. Potassium as K mg/l 12 09 07 08 08 08 6 9 10

27. Hexavalent Chromium

(as Cr6+)

mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

28. Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

29. Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04

30. Manganese as Mn mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

31. Nickel mg/l <0.01 <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

32. Zinc as Zn mg/l <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

33. Boron as B mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04

34. Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l 71.71 64.64 92.92 61.61 92.92 60.6 61.61 96.96 64.64

35. Bicarbonate as HCO3 mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


1. Total Coliforms MPN./10

0 ml

<2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2

2. Fecal Coliforms absent absent absent Absent absent absent Absent Absent absent

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Observations:

Ground water samples from 9 representative areas were taken from sources and described in

above Table. The pH values ranges from 7.39 to 7.54 indicating the water is slightly alkaline.

Electrical Conductivity was maximum at Jambhalgaon (Bore well) (414 µS/cm) and minimum

at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Bore well) (187 µS/cm).

Turbidity count ranges from <1 NTU at all sampling stations.

Total Dissolved Solids was observed maximum (272 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave

(Bore well) and minimum (122 mg/l) at Jambhalgaon (Bore well).Total Solids was observed

maximum (275 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Bore well) and minimum (124 mg/l) at

Jambhalgaon (Bore well).

Similarly, Total Suspended Solids count was ranges <5 in all sampling stations.

Total Alkalinity ranges from 60.6 mg/l to 96.96 mg/l.

Maximum Calcium 55.05 mg/l was found at Jambhalgaon (Bore well).Minimum Calcium

16.19 mg/l was found at Ranjaanwadi (Well water).

Similarly, maximum Magnesium 12.27 mg/l was found at Pimpalvadi (Well water) and

minimum Magnesium 2.94 mg/l was found at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Open well).

The hardness ranges from 64.69 to 165.77 mg/l. Concentration of Sodium ranged between 10

mg/l to 14 mg/l.

Similarly, concentration of Potassium ranges between 6 mg/l to 12 mg/l. Maximum amount of

Nitrate was found <1 in all sampling locations.

Total Sulphate ranges from (20.43 mg/l) and minimum <10 mg/l).

The Chloride was observed maximum (21.52 mg/l) at Zambhalgaon (ZP) – Submergence

(Open well) and minimum (6.35 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Bore well).


10500:2012.

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3.10 Soil Quality

Soil is the naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose covering on the Earth's surface. This is

composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by physical, chemical, biological

and environmental processes including weathering and erosion.

Procedure for Soil Sampling

Selection of the sampling stations were based on the reconnaissance survey of the entire study

area

The following standard method is used for the collection of soil samples

A small tool called “Khurpi” was used for sample collection.

Sample was taken from the surface to plough depth 0-22 cm from 15 spots in the field of

uniform nature.

o Locations such as recently fertilized, old bunds, marshy spots, near trees, compost

heaps and farm sheds etc. were avoided at the time of sampling.

o Each Sample collected was a uniformly thick 2cm slice of soil from the exposed soil

face V- shaped hole.

o Information sheet on each sample was filled out completely.

Collected soil samples were delivered to the laboratory for physical and chemical

analysis of various parameters.

Table No.3.21.Soil Sampling Locations

Sr. No. Name of the Location

1. Yewateshwar

2. Pimpalvadi

3. Bhairavgaon

4. Sangave

5. Sambhajinagar-Sangave

6. Naradave Dam

7. Gopuri Ashram

8. Jambhalgaon

9. Jambhavade

10. Kankavali Ketty Weir

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11. Digavale Rehabilitation

12. Near KT Weir No. 3

13. Near KT Weir No.1

Table No.3.22.Test Methods Used for Soil Quality Analysis

Sr.

No.

Parameters Result

Unit

01 Texture Clay Loam -

02 Percentage Of Different

Components

Sand

Silt

Clay

24

33

43

%

%

%

03 Soil Moisture 9.2 %

04 Bulk Density 1.15 gm/cm2

05 Water Holding Capacity 62 %

06 pH 8.12 --

07 Conductivity 610 µs/cm

08 Organic Carbon 0.54 %

09 Calcium (as Ca) 320 mg/kg

10 Magnesium (as Mg) 108 mg/kg

11 Available Nitrogen 210 kg/ha

12 Phosphorous (as P) 8.57 kg/ha

13 Potassium (as K) 180.6 kg/ha

14 Iron (as Fe) 8.62 mg/kg

15 Zinc (as Zn) 2.15 mg/kg

16 Copper (as Cu) 0.72 mg/kg

17 Sodium 32 mg/kg

18 Manganese (as Mn) 0.7 mg/kg

19 Total Chromium (as Cr) <0.05 mg/kg

20 Nickel (as Ni) <0.02 mg/kg

21 Cadmium (as Cd) <0.05 mg/kg

22 Lead (as Pb) <0.1 mg/kg

23 Sodium Adsorption Ratio 2.19 -

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Table No.3.23.Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil in Winter

Sr.

No.

Parameter

Units

Yewateshw

ar Pimpalvadi

Bhairavgao

n

Sangave

(Near Ketty

Weir-Gad

River)

Sambhajinagar-

Sangave (Near

Bore Well)

Naradave

Dam

Gopuri Ashram

(Near Ketty Weir-

Kankavali Taluka)

1. Texture - Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam

2. Percentage Of Different Components

Sand

Silt

Clay

%

%

%

24

35

41

20

34

46

21

33

46

23

31

46

24

32

44

23

34

43

25

32

43

3. Soil Moisture % 8.6 9.84 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.15 10.2

4. Bulk Density gm/cm2 1.14 1.16 1.15 1.20 1.14 1.16 1.14

5. Water Holding Capacity % 60 65.5 54.8 64 62 44 60

6. pH -- 7.95 8.05 6.41 7.92 7.85 6.42 7.22

7. Conductivity µs/cm 714 718 576 589.4 584.6 589.34 650.5

8. Organic Carbon % 0.58 0.64 0.62 0.66 0.64 1.41 0.62

9. Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 320 445 384 336.6 316.6 420 344.6

10. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 130 184 147 121.5 143.4 206 150.2

11. Available Nitrogen kg/ha 278 345 320 219.3 244.2 274 256.9

12. Phosphorous (as P) kg/ha 9.15 6.8 12.3 8.25 7.73 7.48 9.55

13. Potassium (as K) kg/ha 179.2 260.4 223 191.1 191.5 240 219.8

14. Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 5.14 8.68 5.81 8.92 6.38 6.84 8.32

15. Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 1.95 1.74 1.71 3.10 1.22 1.01 1.16

16. Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 0.75 0.68 0.65 0.68 0.75 0.54 0.58

17. Sodium mg/kg 38 45 44 36.9 41.5 38 41.5

18. Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 0.843 0.94 0.62 0.62 0.89 0.60 0.56

19. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

20. Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

21. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

22. Lead (as Pb) mg/kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

23. Sodium Adsorption Ratio - 2.53 2.54 2.71 2.44 2.83 2.15 2.64

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Continue…

Sr.

No.

Parameter

Units

Jambhalgao

n (Near

Open Well)

Jambhavade

Rehabilitation (Kudal

Taluka-Command Area)

Kankavali

Ketty Weir

Digavale Rehabilitation

(Kankavali Taluka-

Command Area)

KT Weir

No. 3

KT Weir

No.1

1. Texture - Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam


Sand

Silt

Clay

%

%

%

23

32

45

26

33

41

24

31

45

24

33

43

27

34

39

27

36

37

3. Soil Moisture % 8.4 9.24 9.0 9.2 8.5 8.2

4. Bulk Density gm/cm2 1.12 1.13 1.18 1.15 1.12 1.12

5. Water Holding Capacity % 58.4 58.4 62 62 49.5 40.2

6. pH -- 7.84 8.10 7.56 8.12 7.86 7.80

7. Conductivity µs/cm 695.4 472 582.4 610 641.3 642.4 8. Organic Carbon % 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.54 0.56 0.50

9. Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 323 210 328.6 320 323 380

10. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 110 108 150.7 108 122 145

11. Available Nitrogen kg/ha 265 240 219.2 210 320.4 246

12. Phosphorous (as P) kg/ha 11.7 9.85 9.8 8.57 9.14 10.3

13. Potassium (as K) kg/ha 212.8 138 191.2 180.6 230 134.4

14. Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 6.14 7.47 7.86 8.62 6.87 7.18

15. Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 0.84 1.04 1.11 2.15 0.95 1.28

16. Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 1.10 0.74 0.74 0.72 0.74 0.66

17. Sodium mg/kg 42 48 40.4 32 43 39

18. Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 0.72 0.85 0.59 0.7 0.73 0.68

19. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

20. Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

21. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

22. Lead (as Pb) mg/kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

23. Sodium Adsorption Ratio - 2.88 3.80 2.62 2.19 2.88 2.40

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Observations:

Soil samples from 13 representative areas were taken from sources and described in above

table. The pH values ranges from 6.41 to 8.12.

Electrical Conductivity was maximum at Pimpalvadi (718 µS/cm) and minimum at

Jambhawade (472 µS/cm).

Organic carbon was observed maximum (1.41 %) at dam site and minimum (0.50 %) at K.T

Weir No.1.

Calcium was observed maximum (445 mg/kg) at Pimpavadi and minimum (210 mg/kg) at

Jambhalwade. Similarly, Magnesium ranges from 108 mg/kg to 206 mg/kg.

Maximum available Nitrogen (345 kg/ha) was observed at Pimpalwadi. Concentration of

Sodium ranged between 32 mg/l to 48 mg/kg.

Similarly, concentration of Potassium ranges between 134.4mg/l to 260.4 mg/kg.

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Table No.3.24.Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil - Summer

Sr.

No.

Parameter

Units

Sangave (Near

Ketty Weir-Gad

River)

Sambhajinagar-

Sangave (Near

Bore Well)

Naradave

Dam

Gopuri Ashram

(Near Ketty Weir-

Kankavali Taluka)

Jambhalgao

n (Near

Open Well)

Jambhavade

Rehabilitation

(Kudal Taluka-

Command Area)

Kankavali

Ketty Weir

1. Texture - Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam


Sand

Silt

Clay

%

%

%

26

30

44

27

32

41

21

33

46

24

31

45

23

34

43

29

33

38

25

32

43

3. Soil Moisture % 9.8 8.6 9.2 8.0 7.82 7.8 7.6

4. Bulk Density gm/cm2 1.18 1.08 1.16 1.12 1.15 1.05 1.16

5. Water Holding Capacity % 65 58 64 58 60 54.8 58

6. pH -- 7.92 7.82 7.78 7.52 7.73 7.56 7.68

7. Conductivity µs/cm 655 757 685.2 650.5 727 670.8 650.9

8. Organic Carbon % 0.62 0.65 0.60 0.68 0.72 0.62 0.64

9. Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 356 296.5 316.6 356 344.6 316.6 336.6

10. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 118 145 122 153.1 145.8 111.8 131.2

11. Available Nitrogen kg/ha 206 212.9 288.0 244.2 298 263.3 228

12. Phosphorous (as P) kg/ha 9.1 8.16 9.8 9.55 8.2 7.43 9.8

13. Potassium (as K) kg/ha 185.2 189.1 208.2 218 191.6 189.7 152

14. Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 9.10 6.23 8.14 8.45 8.13 7.58 7.82

15. Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 3.2 1.18 0.75 1.18 1.12 0.78 1.09

16. Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 0.65 0.72 0.92 0.52 0.52 0.65 0.72

17. Sodium mg/kg 38.1 42 40.4 41 42.7 41.5 41.5

18. Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 0.65 0.92 0.65 0.55 0.89 0.82 0.57

19. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/kg <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03

20. Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

21. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003

22. Lead (as Pb) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

23. Sodium Adsorption Ratio - 2.48 2.83 2.72 2.57 2.73 2.84 2.73

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Continue Sr.

No.

Parameter

Units

Digavale Rehabilitation (Kankavali

Taluka-Command Area) KT Weir No. 3 KT Weir No.1

Yewateshw

ar Pimpalvadi Bhairavgaon

1. Texture - Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam


Sand

Silt

Clay

%

%

%

25

33

42

25

32

43

32

30

38

27

30

43

22

33

45

24

32

44

3. Soil Moisture % 8.15 8.10 8.60 8.20 8.60 8.26

4. Bulk Density gm/cm2 1.17 1.11 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.12

5. Water Holding Capacity % 61 62 64 62 62 61.2

6. pH -- 7.83 7.84 7.81 7.89 7.94 7.72

7. Conductivity µs/cm 698.4 578 602.8 718 722.6 702.8

8. Organic Carbon % 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.68 0.64

9. Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 340.6 256.5 260.5 316.6 384.7 356.7

10. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 148.2 102.1 116.6 128.8 150.7 128.8

11. Available Nitrogen kg/ha 269.3 244.4 238.1 275.6 288.2 294.6

12. Phosphorous (as P) kg/ha 8.12 8.58 8.25 8.4 6.96 7.98

13. Potassium (as K) kg/ha 189.7 192.7 173.7 173.2 191.1 194.3

14. Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 7.53 8.50 7.58 8.18 7.58 8.58

15. Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 0.98 1.16 0.72 2.25 2.75 2.3

16. Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 0.49 0.75 0.65 0.65 0.58 0.55

17. Sodium mg/kg 42.7 41.5 40.4 41.5 45 41.5

18. Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 0.58 0.75 0.65 0.58 0.61 0.52

19. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/kg <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03

20. Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

21. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003

22. Lead (as Pb) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

23. Sodium Adsorption Ratio - 2.73 3.12 2.94 2.78 2.76 2.67

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Observations:

Soil samples from 13 representative areas were taken from sources and described in above

Table. The pH values ranges from 7.52 to 7.94.

Electrical Conductivity was maximum at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Bore Well) (757 µS/cm)

and minimum near KT Weir No. 3 (578 µS/cm).

Organic carbon was observed in the range of 0.60 to 0.72.

Calcium was observed maximum (384.7 mg/kg) at Pimpavadi and minimum (256.5 mg/kg)

near KT Weir No. 3.

Similarly, Magnesium ranges from 102.1 mg/kg to 153.1 mg/kg.

Maximum available Nitrogen (298 kg/ha) was observed at Jambhalgaon (Near Open Well.

Concentration of Sodium ranged between 38.1 mg/l to 42.7 mg/kg.

Concentration of Potassium ranges between 152 mg/l to 218 mg/kg.

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3.11 Ecology and Biodiversity

The Nardave Medium project is situated in the Kankavli Taluka of Sindhudurga district in

the catchment area of Gad River. This area lies in the foothills of Sahyadri ranges on the

western side of Kolhapur district.

The area is situated in the undulating terrain of Sahyadri ranges.

The project area is mainly characterized by deciduous and moist deciduous vegetation

with semi evergreen and evergreen elements in patches.

Semi evergreen and evergreen forests patches observed mainly towards Sahyadri hill

ranges in the area under catchment.

Areas under submergence are mainly with scanty vegetation but near wall of the dam a

forest patch have been observed.

Area consists of main agriculture crops like rice, barley, ragi during monsoon season with

fruit bearing crops like coconut, cashew nut & areca nut in fragmented areas.

The vegetation cover is scanty with much disturb forests in many places due intense tree

cuttings in the area under submergence.

Methodology for collection of Biodiversity Data

To understand the impact of the proposed activity of irrigation project on vegetation, the

detailed phytosociological studies for herbaceous and trees, ephemeral study were undertaken.

3.11.1 Ephemeral Plant

Ephemerals and herbaceous are the short lived plants. For knowing their diversity, the checklist

of the species was prepared at various locations. The areas were selected and visited during the

monsoon season.

Representative characterization of herbaceous diversity incorporating measures of species

richness requires sampling during the monsoon or during ephemeral/flowering period. It is

necessary to assess their diversity by conducting actual survey to the site. Since the flowering

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period is very small rapid diversity assessment of these species is important. This mainly

involved random search within various areas sampled catchment, submergence and command

area of the project.

Table No.3.25.List of Ephemeral Plant in Catchment area

Sr. No. Name of Species Family

1. Aeginetia indica L. Orobanchaceae

2. Aerides crispum Lindl. Orchidaceae

3. Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Compositae

4. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume Araceae

5. Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. Araceae

6. Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae

7. Ariopsis peltata Nimmo Araceae

8. Arisaema murrayi (J. Graham) Hook. Arcaceae

9. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott Araceae

10. Begonia crenata Drynad. Begoniaceae

11. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Oxalidaceae

12. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Compositae

13. Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites Burmanniaceae

14. Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Gentianceae

15. Ceropegia hirsuta Wight. & Arn. Apocynaceae

16. Ceropegia oculata Hook. Apocynaceae

17. Chlorophytum glaucum Dalzell Asparagaceae

18. Chlorophytum laxum R. Br. Asparagaceae

19.

Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht

Synonym Costus speciosus (J. Konig) Sm.

Costaceae

20. Crotalaria filipes Benth Leguminosae

21. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae

22. Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham Zingiberaceae

23. Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. Orchidaceae

24. Dendrobium microbulbon A.Rich. Orchidaceae

25. Drosera indica L. Droseraceae

26. Conchidium microchilos (Dalzell) Rauschert Orchidaceae

27. Eriocaulon sp. Eriocaulaceae

28. Exacum pumilum Griseb. Gentianaceae

29. Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McCann Orchidaceae

30. Habenaria longicorniculata J. Graham Orchidaceae

31. Habenaria marginata Colebr Orchidaceae

32. Impatiens acaulis Arn. Balsminaceae

33. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae

34. Impatiens minor (DC.) Benner Balsaminaceae

35. Impatiens pulcherrima Dalzell Balsminaceae

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36. Indigofera glandulosa Wendl. Leguminosae

37. Justicia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae

38. Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt Zingiberaceae

39. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Linderniaceae

40. Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. Orchidaceae

41. Pimpinella tometosa Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke Apiaceae

42. Rhynchoglossum obliquam Gentianaceae

43. Senecio bombayensis N.P.Balakr. Compositae

44. Sonerila scapigera Dalzell Melstomataceae

45. Sopubia delphinifolia G. Don. Scrophulariaceae

46. Torenia indica Sant. Linderniaceae

47. Utricularia graminifolia Vahl Lentibulariaceae

48. Utricularia striatula Sm. Lentibulariaceae

49. Zingiber neesanum (J. Graham) Ramamoorthy Zingiberaceae

Table No.3.26.List of Ephemeral Plant in Submergence area



2. Ariopsis peltata Nimmo Araceae





7. Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites Burmanniaceae



10. Chlorophytum glaucum Dalzell Asparagaceae


12. Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht


Costaceae








20. Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McCann Orchidaceae

21. Habenaria longicorniculata J. Graham Orchidaceae




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28. Curcuma scaposa (Nimmo) Škorničk. & M.Sabu Zingiberaceae


30. Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. Orchidaceae

31. Pimpinella tometosa Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke Apiaceae

32. Rhynchoglossum obliquam Gentianaceae

33. Senecio bombayensis N.P.Balakr. Compositae


35. Sopubia delphinifolia G. Don. Scrophulariaceae




Table No.3.27.List of Ephemeral Plant in Command area


1. Aerides crispum Lindl. Orchidaceae

2. Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Compositae


4. Arisaema murrayi (J. Graham) Hook. Arcaceae






10. Ceropegia hirsuta Wight. & Arn. Apocynaceae



13.

Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht


Costaceae






19. Drosera indica L. Droseraceae






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28. Justicia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae

29. Curcuma scaposa (Nimmo) Škorničk. & M.Sabu Zingiberaceae



32. Torenia indica Sant. Linderniaceae




3.11.2 Phytosociological Study

The random sampling was carried out at various locations. At each location, quadrats of 10X10

meters were taken for trees while 1X1m quadrats for herbaceous members. All the individual

trees above 10cm GBH were measured for their girth. Basic species diversity studies and phyto-

sociological studies (diversity, frequency and cover analysis) were conducted. Sampling sites

from the submergence and catchment areas were selected. In the command area vegetation

survey has been carried out and plant species were enlisted.

3.11.2.1 Phytosociological Studies - Herbaceous Vegetation

1. Bhairavgaon villages and Dam wall area:

In Bhairavgaon village and dam wall area ecological study have been carried out. A total of 10

quadrats of 1m X 1m size were carried out randomly. The detailed list of herbaceous plant

species is enlisted separately. Quantitative estimation of this area including frequency of the

sp. and frequency classes is given below:

Sr. No. Name of Species Freq.% Freq. Class

1. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Oxalidaceae 10 A

2. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Compositae 60 C

3. Burmannia pusilla (Wall.exMiers)Thwaites Burmanniaceae 70 C

4. Crotalaria filipes Benth Leguminosae 60 C

5. Crotalaria spectabilis Bth. Leguminosae 40 B

6. Drosera indica L. Droseraceae 20 A

7. Exacum pumilum Griseb. Gentianaceae 30 B

8. Grass (Brown Head) 20 A

9. Habenaria marginata Colebr Orchidaceae 20 A

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Sr. No. Name of Species Freq.% Freq. Class

10. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae 10 A

11. Indigofera glandulosa Wendl. Leguminosae 60 C

12. Justicia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae 10 A

13. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex

Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

80 D

14. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Linderniaceae 30 B

15. Urena lobata L. Malvaceae 40 B

16. Osbeckia muralis Naud. 30 B

17. Smithia conferta J.M.Sm. Leguminosae 60 C

18. Smithia setulosa Dalz. Leguminosae 40 B

19. Sopubia delphiinifolia (L.) G. Don 20 A

20. Sprobolus 40 B

21. Striga gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke ex Engl. Orobanchaceae 10 A

22. Triumfetta rhomboidea N. Jacq. Malvaceae 40 B

23. Vigna radiata var. setulosa (Dalzell) Ohwi

& Ohashi

Leguminosae

20 A

In this area a total of 23 plant species had been recorded. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv.

ex Roem. & Schult. is the most frequent plant species with 80 % frequency. This is followed

by Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites (70 % freq.), Crotalaria filipes Benth, Indigofera

glandulosa Wendl. Smithia conferta J.M.Sm.with 60 % frequency. Out of 23 species 9 species

shows freq. Class A, 8 sp. with B class, 5 sp. with class C and 1 sp. with class D.

2. Yavateshwar & Mahamdwadi:

Sr. No. Name of Plant Freq.% Freq. Class

1 Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites 60 C

2 Crotalaria filipes Benth 80 D

3 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 60 C

4 Exacum pumilum Griseb. 100 E

5 Digitaria pedicellaris Prain. 80 D

6 Justicia japonica Thunb. 20 A

7 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 100 E

8 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. 80 D

9 Osbeckia muralis Naud. 20 A

10 Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. 40 B

11 Torenia indica Sant. 20 A

12 Xyris indica L. 60 C

The area under submergence in Yavateshwar and Mahamwadi villages has been studied in

respect of ecological study. Total 5 quadrats of 1m X 1m size for herbaceous species randomly

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taken in this area. In these quadrats total 12 herbaceous species has been found out of which

Exacum pumilum Griseb. & Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult shows

100 % frequency with frequency class E. This is followed by Crotalaria filipes Benth &

Digitaria pedicellaris Prain with 80 % frequency. The frequency class A shown by 3 sp., freq.

Class B by 1 sp., freq. Class C by 3 sp. and freq. class E by 2 sp. In the study area the elements

observed are typically from grassland vegetation.

3. Gaderai, Durganagar:

Sr. No. Name of Plant Freq.% Freq. Class

1. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume Araceae 60 C

2. Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Phyllanthaceae 20 A

3. Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae 40 B

4. Caryota urens L. Arecaceae 20 A

5. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae 20 A

6. Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham Zingiberaceae 80 D

7. Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd. Urticaceae 20 A

8. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Leguminosae 40 B

9. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Dioscoreaceae 60 C

10. Elephantopus scaber L. Compositae 40 B

11. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae 40 B

12. Ixora brachiata Roxb. Rubiaceae 80 D

13. Lamprachaenium microcephalum (Dalzell)

C.B.Clarke

Compositae

20 A

14. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr Vitaceae 40 B

15. Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC. Primulaceae 40 B

16. Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) 20 A

17. Falconeria insignis Royle Euphorbiaceae 20 A

18. Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae 20 A

19. Strychnos nux-vomica L. Loganiaceae 20 A

20. Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Symplocaceae 40 B

21. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae 60 C

22. Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae 40 B

In village Durganagar, a Gaderai- sacred grooves have been recorded and present ecological

study have been carried out. The area of sacred groove is not under submergence. Ecological

study of arboreal flora has also been carried out. Along with this the area under growth

containing herbaceous and seedlings of trees, climbers and shrubs were also recorded in the

quadrats. Total 5 quadrats of 1m X 1m size have been carried out randomly. In the sampling

area a total of 22 sp. have been recorded out of them 8 are herbs, 4 are saplings of shrubs and

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10 are samplings of trees. In herbs Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham and Ixora brachiata

Roxb. and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels with 6o % frequency from trees were dominating with

80 % frequency. Frequency class A shown by 9 sp., freq. class B by 8 species freq. class C by

3 species and freq. class D by two species.

3.11.2.2 Phyto-Sociological Study – Tree Vegetation

Mahamadwadi- Dam wall area:

The field data were analyzed for following ecological importance as Frequency, Abundance,

Density, GBH (>10cm), Importance Value Index (IVI) and Diversity Index. The IVI is a

composite index based on measures of Relative Frequency, Relative Density, Relative

Dominance (Muller-Domois & Ellenberg, 1974). Diversity Index was calculated for two

indices as Simpson and Shannon-Wiever Index. The Simpson index was adapted to study

whether diversity is increasing. Shannon-Weaver Index was used to determine whether the

upper story is impoverished to the regenerated elements as well as to test diversity in two

different plots. The sampling sites for tree vegetation were dam wall area in Mahamdwadi,

Jambhalgaon, Durganagar and Yavateshwar.

Near wall of the dam ecological survey including frequency, density and abundance have been

carried out for trees. In this area 5 quadrats of 10m X 10m were carried out.

Frequency, Abundance and Density:

Name of Species Freq. Den. Abundance Freq. Class

Careya arborea Roxb. 50 0.0625 1 C

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 100 0.5 4 E

Mangifera indica L. 50 0.0625 1 C

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 100 0.125 1 E

Tectona grandis L. 100 0.125 1 E

Terminalia paniculata Roth. 50 0.0625 1 C

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 50 0.0625 1 C

In this region a total of 7 tree species were recorded out of them Lagerstroemia parviflora,

Syzygium cuminii and Tectona grandis were dominating with 100 % frequency. In these

quadrats freq. class C shown by four sp. while freq. class E by three sp. Abundance of

Lagerstroemia parviflora found to be maximum.

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IVI and Basal Area of the sampling area:

Name of Species Rel.Freq. Rel.Den. Rel.Dom. IVI BA/tree

Careya arborea Roxb. 10 6.25 4.212 20.46 50

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 20 50 52.48 122.48 77.87

Mangifera indica L. 10 6.25 6.73 22.98 80

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 20 12.5 13.39 45.89 79.5

Tectona grandis L. 20 12.5 14.32 46.82 85

Terminalia paniculata Roth. 10 6.25 5.054 21.30 60

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 10 6.25 3.79 20.041 45

The Importance Value Index (IVI) based on measures of Relative Frequency, Relative Density

and Relative Dominance was calculated. In which higher IVI found in Lagerstroemia

parviflora followed by Tectona grandis and Syzygium cuminii. Girth at breast height (GBH)

per tree was also calculated in which Tectona grandis with 85 GBH and Mangifera indica with

80 GBH.

The species diversity Index (Shannon-Weaver Index) of the biodiversity was calculated to

determine whether the upper storey is impoverishing to the regenerated elements. The index

value is 0.677317, which is lower than tropical forests.

Durganagar:

This area is situated towards southern side of the dam area. Most of the area is under catchment

while some area under submergence with scanty tree vegetation. A total four quadrats of

10mX10m was carried out.


Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. 50 0.5 1 C

Careya arborea Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B

Caryota urens L. 25 0.25 1 B

Erythrina variegata L. 25 0.25 1 B

Ficus amplissima J.E.Sm. 25 0.25 1 B

Ficus racemosa L. 50 0.5 1 C

Gmelina arborea Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B

Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.)

Koesterm 25 0.5 2 B

Mangifera indica L. 25 0.75 3 B

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 25 0.25 1 B

Phyllanthus emblica L. 25 0.25 1 B

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 25 0.25 1 B

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Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 50 1.75 3.5 C

Terminalia elliptica Willd. 25 0.25 1 B

Terminalia paniculata Roth. 75 1.25 1.6 D

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 25 0.5 2 B

In this region a total of 17 plant species were recorded. The most dominant species are

Syzygium cuminii, Terminalia paniculata and Mangifera indica. Out of 17 sp. Terminalia

paniculata shows 75 % frequency, which is followed by Bridelia retusa, Ficus racemosa and

Syzygium cuminii with 50 % frequency. In these quadrats frequency class B shown by 13

species, frq. Class C by 3 sp. and freq. class D by 1 sp.

Importance Value Index (IVI) and Basal Area in Durganagar:

Name of Species Rel.Freq.

Rel.

Den. Rel.Dom. IVI GBH/Tree

Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. 9.09 6.060 3.87 123.15 49

Careya arborea Roxb. 4.54 3.030 3.55 63.19 90

Caryota urens L. 4.54 3.030 4.34 63.98 110

Erythrina variegata L. 4.54 3.030 1.89 61.53 48

Ficus amplissima J.E.Sm. 4.54 3.030 2.76 62.40 70

Ficus racemosa L. 9.09 6.060 18.17 137.45 230

Gmelina arborea Roxb. 4.54 3.030 7.90 67.54 200

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 4.54 3.030 2.72 62.36 69


Koesterm 4.54 6.060 2.885 62.521 36

Mangifera indica L. 4.54 9.090 10.66 70.30 90

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 4.54 3.030 1.50 61.14 38

Phyllanthus emblica L. 4.54 3.030 1.382 61.02 35

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 4.54 3.030 2.29 61.93 58

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 9.09 21.21 17.93 137.22 64

Terminalia elliptica Willd. 4.54 3.030 1.50 61.14 38

Terminalia paniculata Roth. 13.63 15.15 12.64 191.56 64

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 4.54 6.060 3.95 63.59 50

Importance Value Index (IVI) in Durganagar village have been studied which shows higher

value in Terminalia paniculata (191.56) which is a predominant species. This is followed by

Syzygium cuminii (137.22), Ficus racemosa (137.45) & Bridelia retusa (123.15). Out of 17

species recorded from study area 75% species shows IVI below the value of 70. In the study

area Ficus racemosa shows maximum basal area value as 230, which is followed by Gmelina

arborea (200), Caryota urens (110) & Careya arborea (90). These values indicate the basal

cover or ground covered dominantly by these species. A total of 33 individuals of 17 species

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shows total basal area cover 2531. In the Durganagar village area the diversity index was

calculated and the value of Simpson Index was 0.01333, which is poor due to very low tree

density. The Shannon Index calculated and the value (1.116995) of the index was poor because

of low tree density.

Jambhalgaon:

This area is situated in the central part of the dam area. Most of the area is under catchment

while some area under submergence with scanty tree vegetation. A total four quadrats of

10mX10m was carried out.


Careya arborea Roxb. 40 0.4 0.0625 B

Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. 20 0.6 0.09375 A

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 20 0.2 0.03125 A

Ficus racemosa L. 20 0.2 0.03125 A

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 60 1 0.15625 C

Mangifera indica L. 20 0.6 0.09375 A

Nothopegia castaneaefolia (Roth) Ding Hou 20 0.2 0.03125 A

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 20 0.2 0.03125 A

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 20 0.2 0.03125 A

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 60 0.8 0.125 C

Terminalia paniculata Roth. 80 1.8 0.28125 D

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 20 0.2 0.03125 A

In this region a total of 12 plant species were recorded. The most dominant species are

Terminalia paniculata, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Syzygium cuminii. Out of 17 sp.

Terminalia paniculata shows 80 % frequency, which is followed by Lagerstroemia parviflora

and Syzygium cuminii. In these quadrats frequency class A shown by 8 species, freq. Class B

by 1 sp. and freq. class C by 2 sp. and freq. class D by 1 sp.

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Importance Value Index (IVI) and Basal Area in Jambhalgaon:

Name of Species Rel.Freq.

Rel.

Den. Rel.Dom. IVI GBH/Tree

Careya arborea Roxb. 10 6.25 7.74 23.99 93

Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. 5 9.375 4.53 18.91 36.33

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 5 3.125 1.62 9.749 39

Ficus racemosa L. 5 3.125 9.57 17.70 230

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 15 15.625 15.86 46.49 76.2

Mangifera indica L. 5 9.375 9.62 23.99 77

Nothopegia castaneaefolia (Roth) Ding

Hou 5 3.125 1.79 9.915 43

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 5 3.125 2.99 11.12 72

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 5 3.125 2.83 10.95 68

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 15 12.5 14.70 42.20 88.25

Terminalia paniculata Roth. 20 28.125 25.61 73.73 68.33

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 5 3.125 3.082 11.20 74

Importance Value Index (IVI) in Jambhalgaon village have been studied which shows higher

value in Terminalia paniculata (73.73) which is a predominant species. This is followed by

Lagerstroemia parviflora (46.49) and Syzygium cuminii (42.20). Out of 12 species recorded

from study area 80% species shows IVI below the value of 25.

In the study area Ficus racemosa shows maximum basal area value as 230, which is followed

by Careya arborea (93), Syzygium cuminii (88.25), Mangifera indica (77) and Lagerstroemia

parviflora (76.20). These values indicate the basal cover or ground covered dominantly by

these species. A total of 32 individuals of 12 species shows total basal area cover 2401. In the

Jambhalgaon village area the diversity index was calculated and the value of Simpson Index

was 0.007937, which is very poor due to very low tree density. The Shannon Index calculated

and the value was 0.944023, which was very poor due to low density in this area.

Yavateshwar:

Yavateshwar village is situated towards eastern side of the dam deep in the Sahyadri hills. A

scared groove / devrai has been recorded in this village just near the tail end of the dam.

Detailed ecological survey including IVI, Relative Frequency, Relative Density, Relative

Dominance (Muller-Domois & Ellenberg, 1974) has been carried out. Diversity Index was

calculated for two indices as Simpson and Shannon-Weaver Index. The Simpson index was

adapted to study whether diversity is increasing. Shannon-Weaver Index was used to determine

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whether the upper storey is impoverished to the regenerated elements as well as to test diversity

in two different plots.


Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. 33.333 0.3333 1 B

Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Poir. 16.667 0.1667 1 A

Dimorphocalyx lawianus Mull. Arg. 50 1 2 C

Diospyros oocarpa Thw. 83.333 2.8333 3.4 E

Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. 16.667 0.1667 1 A

Ixora brachiata Roxb. 16.667 0.3333 2 A

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 16.667 0.1667 1 A


Koesterm 33.333 0.6667 2 B

Myristica malabarica Lam. 16.667 0.1667 1 A

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre 16.667 0.1667 1 A

Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz 16.667 0.1667 1 A

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 16.667 0.3333 2 A

Syzygium lanceolatum (Lam.) Wight & Arn. 16.667 0.1667 1 A

Tamarindus indica L. 16.667 0.1667 1 A

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 16.667 0.1667 1 A

Terminalia chebula Retz. 33.333 0.3333 1 B

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 16.667 0.1667 1 A

In this sacred groove the most frequent, dense and abundant species was Diospyros oocarpa

with 83.33 % frequency, 2.83 density and value of abundance was 3.4. A total of 17 species

were recorded in the sampling area in which freq. class A shown by 12 sp, freq. class B by 3

sp., freq. class C and E by 1 sp. each.

In this study area plant species like Dimorphocalyx lawianus, Diospyros oocarpa, Ixora

brachiata, Mammea surigo, Myristica malabarica, Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia

chebula are from typical evergreen forests. These woody members include woody lianas like

Anamirta cocculus and Calycopteris floribunda.

Importance Value Index (IVI) and Basal Area in Yavateshwar Sacred Groove:

Name of Species

Rel.

Freq. Rel. Den.

Rel.

Dom. IVI

GBH/Tr

ee

Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. 7.692 4.444 3.122 15.25 52.5

Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Poir. 3.846 2.222 1.457 7.525 49

Dimorphocalyx lawianus Mull. Arg. 11.53 13.33 13.85 38.72 77.66

Diospyros oocarpa Thw. 19.23 37.77 30.21 87.21 59.76

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Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. 3.84 2.222 10.52 16.59 354

Ixora brachiata Roxb. 3.84 4.444 2.973 11.26 50

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 3.84 2.222 0.832 6.900 28


Koesterm 7.69 8.888 8.950 25.53 75.25

Myristica malabarica Lam. 3.84 2.222 2.319 8.387 78

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre 3.84 2.222 6.839 12.90 230

Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz 3.84 2.222 0.802 6.871 27

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 3.84 4.444 2.319 10.60 39

Syzygium lanceolatum (Lam.) Wight & Arn. 3.84 2.222 1.338 7.406 45

Tamarindus indica L. 3.84 2.222 2.824 8.893 95

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 3.84 2.222 2.527 8.595 85

Terminalia chebula Retz. 7.69 4.444 7.879 20.01 132.5


Importance Value Index (IVI) in Yavateshwar scared groove have been studied which shows

higher value in Diospyros oocarpa (87.21) which is a predominant species. This is followed

by Dimorphocalyx lawianus (38.72) and Mammea surigo (25.53). Out of 17 species recorded

from study area 85% species shows IVI below the value of 20.

Durganagar- Gaderai:

In Durganagar village along the peripheral roadside one sacred groove namely Gaderai have

been recorded. The detailed ecological survey has been studied including herbaceous and

arboreal plants species. The phytosociological survey is given below:


Carissa congesat Wight 25 0.25 1 B

Caryota urens L. 50 0.75 1.5 C

Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Thirveng. 25 0.25 1 B

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B

Diospyros oocarpa Thw. 50 0.75 1.5 C

Ficus racemosa L. 25 0.25 1 B

Garcinia indica Choisy 25 0.25 1 B

Gmelina arborea Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B

Ixora brachiata Roxb. 50 3 6 C

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 50 1 2 C

Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koesterm 25 0.75 3 B

Mangifera indica L. 50 0.5 1 C

Myristica malabarica Lam. 50 0.75 1.5 C

Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir 25 0.25 1 B

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 50 0.5 1 C

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Strychnos nux-vomica L. 25 0.25 1 B

Strychnos walchiana Steud ex DC. 25 0.25 1 B

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 50 2.5 5 C

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 25 0.25 1 B

In the Gaderai sacred groove, a total of 4 quadrats of 10 m X 10 m have been studied which

shows occurrence of 19 plant species. Amongst them 8 sp. shows 50 % frequency and 11 sp.

shows 25 % frequency. In the frequency classes, frequency class B by 11 sp. and frequency

class B by 11 sp. The most abundant and commonly occurring species was Ixora brachiata and

Syzygium cuiminii.

Importance Value Index (IVI) and Basal Area in Durganagar-Gaderai Sacred Groove:

Name of Species Rel.Freq. Rel. Den. Rel.Dom. IVI GBH/Tree

Carissa congesta Wight 3.703 1.886 1.0187 6.60 32

Caryota urens L. 7.407 5.660 6.813 19.8 71.33

Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.)

Thirveng. 3.703 1.886 0.827 6.41 26

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 3.703 1.886 2.706 8.29 85

Diospyros oocarpa Thw. 7.407 5.660 4.361 17.42 45.66

Ficus racemosa L. 3.703 1.886 4.457 10.04 140

Garcinia indica Choisy 3.703 1.886 1.464 7.054 46

Gmelina arborea Roxb. 3.703 1.886 3.183 8.774 100

Ixora brachiata Roxb. 7.407 22.64 18.17 48.22 47.58

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 7.407 7.547 11.04 26.00 86.75


Koesterm 3.703 5.660 4.106 13.47 43

Mangifera indica L. 7.407 3.773 11.07 22.26 174

Myristica malabarica Lam. 7.407 5.660 3.342 16.41 35

Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir 3.703 1.886 1.177 6.768 37

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 7.407 3.773 3.693 14.87 58

Strychnos nux-vomica L. 3.703 1.886 1.464 7.054 46

Strychnos walchiana Steud ex DC. 3.703 1.886 1.591 7.182 50

Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 7.407 18.86 18.52 44.80 52.90


In the study area Mangifera indica shows maximum basal area value per tree as 174 cm, which

is followed by Ficus racemosa (140 cm), Gmelina arborea (100 cm), Lagertsroemia parviflora

(86.75 cm) and Dillenia pentagyna (85 cm). These values indicate the basal cover or ground

covered dominantly by these woody species. In six quadrats a total of 53 individuals of 19

species shows total basal area cover 3141 cm. In this sacred groove the diversity index was

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calculated and the value of Simpson Index was 0.00360, which is very poor due to very low

tree density. The Shannon Index calculated and the value was 2.5215, which was poor due to

low density in this area.

Importance Value Index (IVI) in Durganagar scared groove have been studied which shows

higher value in Ixora brachiata (48.22) and Syzygium cuminii (44.80) which are predominant

species. This is followed by Lagerstroemia parviflora (26.00) and Mangifera indica (22.26).

Out of 19 species recorded from study area 15 species shows IVI below the value of 20.

3.11.3 Vegetation survey in Command area

Assessment of command area under Nardave medium irrigation project has been carried out in

Kankavli Taluka along Kudal and Malvan Taluka. This work was carried out during October

2017 to May 2018. This study deals with whether the change is occurs in vegetation pattern in

command area compared to area under submergence and catchment. During this, field visits

were carried out in villages along right and left irrigation canal of proposed Nardave medium

irrigation project. Villages like Jambhavade, Bamandevwadi, Harkul, Bijali nagar, Nagve,

Varvade and Gothane has been selected along the river for vegetation survey.

During the visit period visual observation on vegetation was carried out. In this area it was

found that the study area was much disturb due to various agricultural activities. Natural

vegetation was found in scanty patches. Area along river Gad is quite flat in Bijali Nagar with

cultivation of agriculture crops like Rice, Coconut, and Cashewnut plantation. In Bijali nagar

a dense forest patch was recoded which consisting Terminalia paniculata, Careya arborea,

Terminalia ellptica, Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, Combretum ovatum,

Calycopteris floribunda, Dalbergia horrida, Bombax malabarica, Ficus ampliseema,

Schleichera oleosa, Syzygium cuminii, etc.

In Kanedi village Oil palm plantation was also occurs and the forest is mainly consisting

elements of dry deciduous forests in undulating terrain. Mostly the post monsoon elements

were observed and recorded. Command area consists of mainly rice crops along with fruits

bearing plants like coconut, cashew nut, areca nut, etc. The forest type was moist deciduous to

deciduous type with important elements like Ziziphus mouritiana, Carissa congesta, Gnedia

glauca, Spondias Mangifera, Ficus amplissima, Pongamia pinnata, Grewia asiatica, etc.

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Table No.3.28.List of trees in the command area

Sr. No. Name of Species Habit Family Common Name

1. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex

Benth.

Tree Mimosaceae Austrelian Babhul

2. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Tree Mimosaceae Khair

3. Achyranthes aspera L. Herb Amaranthaceae Aghada

4. Ageratum conyzoides L. Herb Asteraceae

5. Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Shrub Sapindaceae Tipani

6. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume Herb Araceae Suran

7. Anacardium occidentale L. Tree Anacardiaceae Kaju

8. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Tree Moraceae Phans

9. Biophytum sensitivum (L.)DC. Herb Oxalidaceae

10. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Herb Asteraceae

11. Bombax ceiba L. Tree Bombaceae Shemal

12. Bombax insigne Wall. Tree Bombaceae

13. Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. Tree Euphorbiaceae Katak

14. Burmannia pusilla (Wall.exMiers)

Thwaites

Herb Murmanniaceae

15. Careya arborea Roxb. Tree Lecithidaceae Kumbha

16. Carissa congesta Wight Shrub Apocynaceae Karavand

17. Cassia tora L. Shrub Caesalpiniaceae Takala

18. Casuarina equisetifolia L. Tree Casuarinaceae Suru

19. Cissus elongata Roxb. Shrub Vitaceae

20. Cocos nucifera L. Tree Arecaceae Naral

21. Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. Liana Fabaceae Pendkul

22. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Tree Fabaceae Shisavi

23. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Tree Poaceae Bambu

24. Ficus amplissima J.E.Sm. Tree Moraceae Payar

25. Ficus hirsuta L.f. Tree Moraceae Kala Umbar

26. Ficus racemosa L. Tree Moraceae Umbar

27. Gloriosa superba L. Climber Liliaceae Kallavi

28. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Tree Lamiaceae Shivan

29. Grewia asiatica L. Tree Tiliaceae

30. Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Tree Rubiaceae Haldu

31. Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.)

K.Shum.

Tree Bignoniaceae Waras

32. Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. Shrub Malvaceae

33. Homonoia riparia Lour. Shrub Euphorbiaceae

34. Ixora coccinea L. Shrub Rubiaceae Ishvari

35. Jasminum malabaricum Wight Climber Oleaceae Ranjai

36. Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Tree Lythraceae Nana

37. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr Shrub Leeaceae Dinda

38. Leucas ciliata Benth. Herb Lamiaceae

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39. Loranthus falcatus L. f. Herb Loranthaceae Bandgul

40. Mangifera indica L. Tree Anacardiaceae Amba

41. Mimosa pudica L. Herb Mimosaceae Lajalu

42. Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham. Shrub Rubiaceae Bhutkes

43. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Tree Bignoniaceae Tetu

44. Osbeckia muralis Naud. Herb Melastomatacea

e

45. Pavetta indica L. var. tomentosa (Roxb.

ex Sm.) Hook. f.

Shrub Rubiaceae Phapat

46. Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi)

Press

Herb Lamiaceae

47. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Tree Fabaceae Karanj

48. Striga gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke ex

Engl.

Herb Scrophulariacea

e

49. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Tree Combretaceae Beheda

50. Terminalia chebula Tree Combretaceae Hirda

51. Terminalia elliptica Willd. Tree Combretaceae Ain

52. Terminalia paniculata Roth. Tree Combretaceae Kinjal

53. Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell & A.

Gibson

Shrub Malvaceae Ran-Bhendi

54. Tolypanthus lagenifer (Wight) Tiegh. Herb Loranthaceae

55. Triumfetta rhomboidea N. Jacq. Herb Tiliaceae

56. Urena lobata L. Herb Malvaceae

57. Vigna sublobata (Roxb.) Babu &

Sharma

Climber Fabaceae Halinda

58. Vitex negundo L. Tree Lamiaceae Nirgudi

59. Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. Tree Rutaceae Cherphal

60. Zizyphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Liana Rhamnaceae Bor

3.11.4 Conclusion Vegetaion Study

The vegetation survey of Nardave medium irrigation project area of Kankavli Taluka of

Sindhudurga district reveals a total 147 plant species recorded during study period. Out of 147

species recorded 42 are herbaceous, 19 are shrubs, 17 are climbers, 7 are woody liana and 62

are tree species. In the study area dominating families are Papilionaceae 8 sp., Moraceae 8 sp.,

Euphorbiaceae 6 sp., Combretaceae & Apocynaceae 5 sp. each and Rubiaceae 4 sp.. In study

area a monotypic endemic genera with single species namely Erinocarpus nimmonii is

recorded representing family Tiliaceae. Only gymnosperm Gnetum ula is also recorded from

Yavateshwar village.

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In the study area it is estimated that 17 species, which are endemic to Western Ghats are

occurring in the study area. These are Dimorphocalyx lawianus, Terminalia paniculata,

Argyrea boseana, Argyrea cuneata, Ixora brachiata, Lamphrachnium microcephalum,

Utricularia albocerulea, Jasminum malabaricum, Ceropegia oculata, Exacum pumilum,

Strobilanthes callosa, Haplanthodes tentaculata, Pogostemon deccanensis, Dendrobium

microbulbon, Dendrobium barbatulum, Ensete superbum, Amorphophallus commutatus. In

RET category, Ceropegia oculata a critically endangered plant species were recorded from

catchment area of Yavateshwar and Durganagar which is less affected by the activity of dam

construction. Along with these Zingiber neesanum-Vulnerable taxa was also recorded. Low

risk taxa like Amorphophallus commutatus, Strobilanthes callosa, Dendrobium microbulbon,

Ensete superbum, Erinocarpus nimmonii are recorded from catchment area.

The qualitative analysis results into record of many lianas like Dalbergia horrida, Gnetum ula,

Deploclasia glauscance, etc. especially occurs in the riparian vegetation of catchment area.

Phytosociological study in the area under submergence shows less diversity and density in

species composition. But in the catchment area and in sacred grooves species composition is

variable and unique. Therefore in catchment area the vegetation could be more protected after

this developmental activity of dam construction. Most of the area in the catchment sites

preserves typical elements of respected forest types.

Based on overall vegetation and ecological assessment of Nardave Medium Irrigation project

the construction activity of dam is less affected. Endemic and rare plants are recorded from

catchment area but mostly from sacred grooves area. This region in future may act as most

protected area for these endemic and rare plant species.

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Figure No. 3.7. Photographs of the Vegetation in the study area

Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell & A.

Gibson

Bombax insigne Wall. Homonoia riparia Lour.

Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press Terminalia chebula Retz.

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3.11.5 Faunal Study

The checklists of Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals, Butterflies, Dragonflies and Damselflies

present in the study area, are enumerated in the table below.

Table No.3.29.List of Amphibians and Reptiles in and around the Nardave project

Sr.No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status IWPA Status

Family - Bufonidae

1 Common Indian Toad Bufo melanostictus Not Enlisted Least Concern

Family – Ranidae

2 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Not Enlisted Least Concern

3 Indian Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Not Enlisted Least Concern

Family – Geckonidae

4 Brook´Gecko Hemidactylus brookii Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

5 Southern House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Not Enlisted Least Concern

Family – Agamidae

6 Common Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Family – Chamaeleontidae

7 Indian Chameleon Chameleon zeylanicus Sch II Not Enlisted

Family – Scincidae

8 Common Brahmany Skink Mabuya carinata Not Enlisted Least Concern

Family - Varannidae

9 Common Indian Monitor Varanus bengalensis Not Enlisted Least Concern

Family – Columbride

10 Indian Rat Snake Ptyas mucosa Sch II Not Enlisted

11 Common Wolf Snake Lycodon aulicus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

12 Checkred Keelback Xenochrophis piscator Sch Not Enlisted

13 Green Keelback Macropisthodon plumbicolor Not Enlisted

14 Common Vine Snake Ahaetulla nasuta Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Family – Elapidae

15 Common Indian Krait Bangarus caeruleus Sch IV Not Enlisted

16 Indian Cobra Naja naja Sch II Least Concern

Family – Viperidae

17 Indian Saw-Scaled Viper Echis carinatus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Mammals:

The survey revealed that nine species of common mammals were recorded while no wild

mammal was observed in this area during the study period. Goat, buffalo, cow and squirrel

were commonly seen.

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Table No.3.30. List of Mammals in and around the Nardave project

No Common name Scientific name IWPA Status IUCN Status

Family -Viverridae

1 Common mongoose Herpestes edwardsi Sch- II Least Concern

Family -Scuiridae

2 Three striped palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum Not Enlisted Least Concern

Family -Muridae

3 House rat Mus musculus Sch- IV Least Concern

4 Field mouse Mus spp Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Family -Felidae

5 Common cat Felis silvestris catus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

6 Common dog Canis lupus familiaris Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Family-Bovidae

7 Cow Bos taurus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

8 Domestic buffalo Bubalus bubalis Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

9 Goat Capra hircus aegagrus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Butterfly Diversity

Table depicts the distribution patterns of 35 butterfly species recorded during the study period.

In the study area the diversity of butterfly appears to be good. Nymphalidae was most dominant

followed by Pieridae. Common Rose, Lime Butterfly, Common Jay, Common Emigrant,

Common Grass Yellow, Small Grass Yellow, Blue Tiger, Plain Tiger, Lesser Grass Blue etc.

are common in the study area . Increased butterfly populations indicate good plant diversity

and other pollinator groups within the area.

Table No.3.31.Checklist of Butterflies in and around study area

No. Common Name Scientific Name IWPA Status IUCN Status

Family – Hesperiidae

1 Fulvous Pied Flat Pseudocoladenia dan Not Enlisted Not enlisted

2 Indian Ace Halpe homolea Not Enlisted Not enlisted

Family – Papilionidae

3 Common Jay Graphium doson Not Enlisted Not enlisted

4 Tailed Jay Graphium Agamemnon Not Enlisted Not enlisted

5 Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor Not Enlisted Not enlisted

6 Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus Not Enlisted Not enlisted

7 Common Rose Atrophaneura aristolochiae Sch-I Not enlisted

Family – Pieridae

8 Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Not Enlisted Not enlisted

9 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Not Enlisted Not enlisted

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No. Common Name Scientific Name IWPA Status IUCN Status

10 Mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Not Enlisted Not enlisted

11 Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria Not Enlisted Not enlisted

12 Common Gull Cepora nerissa Not Enlisted Not enlisted

13 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Not Enlisted Not enlisted

Family – Lycaenidae

14 Lesser Grass Blue Zizina otis Not Enlisted Not enlisted

15 Plum Judy Abisara echerius Not Enlisted Not enlisted

Family – Nymphalidae

16 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Not Enlisted Not enlisted

17 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea Not Enlisted Not enlisted

18 Common Indian Crow Euploea core Sch-IV Least Concern

19 Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda Not Enlisted Not enlisted

20 Dark Evening Brown Melanitis phedima Not Enlisted Not enlisted

21 Common Bushbrown Mycalesis persens Not Enlisted Not enlisted

22 Common Fourring Ypthima hiiebneri Not Enlisted Not enlisted

23 Tawny Coster Acraea violae Not Enlisted Not enlisted

24 Rustic Cupha erymanthis Not Enlisted Not enlisted

25 Common Leopard Phalanta phalanta Not Enlisted Not enlisted

26 Indian Common Sailer Neptis hylas Not Enlisted Not enlisted

28 Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne Not Enlisted Not enlisted

29 Common Castor Ariadne merione Not Enlisted Not enlisted

30 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita Not Enlisted Not enlisted

31 Grey Pansy Junonia atlites Not Enlisted Not enlisted

32 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana Not Enlisted Least Concern

33 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Not Enlisted Not enlisted

34 Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina Not Enlisted Not enlisted

35 Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus Sch-IV Not enlisted

Dragonflies and Damselflies

Seven species of dragonflies and three species of damselflies were found in the study area.

Species like Brachythemis contaminate, Trithemis aurora, Orthetrum sabina and Acisoma

panorpoides were commonly seen throughout the project area while damselfly Ischnura aurora

was common in the periphery of the project site.

Table No.3.32.Checklist of Dragonflies and Damselflies in and around study area

Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status

Dragonflies

1 Crimson Marsh Glider Trithemis aurora Not enlisted

2 Ditch Jewel Brachythemis contaminata Not enlisted

3 Asian Pintail Acisoma panorpoides Not enlisted

4 Long Legged Marsh Skimmer Trithemis pallidinervis Not enlisted

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Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status

5 Common Picture Wing Rhyothemis variegata Not enlisted

6 Common Clubtail Ictinogomphus rapax Least Concern

7 Green Marsh Hawk Orthetrum sabina Least Concern

Damselflies

1 Golden Dartlet Ischnura aurora Not enlisted

2 Senegal Golden Dartlet Ischnura senegalensis Not enlisted

3 Three Striped Blue Dart Pseudagrion decorum Not enlisted

Figure No. 3.8. Photographs of the Butterfly and Dragonflies in study area

Common Jay Blue Mormon

Indian common sailor Ditch Jewel

Common clubtail Asian Pintail

http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/hkbiodiversity/database/popup_record.asp?id=766&lang=tc

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Avifauna

Avifauna is an important part of the ecosystem playing various roles as scavengers, pollinators,

predators of insect pest etc. They are also the bio-indicators of different status of environment

like urbanization, industrialization and human disturbance. They are one of the best indicators

of ecosystem. The areas having good bird diversity signifies healthy forest. They can be

sensitive indicators of pollution problems and function as early warning system.

Observation: Total numbers of 29 species of birds were encountered during the survey. Many

aquatic birds like redwattled lapwing, pond heron, cattle egret, river tern, kingfishers etc. were

encountered. In areas with agriculture fields, the grain eating herbivorous species like, doves,

sparrows and parakeets while Insectivorous bird species viz. green bee eater, white breasted

kingfisher, cattle egrets etc were found. Indian peafowl and Malbar Pied Hornbill are listed

endangered (Schedule I) as per Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.One RET species namely

Malbar Pied Hornbill is observed within 10km surroundings.

Table No.3.33.List of Birds in and around the Nardave Project


Family –Ardeidae

1. Pond Heron Ardeola grayii LC Not Enlisted

2. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis LC Schedule IV

Family –Laridae

3. River Tern Sterna aurantia NT Not Enlisted

Family – Accipitridae

4. Pariah Kite/Black Kite Milvus migrans LC Not Enlisted

5. Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus LC Not Enlisted

Family – Phasianidae

6. Grey Jungle fowl Gallus sonneratii Not Enlisted Schedule IV

7. Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus LC Schedule I

Family – Charadriidae

8. Redwattled Lapwing Vanellus cinereus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Family – Columbidae

9. Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia Not Enlisted Schedule IV

10. Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis LC Schedule IV

11. Common Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica LC Schedule IV

Family – Psittacidae

12. Rose- Ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri LC Schedule IV

Family – Apodidae

13. House Swift Apus acuticauda LC Schedule IV

Family – Alcedinidae

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14. Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Not Enlisted Schedule IV

15. White breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Not Enlisted Schedule IV

16. Stork billed kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis Not Enlisted Schedule IV

Family – Meropidae

17. Small Green Bee Eater Merops orientalis Not Enlisted Schedule IV

Family – Bucerotidae

18. Malbar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus Near Threatened Schedule I

Family –Muscicapidae

19. Malabar whistling thrush Myophonus horsfieldii LC Not Enlisted

Family – Dicruridae

20. Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis LC Schedule IV

Family – Sturnidae

21. Common Myna Acridotheres fuscus LC Schedule IV

Family – Corvidae

22. House Crow Corvus splendens LC Schedule V

Family - Picnonotidae

23. Red Vented Bulbul Picnonotus cafer LC Schedule IV

Family - Muscicapidae

24. Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus LC Schedule IV

25. Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis LC Not Enlisted

26. Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata LC Not Enlisted

Family - Motacillidaeh

27. Large Pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Family – Nectariniidae

28. Purple rumped Sunbird Nectrarinia zeylonica Not Enlisted Schedule IV

29. Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica LC Schedule IV

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Figure No. 3.9. Photographs of the Bird Diversity in the study area

Malabar pied hornbill Indian Peafowl

Little green bee eater Jungle babbler

Pond Heron Large pied wagtail

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Little egret Stork billed kingfisher

River tern Grey heron

Little cormorant Common kingfisher

White-breasted kingfisher Pied kingfisher

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Red- wattled Lapwing Small blue kingfisher

3.11.6 Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary

Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary is situated on the border of Kolhapur and Sindhudurg

districts. This beautiful Sanctuary is nestled in the Sahyadri Hills. As this area lies in the

Western Ghats, the plant life is extremely rich. The forest types are Southern Semi-evergreen,

Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous and Southern Evergreen. The major tree species

are Memecylon umbellatum, Terminalia chebula, Careya

arborea and Lagerstroemia microcarpa.

Fruiting plants like Syzygium cumini, Ficus racemosa and Carissa spp. are found almost all

over the area, attracting many frugivorous birds and mammals. Karvi Carvia callosa is the

most important and widespread flowering plant species in this area, serving as a source of

food for a multitude of herbivore species and insects. The Sanctuary also hosts threatened

and endemic tree species such as Mappia foetida, Turpunia malbarica, Euphorbia longana,

Elaeocarpus tectorium and Harpullia arborea.

About 240 bird species have been recorded from the Sanctuary (G. Jathar pers. comm. unpubl.

checklist), though a detailed study on the avifauna has not yet been done. The globally

threatened Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii is seen here in small number, especially

during the fruiting period. The site lies in the Western Ghats Endemic Bird Area (EBA 123)

where Stattersfield et al. (1998) have identified 16 restricted range species. Two have been

identified from this site but more are likely to occur here. The site represents Biome-10 (Indian

Peninsula Tropical Moist Forest). BirdLife International (undated) has listed 15 species in this

biome, out of which five are found here. Many species of Biome-11 (Indo-Malayan Tropical

Dry Zone) are also seen, especially at lower elevations where this site merges with the Deccan

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Plateau. Biome-11 includes a wide range of habitats, including both forests and open country.

Many of the species of this biome have adapted to man-modified habitats. Some species have

changed their distributions so much that they are found in other biomes also. During winter,

many Himalayan forest birds are found here. Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea, belonging

to Sino-Tropical Temperate Forest (Biome-7) has been seen here. Some interesting species

such as the Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger have been reported from this

Sanctuary (V. Giri pers. comm. 2002). The Yellow-browed Bulbul Iole indica, Dusky Eagle

Owl Bubo coromandus, Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis, Black Bulbul Hypsipetes

leucocephalus, Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus, and Malabar Crested Lark Galerida

malabarica are commonly seen here.

There are some endemic and endangered species of reptiles and amphibians, notably the

Trimeresurus malabaricus, Deccan Ground Gecko Geckoella deccanensis, Gunther’s Cat

Skink Ristella guntheri, Beddome’s Lacerta Ophisops beddomei and amphibians such

as Rammanela sp., Bombay Bush Frog Philautus bombayensis, and Humayun’s Wrinkled

Frog Nyctibatrachus humayuni (V. Giri pers. comm. 2003).

This Sanctuary is well known for its Gaur Bos frontalis population. Other mammal species

include Tiger Panthera tigris, Leopard P. pardus, Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis,

Slender Loris Loris tardigradus, Mouse Deer Moschiola meminna and the elusive nocturnal

Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata. There are some endemic and endangered species of

reptiles and amphibians, notably the Malabar Pit Viper Trimeresurus malabaricus, Deccan

Ground Gecko Geckoella deccanensis, Gunther’s Cat Skink Ristella guntheri, Beddome’s

Lacerta Ophisops beddomei and amphibians such as Rammanela sp., Bombay Bush Frog

Philautus bombayensis, and Humayun’s Wrinkled Frog Nyctibatrachus humayuni (V. Giri

pers. comm. 2002).

Source:

Bird Life International (undated) Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Asia: Project briefing

book. Bird Life International, Cambridge, U.K., unpublished.

Satterfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998) Endemic Bird Areas

of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Bird Life Conservation Series No.

7. Bird Life International, Cambridge, U.K

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Giri, B.V. (2002). Occurrence of the Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger

(Family: Podargidae) in Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra. Journal of the

Bombay Natural History Society 99(1): 116–117.

Table No.3.34.Checklist of Mammals species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur

Sr.

No

Common name Scientific name IWPA

Status

IUCN

Status

Family- Cercopithecidae

1 Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata Sch II Least Concern

2 Common langur Presbytis entellus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Family – Felidae

3 Tiger Panthera tigris Sch I Endangered

4 Leopard Panthera pardus Sch I Vulnerable

5 Jungle cat Felis chaus Sch II Least Concern

Family –Viverridae

6 Small Indian civet Viverricula indica Sch- II

7 Toddy cat Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

8 Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis Sch- I Least Concern

Family –Hyaenidae

9 Striped hyena Hyena hyaena Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Family –Canidae

10 Jackal Canis aureus Sch- II Least Concern

11 Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis Sch- II Least Concern

Family -Mustelidae

12 Indian tree shrew Anathana ellioti Not Enlisted Least Concern

Family -Muridae

13 Mole rat Bandicota bengalensis Sch- IV Least Concern

14 Field mouse Mus spp Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

15 Bandicoot rat Bandicota indica Sch- IV Least Concern

16 Indian porcupine Hystrix indica Not Enlisted Least Concern

Family- Ochotonidae

17 Indian hare Lepus nigricollis Sch- IV Least Concern

18 Spotted deer Axis axis Sch- III Least Concern

19 Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak Not Enlisted Least Concern

20 Indian Mouse Deer Moschiola meminna Least Concern

Family –Suicidae

21 Indian wild boar Sus scrofa Not Enlisted Least Concern

Family –Loridae

22 Slender Loris Loris tardigradus Least Concern

Manidae

23 Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata Endangered

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Table No.3.35.Checklist of Amphibian species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur

S.No Species Scientific name IUCN Status

1. Common Indian Toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus Least Concern

2. Indian skittering frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Least Concern

3. Indian bull frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Least Concern

4. Indian burrowing frog Sphaerotheca breviceps Least Concern

5. Dobson's burrowing frog Sphaerotheca dobsonii Least Concern

6. Indian rice frog Fejervarya limnocharis Least Concern

7. Syhadra frog Zakerana syhadrensis Least Concern

8. Rufescent burrowing Frog Zakerana rufescens Least Concern

9. Ornate narrow-mouthed frog Microhyla ornata Least Concern

10. Red narrow-mouthed frog Microhyla rubra Least Concern

11. Marbled ramanella Ramanella mormorata Endangered

12. Indian balloon frog Uperodon globulosus Least Concern

13. Bombay night frog Nyctibatrachus humayuni Vulnerable

14. Night frog Nyctibatrachus sp. Not Enlisted

15. Fungoid frog Hylarana malabarica Least Concern

16. Bronzed frog Hylarana temporalis Near Threatened

17. Beddome's leaping frog Indirana beddomii Least Concern

18. Leaping frog Indirana sp. Not Enlisted

19. Chunam tree frog Polypedates maculatus Least Concern

20. Amboli bush frog Pseudophilautus amboli Critically Endangered

21. Bombay bush frog Raorchestes bombayensis Vulnerable

22. Bombay caecilian Ichthyophis bombayensis Least Concern

23. Deccan Ground Gecko Geckoella deccanensis

24. Humayun’s Wrinkled Frog Nyctibatrachus humayuni

Table No.3.36.Checklist of Reptilian species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur

S.No. Species Scientific name IUCN status

1. Indian black turtle Melanochelys trijuga LR/NT

2. Indian garden lizard Calotes versicolor Not Enlisted

3. Roux’s forest lizard Calotes rouxii Least Concern

4. Fan throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana Least Concern

5. Brook’s house gecko Hemidactylus brookii Least Concern

6. Yellow green house gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis Least Concern

7. Deccan ground gecko Geckoella deccanensis Least Concern

8. Bombay Leaf-toed Gecko Hemidactylus prashadi Least Concern

9. Common keeled skink Eutropis carinata Least Concern

10. Three-lined grass skink Eutropis trivittata Least Concern

11. Common Indian Monitor Varanus bengalensis Least Concern

12. Brahminy worm snake Ramphotyphlops braminus LR/NT

13. Phipson’s shieldtail Uropeltis phipsonii VU

14. Large-scaled shieldtail Uropeltis macrolepis Least Concern

15. Common sand boa Gongylophis conicus Not Enlisted

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16. Whitaker’s boa Eryx whitakeri Not Enlisted

17. Indian rock python Python m. molurus LR/NT

18. Common trinket snake Coelognathus helena helena LR/NT

19. Montane trinket snake Coelognathus helena monticollaris NA

20. Indian Rat snake Ptyas mucosa LR/NT

21. Common kukri snake Oligodon arnensis LR/NT

22. Russell’s kukri snake Oligodon taeniolatus LC

23. Common wolf snake Lycodon aulicus LR/NT

24. Travancore wolf snake Lycodon travancoricus Least Concern

25. Barred wolf snake Lycodon striatus Not Enlisted

26. Striped keelback Amphiesma stolatum LR/NT

27. Checkered keelback Xenochrophis piscator Least Concern

28. Green keelback Macrophistodon plumbicolor Not Enlisted

29. Common vine snake Ahaetulla nasuta LR/NT

30. Common Indian krait Bungarus caeruleus Not Enlisted

31. Spectacled cobra Naja naja Not Enlisted

32. Russell’s viper Daboia russelii Not Enlisted

33. Saw Scaled Viper Echis carinatus Not Enlisted

34. Bamboo pit viper Trimeresurus gramineus Least Concern

35. Malabar Pit Viper Trimeresurus malabaricus

36. Gunther’s Ristella Skink Ristella guentheri

Source: Omkar V. Yadav and S. R. Yankanchi (2014) Preliminary Study Of Herpetofaunal

Diversity In Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary (Wls), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, ISSN

(online): 2320-4257.

Table No.3.37. Checklist of Birds in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur (MH) India

Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status IWPA Status

Family – Accipitridae

1. Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Critically

Endangered

Schedule I

2. Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus Critically

Endangered

Schedule I

Family – Phasianidae

3. Jungle Bush Quail perdicula asiatica LC Schedule IV

Family – Rallidae

4. White Breasted Waterhen Amourornis phoenicurus LC Not Enlisted

Family – Columbidae

5. Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis LC Schedule IV

6. Yellow –footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera LC Schedule IV

7. Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii Vulnerable Schedule IV

Family – Psittacidae

8. Plum –headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala LC Schedule IV

Family - Cuculidae

9. Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea Not Enlisted

10. Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis LC Not Enlisted

Family – Strigidae

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11. Barn Owl Tyto alba LC Schedule IV

12. Spotted Owlet Athene brama LC Schedule IV

Family – Caprimulgidae

13. Common Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus Not Enlisted Schedule IV

Family – Alcedinidae

14. Lesser Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Not Enlisted Schedule IV

Family – Bucerotidae

15. Common Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris Not Enlisted Schedule I

16. Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis Not Enlisted Schedule I

17. Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus LC Schedule I

Family – Megalaimidae

18. White –cheeked Barbet Megalaima viridis LC Schedule IV

19. Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala LC Schedule IV

20. Brown-headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica LC Schedule IV

Family –Muscicapidae

21. Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii LC Not Enlisted

Family – Picidae

22. Yellow – crowned Woodpecker Dendrocopos mahrattensis LC Schedule IV

23. Lesser Golden-backed

Woodpecker

Dinopium benghalensis Not Enlisted Schedule IV

24. Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus

Family – Hirundinidae

25. Dusky Crag - Martin Hirundo concolor LC Not Enlisted

26. Red – rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica LC Not Enlisted

Family – Laniidae

27. Long-Tailed Shrike Lanius schach LC Not Enlisted

28. Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus LC Not Enlisted

Family – Oriolidae

29. Eurasion Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

30. Black Hooded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus LC Not Enlisted

Family – Dicruridae

31. Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus LC Schedule IV

32. White – bellied Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens LC Schedule IV

Family – Sturnidae

33. Brahminy Starling Sturnus pagodarum LC Schedule IV

34. Grey-headed Starling Sturnus malabaricus Not Enlisted Schedule IV

Family – Corvidae

35. Large –Billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchus LC Schedule V

Family – Campephagidae

36. Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus LC Schedule IV

37. Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus LC Schedule IV

Family – Irenidae

38. Common Iora Aegithina tiphia LC Schedule IV

Family - Muscicapidae

39. Yellow – eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense LC Schedule IV

40. Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcomi LC Schedule IV

41. Indian Scimitar-Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldii LC Schedule IV

42. Rufous-bellied Babbler Dumetia hyperythra Not Enlisted Schedule IV

43. Whitethroated Fantail Flycatcher Rhipidura albicollis Not Enlisted Schedule IV

44. Asian Paradise - Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Not Enlisted Schedule IV

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45. Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

46. Jungle Prinia Prinia sylvatica LC Not Enlisted

47. Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis LC Not Enlisted

48. Common Tailor Bird Orthotomus sutorius Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

49. Common Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

50. Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita LC Not Enlisted

51. Pied Bushchat Saxicola Caprata LC Not Enlisted

52. Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea LC Not Enlisted

Family - Paridae

53. Grey Tit Parus major LC Schedule IV

Family - Motacillidaeh

54. Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus LC Schedule IV

55. Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava LC Not Enlisted

56. Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea LC Not Enlisted

Family – Dicacidae

57. Palebilled Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Not Enlisted Not Enlisted

Family – Nectariniidae

58. Loten´s Sunbird Nectrarinia lotenia LC Schedule IV

59. Small Sunbird Nectarinia minima LC Schedule IV

Family -- Zosteropidae

60. Oriental White-Eye Zosterops palpebrosus LC Schedule IV

Family -- Ploceidae

61. House Sparrow Passer domesticus LC Not Enlisted

62. Baya Ploceus phillippinus LC Schedule IV

63. Scaly – Breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata LC Schedule IV

Family - Picnonotidae

64. Yellow-browed Bulbul Iole indica LC Schedule IV

65. Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus LC Schedule IV

Family - Alaudidae

66. Malabar Crested Lark Galerida malabarica LC Schedule IV

Family - Podargidae

67. Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger LC

Source: http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Maharashtra.pdf

3.11.7 Wetland Ecology

Wetlands are areas where a water is at, near, or just above the surface and where soils are

water saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess water and resulting low soil

oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation and soil development. Wetlands will

have a relative abundance of obligate hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils

featuring “hydric” characteristics. From an ecological perspective, either an abundance of

hydrophytes or indicators of hydric soil conditions is generally sufficient to indicate a

wetland ecosystem. The boundary of the wetland is identified by changes in vegetation

structure, loss of hydrophytes and wetland soil characteristics.

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Figure No. 3.10. View of Gad River

Figure No. 3.11. Collection of Plankton from various locations of the Gad River

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Phytoplankton

Plankton consists of any drifting animals and plants that inhabit oceans, seas, or bodies of

water. Local abundance varies horizontally, vertically and seasonally. The primary cause of

this variability is the availability of light. All plankton ecosystems are driven by the input of

solar energy, confining primary production to surface waters, and to geographical regions

and seasons having abundant light.

Phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of the plankton community. Most

phytoplankton is too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when

present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the water due

to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells. Phytoplankton are the foundation of the

aquatic food chain. Phytoplankton obtains energy through the process of photosynthesis and

must therefore live in the well-lit surface layer of an ocean, sea, lake, or other body of water.

Phytoplankton accounts for half of all photosynthetic activity on Earth.

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Methods for Analysis

Apparatus and equipment

Depth water sampler, centrifuge, microscope, centrifuge tubes of 15 ml capacity, cover slips,

glass slides, dropper, plastic bottles (100 ml capacity).

Reagent and Standard

Lugol’s solution-20 g potassium iodide (KI) in 50 ml distilled water+10 g iodine crystal +150

ml distilled water+20 ml glacial acetic acid.

Sample Collection, Preservation and Storage

Phytoplankton collection in the open water of the lakes consists of surface and deep grab

sampling. Standard sampling depth for ‘surface’ and ‘bottom’ water samples are 10-20cm

below the surface and above the bottom respectively.

The samples were preserved with Lugol’s solution immediately after collection.

Procedure

The Lackey Drop method (Lackey, 1938) is a simple method of obtaining counts of

considerable accuracy with samples containing a dense plankton population.

Concentration of Phytoplankton: The Phytoplankton density in clean water is very

insignificant while it is significant in polluted water. Therefore the samples from clean water

source need to be concentrated before counting for accurate estimation. The water sample

was concentrated 15 times by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 15 min. The supernatant water

was decanted and the pellet of algal cells was suspended in 1 ml distilled water.

Counting: Took 0.04 ml of concentrated water sample to a glass slide and covered with an

18 mm glass cover slip. Using a compound microscope, and a magnification of 225x to 360x,

phytoplankton colonies were observed and counted in 6 strips or 10 microscopic fields.

Data analysis and calculations

Phytoplankton count/ml = A x B x C x D/dilution factor

Where, A=Average count/strip

B=Number of strips in cover slip

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C=Number of drops/ml

D=Volume of concentrated dilution factor

Enumeration and Indices

Shannon Wiener Diversity Index :Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (d) is a measure of

diversity which takes into account the total count and individual count in water sample. A

widely accepted ecological concept is that community with large number of species i.e. with

high diversity will have stability and thus have the capability to resist adverse environment

influences to certain extent. “The Shannon Wiener index ” values in the range of 3 and above

are generally considered to represent healthy conditions of water. The values between 1 and

3 are believed to indicate semi and poor productivity respectively. It is expressed as follows.

SWI = N

nilog

N

ni2

Where,

SWI = Shannon Wiener Diversity Index

N = Total number of individuals of species in a sample

n = number of individuals of species in a sample

Palmer Pollution Index: According to Palmer (1969), a total score of 20 or more in a sample

is an indicator of organic pollution. The values between 15 and 20 are believed to indicate

semi & poor productivity and below 15 is a indicator of absence of organic pollution

respectively.

Table No.3.38. Algal genus Pollution Index (Palmer, 1969)

Sr.No Genus Pollution Index

1. Anacystis 1

2. Ankistrodesmus 2

3. Chlamydomonas 4

4. Chlorella 3

5. Closterium 1

6. Cyclotella 1

7. Euglena 5

8. Gomphonema 1

9. Lepocinclis 1

10. Melosira 1

11. Micractinium 1

12. Navicula 3

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Count: Phytoplankton counts recorded at different sampling stations, are presented in below

tables. Total algal population varied between 1450 and 3950 algal cells ml-1 in winter while

2010 and 4520 algal cells ml-1 in summer. Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)-Ketty Weir

showed highest count of phytoplankton in both the season. Phytoplankton population

comprised of 4 major groups, namely Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and

Euglenophyceae with eighteen genera. Chlorophyceae dominated all the samples. The SWI

values varied between 1.23 and 2.75 that suggest low to medium impact of pollution or

adverse factor.

The most pollution tolerant species, according to Palmer’s Index are listed in Table. PPI

varied between 12 and 20.Chlorophyceae was dominant in all the samples. The organically

polluted algae like Anabena, Aphanocapsa, Spirulina and Oscillatoria were also recorded in

Gad River.

Table No.3.39.Enumeration of Phytoplankton in Gad River

Ranges of Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (SWI) <1: Indicate poor productive water

1-3 Indicate medium productive water

13. Nitzschia 3

14. Oscillatoria 5

15. Pandorina 1

16. Phacus 2

17. Phormidium 1

18. Scenedesmus 4

19. Stigeoclonium 2

20. Synedra 2

Sample

No.

Sampling Locations

Season

Phyto-

plankton

(No/ml)

Percent Composition of algal groups SWI PPI

Chloro-

phyceae

Cyano-

phyceae

Bacillario-

phyceae

Eugleno-

phyceae

1. Sangave Ketty Weir

(Gad River)

Winter 1450 55 25 10 10 2.15 15

Summer 2010 60 20 10 10 2.70 18

2. Nardave Dam Winter 2130 50 30 15 5 2.75 12

Summer 2350 45 25 20 10 2.10 15

3. Gopuri Ashram (Tal.

Kankavali)-Ketty Weir

Winter 3950 65 15 20 - 1.85 13

Summer 4520 55 25 10 10 2.55 15


(Gad River)

Winter 2540 50 20 20 10 1.75 17

Summer 3230 55 15 20 10 2.54 16

5. Jambhavade School Winter 2110 55 15 30 10 2.10 17

Summer 3570 50 20 30 - 1.98 20

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>3 Indicate good productive water

Ranges of Palmer’s Pollution index (PPI)

<15: Indicate absence of organic pollution.

15 to <20: Indicate presence of organic pollution

>20: Indicate presence of high organic pollution

Table No.3.40.Phytoplankton Genera Recorded in Gad River

Reference :

Palmer, C M (1969). A composite rating of algae tolerating organic pollution. Phyco. l5:

78-82.

Lackey, J. B. (1938). The Manipulation and Counting of River Plankton and Changes in

Some Organisms Due to Formalin Preservation. Public health reports. 53: 2080-2093.

Zooplankton

The zooplankton includes animals suspended in water with limited powers of locomotion.

Like phytoplankton, they are usually denser than water, and constantly sink by gravity to

Sr.

No Phytoplankton Genera Winter Summer

Chlorophyceae

1. Closterium sp. + +

2. Scenedesmus + +

3. Ulothrix sp. + +

4. Pediastrum + +

5. Chlorella sp. + -

6. Cosmarium + +

7. Ankistrodesmus + +

Bacillariophyceae

1. Navicula sp. + +

2. Fragillaria sp. + +

3. Cyclotella sp. + +

4. Synedra sp. + +

5. Melosira sp. - +

6. Nitzschia sp. - +

Cyanophyceae

1. Anabaena sp. + +

2. Oscillatoria sp. + +

3. Aphanocapsa - +

4. Spirulina sp. + -

Euglenophyceae

1. Phacus sp. + -

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lower depths. The distinction between suspended zooplankton having limited powers of

locomotion, and animals capable of swimming independently of turbulence-the latter referred

to as nekton is often diffuse. Zooplankton are microscopic aquatic animals having no

resistance to currents, free floated and suspended in open or pelagic waters.

Methods for analysis

Apparatus and equipment

Depth water sampler, centrifuge, microscope, centrifuge tubes of 15mL capacity, cover slips,

glass slides, dropper, plastic bottles (100 ml capacity).

Reagent and Standard

Formalin solution

Sample collection, preservation and storage

Zooplankton samples often need to be concentrated in the field. Generally collected by

filtering surface water through plankton net having mesh size of 75µ and preserved in 4

percent formalin solution immediately after collection of sample.

Procedure

The Sedgwick rafter (S-R) cell is a device commonly used for plankton counting because it

is easily manipulated. The zooplanktons are generally more than 75µ in size and are easily

observed under 100 x magnifications. Before filling the S-R cell with net sample, place the

cover glass diagonally across the cell and transfer water sample with a large bore pipette.

Placing cover slips which help to prevent formation of air bubbles in cell corners. The cover

slips rotate slowly and cover the inner portion of S-R cell during filling. In the case of

developing air spaces, place a small drop of distilled water on the edge of cover glass. Before

counting, let S-R cell stand for at least 15 min to settle plankton. Count plankton on the

bottom of S-R cell.

Counting

Zooplankton samples were collected from surface and middle of lake. Filter 40 lit. Water

from zooplankton net and collect the samples and add 1ml 4% formalin in the bottle, then

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centrifuge it for 10min. and settle down for half an hour discarded 14ml and take 1ml on SR

cell slide and observed under microscope.

Data Analysis and Calculations

Zooplankton count /m3 = NxV1/V2xV3

Where, N=Count of species observed in SR cell

V1=Volume count

V2=Volume observed in S-R cell

V3=Volume of water passed through plankton net

Count: Many aquatic insects live for some part of their life cycle in the water. They feed in

the same ways as other insects. Zooplanktons are free swimming along on top of the animals.

Their nature is different in fresh water and marine ecosystem. Zooplanktons like Rotifera,

Cladocera and copepoda are most common and often dominate entire consumer communities.

Zooplanktons adapt themselves to the habitat in which they live. Most of them have

transparent body; have spine protoplasm and skeleton for protection. For food and defense,

their movement is necessary.

Zooplankton counts, recorded at different sampling stations, are shown in table. Density of

zooplankton varied between 2520 & 4210 N/m3 in winter and 3250 & 5612 N/m3 in summer

respectively. Zooplankton comprised of 3 major group’s i.e.Copepoda, Rotifera and Cladocera

with six different genera. A large number of zooplankton, recorded in Gopuri Ashram (Tal.

Kankavali)-Ketty Weir could be due to the presence of ample amount of phytoplankton in

the respective station. Copepoda dominated all the samples. The SWI, observed to vary from

1.50 to 2.86 indicated low to medium load of organic pollution or adverse factors. High

pollution indicator genera, like Brachionus, Cyclops and Daphnia were also observed in the

river

Table No.3.41.Enumeration of Zooplankton in Gad River

Sample

No.

Sampling Locations Season Zooplankton

Count

No/m3

Percent Composition of algal

groups

SWI

Copepoda Rotifera Cladocera

1. Sangave Ketty Weir

(Gad River)

Winter 2520 70 20 10 2.10

Summer 3250 55 25 20 2.80

2. Nardave Dam Winter 2750 65 15 25 1.89

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Summer 3765 60 20 20 2.10

3. Gopuri Ashram (Tal.

Kankavali)-Ketty Weir

Winter 4210 50 30 20 1.50

Summer 5612 65 25 10 2.65


(Gad River)

Winter 3530 70 20 10 1.89

Summer 5210 65 25 10 2.86

5. Jambhavade School Winter 2850 65 15 20 2.20

Summer 4320 60 30 10 1.82

Ranges of Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (SWI) <1: Indicate poor productive water

1-3 Indicate medium productive water

>3 Indicate good productive water

Table No.3.42.Zooplankton Genera Recorded in Gad River

Sr. No Zooplankton Genera Winter Summer

Rotifera

1. Keratella sp. + +

2. Brachionus sp. + +

Copepoda

1. Cyclops sp. + +

2. Diaptomus sp. - +

Cladocera

1. Daphnia sp. + +

2. Moina sp. + -

Benthos:

The organisms which inhabit the bottom of aquatic body are called benthos. Many of them

are sessile; some creep over or burrow in mud and base of water body. The quality and

quantity of animals found at the bottom is not only related to the nature of substrata but also

to depth, the kind and quality of aquatic plants present in such environment. Their number

and distribution also depend upon physico-chemical properties of water and biological

complexes such as food and other factor. The sediments composition and characteristic of

the water adjacent to the sediments are also highly variable. Bacteria, fungi and algae may

occur in the great abundance on sediment. These organism and associated detricial organic

matter often provide the predominant energy sources for the benthic fauna.

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Quantitative estimations of benthic fauna require effective sampling procedures, separation

of organisms from the substratum, identification and evaluation of biomass of species and of

their life history stages.

Sampling

A number of basic requirements must be met to capture a quantitative sample of the population

living on and within the sediments. The sampler must penetrate into the sediment to a

sufficient depth to capture all of the organisms inhabiting a defined area. The device should

enclose the same area of sediment each time. As the sampling device is lowered, care should

be taken not to disturb the sediments, the sampler should close completely so that sediment

and organisms are not lost during retrieval.

Van Veen Grab Sampler

The Van veen grab consists of two hinged, pincer like buckets that are lowered in the open

position to the sediments. As the line slackens, the release mechanism is actuated. Upon

retrieval, the two buckets come together and enclosed a semicircular section of sediments. The

advantage of Van veen grab is its effective penetration into firm sediments, such as sand

because of its heavy construction. The area of van veen sampler was 0.02m2. The most severe

disadvantage of this sampler is that it’s closed or nearly closed design creates pressure waves

that disturb the sediments and benthic fauna as the sampler approaches the sediments.

Laboratory Analysis

A large homogenous sediment sample, collected by the grab sampler, was sieved with a screen

mesh of 500 µ sorted out the samples to remove the organisms from the sediment.

Data Analysis and Calculations

The segregated benthic organisms were counted species-wise and their density (number) per

square meter is calculated by using the following formula.

Benthos No/ m2 = N / A x 10,000

Where,

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N= number of organism collected per sample

A= area of the sampler (cm2)

Table No.3.43.Benthic Fauna recorded at Gad River

Sample

No.

Sampling Locations Density(No/m2)

1. Sangave Ketty Weir(Gad River) 375

2. Nardave Dam 150

3. Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)-Ketty Weir 250

4. Kankavali Ketty Weir (Gad River) 270

5. Jambhavade School 210

Count: Only Chironomous larva was observed as benthic fauna. At Sangave Ketty Weir (Gad

River) the count was highest while at Nardave dam site minimum count was observed. The

genus Chironomus is tolerant to organic pollutants, which means its occurrence and dominance

are an effective biological indicator of pollution. The chironomid larvae known as blood worms

due to the presence of hemoglobin in their bodies. They represent an abundant group of benthos

insects in freshwater ecosystem. The size of the larva typically ranges from 4 mm to 5mm.

Figure No. 3.12. Collection of Benthos from various locations of the Gad River

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Fisheries

Fishes, because of their relatively large size and ease of identification, have long been used as

indicators of environmental change. The mobility and sensory perception of many species

allow them to avoid environmental perturbations, and thus they can show a rapid response to

environmental changes. Different types of nets having definite meshes, made of nylon twines

are commonly used as gears for fish harvesting.

Preliminary investigation with local fishermen revealed that there are different varieties of

fresh water fishes, viz. Channa marulius (Maral), Garra mullya (Malve),Balitora laticauda

(Malve), Mastacembelus armatus (Vam/Kadai), Aorichthys seenghala- (Shengat), Tor khudree

(Dere), Tor mussafah (khadas), Labeo rohita- (Rohu), Monopterus indicus (Ahir), Tor putitora

(Panal), Clarias batrachus (Thigur), Salmostoma clupeoides (Alai), Channa striatus and

Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia) normally harvested in the river.

3.12 Land Use Land Cover Study

For establishing the existing land use pattern in Nardave Medium Irrigation Project satellite

Imagery of IRS P-6 with LISS III sensor was used of Path and Row (96-61). Composite mosaic

of the two LISS III scene was digitally interpreted, to create the land use and land cover map

of the project area. The spatial resolution of the satellite image used was that of 23.5 m

respectively, where as the spectral resolution comprised of Blue, Green, Red and Near Infrared

bands respectively

The present study has been divided into three steps:

Creation of input database.

Analysis.

Preparation of final output

3.12.1 Land Use and Land Cover Classification of 12 km buffer

For image classification purpose a buffer of 12 km was taken from the irrigation scheme

marked and geo-coded with Survey of India topo-sheet of 1:50,000 scale. The total area

recorded was 195078.9 ha. All together nine land use and land cover forms were discerned

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which included Dense Forest, Less Dense Forest, vegetation outside forest, Plantation,

Agriculture, Open Scrub, Barren area, Settlement and Water bodies.

Table No.3.44.Area coverage for different land use and land cover forms.

Class Name Area (ha)

Water Body 5401.90

Dense Forest 46270.02

Less Dense Forest 42688.34

Settlement 5279.10

Open Scrub 23237.51

Barren Area 25471.12

Agriculture 32779.30

Vegetation outside Forest 12131.14

Plantation 1820.56

Total 195078.99

Percentage distribution of

Land Use and Land Cover for


Water Body (2.77 %)

Dense Forest (23.72 %)

Less Dense Forest (21.88 %)

Settlement (2.71 %)

Open Scrub (11.91%)

Barren Area (13.06%)

Agriculture (16.8%)

Vegetation outside Forest (6.22%)

Plantation (0.93%)

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Figure No. 3.13. Land use and land cover map of 12 km buffer

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3.12.2 Land Use Land Cover Classification of the Catchment Area

Catchment area of Nardave Medium Irrigation Project covers a total area of about 4958.5 ha.

The classes found were water bodies, dense and less dense forest, open scrub, vegetation

outside forest, plantation, agriculture barren area and settlements. The following table shows

the distribution pattern of different land use and land forms in the catchment region

Table No.3.45.Area Statistics for the catchment area

CLASS Area (ha)

Water Body 36.35



Settlement 97.34

Open Scrub 587.12

Barren Area 364.03

Agriculture 718.73

Vegetation Outside Forest 237.89

Plantation 71.60

Total Area 4958.50

1%

42%

15%2%

12%

7%

15%

5%

1%

Percent distribution of Land Use Land Cover forms

for the Catchment Area of


Water Body

Dense Forest

Less Dense Forest

Settlement

Open Scrub

Barren Area

Agriculture

Vegetation Outside Forest

Plantation

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Figure No. 3.14. Land use and land cover map of catchment area

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3.12.3 Land Use Land Cover Classification for Submergence Area

Submergence area of Nardave Medium Irrigation Project covers a total area of 708.9 ha. Within

the submergence area Agriculture covers nearly 40 % of the area encompassing 283.6 ha of

land. Open Scrub covers an area of about 23 % covering another 162.9 ha of land area. 11 %

of the area is covered by Barren area followed by dense forest area within the submergence

region. Settlement area in the form of villages and construction site comprises of nearly 8% of

the land area i.e. 54.3 ha. The rest land use forms found in the region includes minor

contribution of less dense forest, vegetation outside forest and water bodies in the form of

streams.

Table No.3.46.Area Statistics for the Submergence Area

CLASS Area (ha)

Water Body 13.7088



Settlement 54.3168

Open Scrub 162.8928

Barren Area 78.9696



Plantation 0.1152

Total Area 708.9984

2%

11% 3%

8%

23%

11%

40%

2% 0.1152

Percentage Distribution of LULC forms

within the Submergence area of

Water Body

Dense Forest

Less Dense Forest

Settlement

Open Scrub

Barren Area

Agriculture


Plantation

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Figure No. 3.15. Land use and land cover map of Submergence area

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3.12.4 Land Use Land Cover Classification for Command Area

The command area of Nardave Medium Irrigation project covers a total area of about 24131

ha encompassing a vivid land use and land cover forms in the region. Satellite remote sensing

based studies reveal that the command area is mostly covered by Agriculture which is nearly

20.9 % of the total area covering 5049 ha of cultivable land area. This is followed by Less

Dense Forest cover which comprises 19 % of the total and cover about 4594 ha. Dense forest

covers about 11.5 % of the total area and cover about 2790 ha of land. Vegetation outside

forest covers about 14.7 % i.e. 3545.8 ha where as barren area and scrub area in combination

covers about 25 % of the total area where 3050.7 ha is covered by barren area where as 3005

ha of land is covered by scrub area. Settlement area in the command area covers about 6 %

of the total land area.

Table No.3.47. Area Statistics for the Command Area

CLASS Area (ha)

Water Body 241.4592



Settlement 1466.266

Open Scrub 3005.338

Barren Area 3050.726


Vegetation outside Forest 3545.856

Plantation 387.936

Total Area 24131.06

1%

11%

19%

6%

12%13%

21%

15%

2%

Distribution of Land Use Land Cover form for

the Command Area of


Water Body

Dense Forest

Less Dense Forest

Settlement

Open Scrub

Barren Area

Agriculture

Vegetation outside Forest

Plantation

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Figure No. 3.16. Land use and land cover map of command area

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Figure No. 3.17. Slope Map of Naradave Medium Irrigation Project

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Figure No. 3.18. Aspect map of aradave Medium Irrigation Project

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Figure No. 3.19. DEM Map of Naradave Medium Irrigation Project

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3.13 Socio Economic Environment

The recent Census data of year 2011was utilized to obtain socioeconomic status of the local

Community.

Submergence Area

Table No.3.48. Demographic and Socio-economic Information of Project affected villages

Name Nardave Bhairavgaon Jambhalgaon Yevteshwargaon Durganagar Total

No_HH 276 93 113 108 120 710

Tot_P 1011 278 489 408 430 2616

Tot_M 485 141 237 195 214 1272

Tot_F 526 137 252 213 216 1344

P_06 84 14 45 36 36 215

M_06 42 9 24 17 21 113

F_06 42 5 21 19 15 102

P_Sc 149 0 0 0 0 149

M_SC 72 0 0 0 0 72

F_SC 77 0 0 0 0 77

P_ST 0 0 0 0 0 0

M_ST 0 0 0 0 0 0

F_ST 0 0 0 0 0 0

P_Lit 728 174 353 268 308 1831

M_Lit 380 105 179 145 172 981

F_Lit 348 69 174 123 136 850

P_Ill 283 104 136 140 122 785

M_Ill 105 36 58 50 42 291

F_Ill 178 68 78 90 80 494

Tot_Work_P 628 182 293 273 151 1527

Tot_Work_M 309 92 137 126 141 805

Tot_Work_F 319 90 156 147 10 722

Mainwork_P 300 66 103 127 143 739

Mainwork_M 164 57 95 112 137 565

Mainwork_F 136 9 8 15 6 174

Main_Cl_P 83 51 46 117 100 397

Main_Cl_M 38 48 43 105 95 329

Main_Cl_F 45 3 3 12 5 68

Main_Al_P 79 12 44 0 43 178

Main_Al_M 35 8 44 0 42 129

Main_Al_F 44 4 0 0 1 49

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Name Nardave Bhairavgaon Jambhalgaon Yevteshwargaon Durganagar Total

Main_Hh_P 5 0 0 0 0 5

Main_Hh_M 3 0 0 0 0 3

Main_Hh_F 2 0 0 0 0 2

Main_Ot_P 133 3 13 10 0 159

Main_Ot_M 88 1 8 7 0 104

Main_Ot_F 45 2 5 3 0 55

Margwork_P 328 116 190 146 8 788

Margwork_M 145 35 42 14 4 240

Margwork_F 183 81 148 132 4 548

Marg_Cl_P 228 103 47 141 7 526

Marg_Cl_M 101 30 7 11 4 153

Marg_Cl_F 127 73 40 130 3 373

Marg_Al_P 56 13 141 2 0 212

Marg_Al_M 21 5 35 1 0 62

Marg_Al_F 35 8 106 1 0 150

Marg_Hh_P 1 0 0 0 0 1

Marg_Hh_M 0 0 0 0 0 0

Marg_Hh_F 1 0 0 0 0 1

Marg_Ot_P 43 0 2 3 1 49

Marg_Ot_M 23 0 0 2 0 25

Marg_Ot_F 20 0 2 1 1 24

Non_Work_P 383 96 196 135 279 1089

Non_Work_M 176 49 100 69 73 467

Non_Work_F 207 47 96 66 206 622

The total 5 villages will be submerged. Total House holds are 276. Village Naradave has the

highest number of household & population while Yevteshwargaon village has the lowest

number of population affected. The ratio of Male to Female is 49:51

SC and ST Population: Only Naradave village has the SC Population. SC population were

not rcorded in submergence area. Aamong the total affected 5.69 % of SC population will be

affected.

Literacy Status: Overall the ratio of literate & illiterate population is 70: 30. Among the

literate, males have higher percentage in comparison to the females.

Working and Non Working Population: About 58.37 % population is working while 41.63

% of the population is in non working class.

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Command Area

Table No.3.49. Demographic and Socio-economic Information of Command Area

Sr.No. Tehsil Village Name No_HH Tot_P Tot_M Tot_F P_SC M_SC F_SC P_ST M_ST F_ST P_Lit M_Lit F_Lit P_Ill M_Ill F_Ill Tot_

Work_P

Tot_

Work_M

Tot_

Work_F

Main

work_P

Main

work_M

Main

work_F

2 Kankavli Savdav 375 1440 666 774 203 97 106 0 0 0 1056 527 529 384 139 245 563 341 222 69 55 14

3 Kankavli Humarat 356 1624 768 856 125 60 65 1 1 0 1201 604 597 423 164 259 552 389 163 468 323 145

4 Kankavli Sakedi 291 1183 589 594 214 113 101 0 0 0 936 501 435 247 88 159 755 425 330 289 266 23

5 Kankavli Karanje 420 1495 702 793 153 80 73 0 0 0 1088 562 526 407 140 267 506 396 110 271 236 35

6 Kankavli Harkul Kh. 803 2960 1411 1549 367 173 194 0 0 0 2175 1147 1028 785 264 521 1366 774 592 623 442 181

7 Kankavli Nagave 371 1438 694 744 193 98 95 0 0 0 1139 580 559 299 114 185 835 398 437 512 256 256

8 Kankavli Janavali 609 2491 1237 1254 332 161 171 20 9 11 2043 1047 996 448 190 258 811 642 169 553 454 99

9 Kankavli Bidwadi 385 1647 796 851 178 86 92 0 0 0 1247 653 594 400 143 257 440 401 39 49 31 18

10 Kankavli Tarandale 387 1538 760 778 193 89 104 8 4 4 1175 625 550 363 135 228 1112 571 541 519 327 192

11 Kankavli Varavade 444 1793 878 915 161 80 81 0 0 0 1458 766 692 335 112 223 633 501 132 567 483 84

12 Kankavli Ashiye 311 1378 690 688 73 42 31 193 93 100 1088 578 510 290 112 178 631 415 216 344 273 71

13 Kankavli Kasaral 165 783 394 389 0 0 0 0 0 0 542 296 246 241 98 143 362 225 137 343 217 126

14 Kankavli Phanas Nagar 259 1097 531 566 34 19 15 0 0 0 917 457 460 180 74 106 331 250 81 310 238 72

15 Kankavli Gandhinagar 107 390 189 201 0 0 0 0 0 0 323 167 156 67 22 45 159 104 55 102 90 12

16 Kankavli Rameshwarnagar 84 317 154 163 0 0 0 0 0 0 264 136 128 53 18 35 95 72 23 57 49 8

17 Kankavli Bhiravande 92 354 178 176 10 6 4 0 0 0 312 165 147 42 13 29 110 88 22 43 29 14

18 Kankavli Sangave 305 1155 558 597 356 176 180 0 0 0 868 471 397 287 87 200 398 275 123 252 209 43

19 Kankavli Harkul Bk. 985 4251 2110 2141 165 81 84 89 45 44 3435 1805 1630 816 305 511 1209 904 305 689 525 164

20 Kankavli Shastrinagar 101 385 193 192 0 0 0 1 1 0 309 163 146 76 30 46 172 103 69 83 64 19

21 Kankavli Nehru Nagar 86 312 141 171 167 73 94 0 0 0 254 125 129 58 16 42 112 76 36 54 46 8

22 Kankavli Subhash Nagar 73 244 115 129 0 0 0 0 0 0 198 101 97 46 14 32 77 55 22 59 49 10

23 Kankavli Navanagar 4 16 6 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 5 7 4 1 3 5 3 2 5 3 2

24 Kankavli Shivajinagar 307 1179 578 601 33 16 17 13 7 6 950 491 459 229 87 142 428 297 131 257 197 60

25 Kankavli Sambhajinagar 122 453 201 252 8 5 3 18 9 9 319 161 158 134 40 94 176 97 79 59 42 17

26 Kankavli Dariste 262 1035 511 524 120 64 56 68 27 41 788 420 368 247 91 156 581 310 271 505 263 242

27 Kankavli Natal 885 3213 1528 1685 240 118 122 8 4 4 2465 1285 1180 748 243 505 1581 923 658 1097 636 461

28 Kankavli Kumbhavade 287 1031 481 550 17 10 7 0 0 0 760 405 355 271 76 195 656 315 341 123 106 17

29 Kankavli Digavale 387 1317 630 687 33 16 17 15 6 9 1010 531 479 307 99 208 532 338 194 510 322 188

30 Kankavli Ranjangaon 108 346 160 186 10 5 5 0 0 0 234 129 105 112 31 81 190 84 106 179 82 97

31 Kankavli Nardave 276 1011 485 526 149 72 77 0 0 0 728 380 348 283 105 178 628 309 319 300 164 136

32 Kankavli Pimpalgaon 133 451 202 249 0 0 0 0 0 0 335 162 173 116 40 76 279 129 150 17 10 7

33 Kankavli Kankavli (NP) 4137 16398 8388 8010 1489 747 742 222 122 100 13749 7149 6600 2649 1239 1410 5722 4390 1332 4979 3924 1055

34 Malwan Ramgad 204 961 462 499 81 35 46 4 2 2 778 385 393 183 77 106 556 272 284 113 99 14

35 Malwan Gothane 230 855 399 456 19 9 10 0 0 0 657 327 330 198 72 126 448 226 222 241 180 61

36 Malwan Shrawan 246 854 402 452 80 40 40 0 0 0 661 341 320 193 61 132 461 227 234 460 227 233

37 Malwan Asagani 175 683 327 356 94 50 44 4 1 3 548 277 271 135 50 85 386 196 190 382 195 187

38 Malwan Kirlos 155 676 322 354 208 101 107 0 0 0 510 271 239 166 51 115 242 196 46 241 195 46

39 Malwan Asarondi 331 1212 596 616 28 15 13 0 0 0 845 454 391 367 142 225 475 323 152 317 189 128

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Sr.No. Tehsil Village Name No_HH Tot_P Tot_M Tot_F P_SC M_SC F_SC P_ST M_ST F_ST P_Lit M_Lit F_Lit P_Ill M_Ill F_Ill Tot_

Work_P

Tot_

Work_M

Tot_

Work_F

Main

work_P

Main

work_M

Main

work_F

40 Malwan Rathivade 250 987 492 495 100 45 55 15 7 8 782 432 350 205 60 145 514 300 214 199 150 49

41 Kudal Gavalgaon 81 319 145 174 1 0 1 3 3 0 227 116 111 92 29 63 142 58 84 133 55 78

42 Kudal Kupavade 232 823 356 467 66 27 39 0 0 0 612 294 318 211 62 149 412 197 215 24 19 5

43 Kudal Jambhavade 321 1070 510 560 0 0 0 0 0 0 816 430 386 254 80 174 479 263 216 169 141 28

44 Kudal Sonavade 170 666 296 370 32 12 20 0 0 0 432 212 220 234 84 150 328 165 163 288 161 127

45 Kudal Ghadigaon 170 774 358 416 78 41 37 0 0 0 567 293 274 207 65 142 477 223 254 316 208 108

46 Kudal Ghotage 406 1550 743 807 43 16 27 1 1 0 1120 593 527 430 150 280 971 480 491 600 423 177

47 Kudal Bharani 250 1043 532 511 49 25 24 0 0 0 796 446 350 247 86 161 508 331 177 449 301 148

48 Kudal Bhutvad 357 1242 599 643 137 62 75 1 1 0 929 500 429 313 99 214 352 285 67 64 51 13

Total 17495 68440 33463 34977 6039 2965 3074 684 343 341 53658 27965 25693 14782 5498 9284 28758 18342 10416 18283 13005 5278

Continue…

Sr.No. Tehsil Village Name Main_

Cl_P

Main_

Cl_M

Main_

Cl_F

Main_

Al_P

Main_

Al_M

Main_

Al_F

Main_

HH_P

Main_

HH_M

Main_

HH_F

Main_

OT_P

Main_

OT_M

Main_

OT_F

Marg

Work_P

Marg

Work_M

Marg

Work_F

Non_

Work_P

Non_

Work_M

Non_

Work_F

2 Kankavli Savdav 5 5 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 61 49 12 494 286 208 877 325 552

3 Kankavli Humarat 216 149 67 87 37 50 14 14 0 151 123 28 84 66 18 1072 379 693

4 Kankavli Sakedi 27 24 3 197 186 11 2 2 0 63 54 9 466 159 307 428 164 264

5 Kankavli Karanje 89 80 9 105 93 12 18 18 0 59 45 14 235 160 75 989 306 683

6 Kankavli Harkul Kh. 369 255 114 111 76 35 3 2 1 140 109 31 743 332 411 1594 637 957

7 Kankavli Nagave 313 141 172 141 67 74 7 6 1 51 42 9 323 142 181 603 296 307

8 Kankavli Janavali 79 64 15 82 65 17 11 10 1 381 315 66 258 188 70 1680 595 1085

9 Kankavli Bidwadi 17 6 11 1 1 0 3 3 0 28 21 7 391 370 21 1207 395 812

10 Kankavli Tarandale 367 190 177 66 65 1 11 6 5 75 66 9 593 244 349 426 189 237

11 Kankavli Varavade 352 308 44 67 60 7 1 1 0 147 114 33 66 18 48 1160 377 783

12 Kankavli Ashiye 86 56 30 10 8 2 0 0 0 248 209 39 287 142 145 747 275 472

13 Kankavli Kasaral 251 153 98 51 32 19 1 0 1 40 32 8 19 8 11 421 169 252

14 Kankavli Phanas Nagar 86 77 9 12 8 4 2 2 0 210 151 59 21 12 9 766 281 485

15 Kankavli Gandhinagar 69 63 6 7 5 2 1 1 0 25 21 4 57 14 43 231 85 146

16 Kankavli Rameshwarnagar 34 33 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 20 13 7 38 23 15 222 82 140

17 Kankavli Bhiravande 9 8 1 2 2 0 1 0 1 31 19 12 67 59 8 244 90 154

18 Kankavli Sangave 65 49 16 127 116 11 5 2 3 55 42 13 146 66 80 757 283 474

19 Kankavli Harkul Bk. 152 105 47 7 3 4 36 28 8 494 389 105 520 379 141 3042 1206 1836

20 Kankavli Shastrinagar 61 47 14 2 1 1 0 0 0 20 16 4 89 39 50 213 90 123

21 Kankavli Nehru Nagar 23 20 3 2 2 0 1 1 0 28 23 5 58 30 28 200 65 135

22 Kankavli Subhash Nagar 37 31 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 18 4 18 6 12 167 60 107

23 Kankavli Navanagar 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 11 3 8

24 Kankavli Shivajinagar 31 25 6 13 12 1 1 0 1 212 160 52 171 100 71 751 281 470

25 Kankavli Sambhajinagar 2 1 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 54 39 15 117 55 62 277 104 173

26 Kankavli Dariste 402 199 203 34 16 18 5 5 0 64 43 21 76 47 29 454 201 253

27 Kankavli Natal 883 481 402 70 43 27 7 7 0 137 105 32 484 287 197 1632 605 1027

28 Kankavli Kumbhavade 88 77 11 3 3 0 1 1 0 31 25 6 533 209 324 375 166 209

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Sr.No. Tehsil Village Name Main_

Cl_P

Main_

Cl_M

Main_

Cl_F

Main_

Al_P

Main_

Al_M

Main_

Al_F

Main_

HH_P

Main_

HH_M

Main_

HH_F

Main_

OT_P

Main_

OT_M

Main_

OT_F

Marg

Work_P

Marg

Work_M

Marg

Work_F

Non_

Work_P

Non_

Work_M

Non_

Work_F

29 Kankavli Digavale 393 227 166 37 25 12 24 22 2 56 48 8 22 16 6 785 292 493

30 Kankavli Ranjangaon 136 62 74 28 13 15 1 1 0 14 6 8 11 2 9 156 76 80

31 Kankavli Nardave 83 38 45 79 35 44 5 3 2 133 88 45 328 145 183 383 176 207

32 Kankavli Pimpalgaon 6 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 5 6 262 119 143 172 73 99

33 Kankavli Kankavli (NP) 100 76 24 76 55 21 149 102 47 4654 3691 963 743 466 277 10676 3998 6678

34 Malwan Ramgad 37 36 1 10 9 1 5 3 2 61 51 10 443 173 270 405 190 215

35 Malwan Gothane 175 127 48 21 19 2 2 1 1 43 33 10 207 46 161 407 173 234

36 Malwan Shrawan 352 163 189 17 12 5 8 3 5 83 49 34 1 0 1 393 175 218

37 Malwan Asagani 276 134 142 67 32 35 0 0 0 39 29 10 4 1 3 297 131 166

38 Malwan Kirlos 160 137 23 69 51 18 0 0 0 12 7 5 1 1 0 434 126 308

39 Malwan Asarondi 118 64 54 77 34 43 0 0 0 122 91 31 158 134 24 737 273 464

40 Malwan Rathivade 74 58 16 41 28 13 47 38 9 37 26 11 315 150 165 473 192 281

41 Kudal Gavalgaon 96 49 47 26 1 25 5 0 5 6 5 1 9 3 6 177 87 90

42 Kudal Kupavade 4 3 1 1 1 0 4 2 2 15 13 2 388 178 210 411 159 252

43 Kudal Jambhavade 126 114 12 1 0 1 4 3 1 38 24 14 310 122 188 591 247 344

44 Kudal Sonavade 224 132 92 32 6 26 2 2 0 30 21 9 40 4 36 338 131 207

45 Kudal Ghadigaon 207 180 27 97 19 78 2 1 1 10 8 2 161 15 146 297 135 162

46 Kudal Ghotage 435 313 122 103 57 46 4 4 0 58 49 9 371 57 314 579 263 316

47 Kudal Bharani 347 220 127 82 67 15 2 1 1 18 13 5 59 30 29 535 201 334

48 Kudal Bhutvad 12 12 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 50 37 13 288 234 54 890 314 576

Total 7476 4798 2678 2069 1371 698 398 297 101 8340 6539 1801 10475 5337 5138 39682 15121 24561

The total 48 villages will be benefited in Kankavali, Kudal and Malvan Talukas of Sindhudurg district. Total Household are 17495.

Command area cover 48 villages. Total House holds are 17495. Village Naradave has the highest number of household & population while Yevteshwargaon village has the lowest number of population affected. The

ratio of Male to Female is 49:51

SC and ST Population: Only Naradave village has the SC Population. SC population were not rcorded in submergence area. Aamong the total affected 5.69 % of SC population will be affected.

Literacy Status: Overall the ratio of literate & illiterate population is 70: 30. Among the literate, males have higher percentage in comparison to the females.

Working and Non Working Population: About 58.37 % population is working while 41.63 % of the population is in non working class.

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Figure No. 3.20. Photogrpahs of the project area

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CHAPTER NO. 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Identification of the Impacts

The Environmental Impacts are either direct or those, which are indirectly induced and

typically include the associated investment and changed patterns of social and economic

activities by the proposed project. The direct impacts are called primary whereas the indirect

impacts are called as secondary impacts. Different types of projects will have different impacts

and it should not be assumed that modern methods of construction and operation would have

fewer impacts. Impacts will also vary according to the stage of implementation. For example,

during the construction period there may be specific health and other social risks due to an

influx of migrant workers living in temporary and unsanitary accommodation. Later, once the

project becomes operating for several years, cumulative impacts may begin to present serious

environmental constraints to project sustainability.

Impact Identification and prediction on the environment due to Naradave Medium Irrigation

Project are described in this chapter. According to which the mitigation measures are

suggested. Description of baseline environmental conditions are given in Chapter 3. The

impacts during the construction and operational phase on the environmental parameters have

been studied and are discussed below.

Impact during the construction phase which may be regarded as temporary or short term

and

Impact during the operation phase which would have long-term impacts.

Various impacts during the construction and operational phases on the environmental

parameters have been studied to assess the impact on environment, which involve construction

and operation of the reservoir.

The activities related to the construction and operational phases will have varying impacts on

the environment and are considered for impact assessment viz.

Environment Resources

Impact on Air Quality

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Impact on Noise Levels

Impact on Surface Water Hydrology

Impact on Water Quality/Water use

Impact on Geology

Ecological Resources

Terrestrial ecology and Aquatic ecology

Human Use Values

Soil

Land use

Quality of life

Impact on social and community structure

Impact due to agriculture loss and trees

Impact on civic amenities

Impact on public health and nutrition

Impact on aesthetic value

The details on impact of the project activity and its mitigation measure on each of the above

environmental attributes are discussed below:

4.2 Impacts on Environment Resources

4.2.1 Impact on Air Quality

Construction Phase

Due to construction activities like excavation, dumping, infrastructure development

and vehicle movement the emission of Particulate Matter (PM10and PM2.5), Carbon

Monoxide (CO), and Sulphur Dioxide (S02) will increase during the construction phase.

This will result into increase in dust particles and air pollution for a short period of time.

Therefore this will be low negative impact for temporary phase.

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Operation phase

Sources will include emissions from vehicular movement, and negligible emissions

from sewage and solid waste handling and disposal from the colony. During the

operation phase of the project, the following pollutants are anticipated to be emitted

viz. Nitrogen oxides (NOx), PM10 and PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (S02 and CO from vehicle

exhaust within the Project site. This will be permanent low negative impact.

Mitigation Measures

To control the fugitive dust emission during construction phase regular sprinkling of

water suggested. However during construction and operation phase regular upkeep

and maintenance of vehicles is suggested to keep the air pollution level with in the

permissible limit.

4.2.2 Impact on Noise Environment

Construction Phase

Construction traffic for loading and unloading, fabrication and handling of equipment

and materials are likely to cause an increase in the ambient noise levels. Construction

activities produce noise levels in the range of 60-80 dB (A). The areas affected will be

those close to the construction site such as labour colony and moving inhabitants.

The workers in general are likely to be exposed to an equivalent noise level of 75-80 dB

(A) in an 8 hour shift. Use of proper personal protective equipment like earplugs,

mufflers will help to attenuate the noise generated by construction equipment.

Operational phase

During operation phase all the construction activities will be over and the impact on

ambient noise levels during this phase will be marginal limited to vehicle movement in

the project area.

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Mitigation Measures

During construction phase there will be noise pollution due to heavy machinery at the

project site including dredging machine, tipper and dumper.

The construction workers will be provided with the personal protective equipments like

ear muffler, hand gloves etc. to reduce the impact of noise pollution.

4.2.3 Impact on Water Resources

The creation of the reservoir and KT weirs will store the water for longer duration. Also

due to the filling of dam & other KT weirs in the command area, water availability will

be more even in the command area.

Provision to the tune of 10.605 Mcum for domestic and 5.958 Mcum for industrial use is

made. Other benefits of the project are fisheries and tourism.

These water storages and presence of irrigation water in fields would improve the

groundwater levels in the command area which is a positive impact. By considering all

these points this impact can be termed as Permanent High Positive impact.

4.2.4 Impact on Soil

Construction Phase

Mixing of construction debris with soil and reduction in the previous area may lead to reduced

infiltration rate, decreased permeability and increased runoff. Excavation of different layers

of soil and subsequent mixing of different layers would lead to disruption of soil structure.

Pollution of soil would be on account of spillage of oil from vehicles used for transportation

of construction material. However, this impact will be Temporary Low negative impact.

Operation Phase

During the operation phase the impact on soil will be in terms of top soil erosion and remote

possibility of water logging and associated soil salinity due to excess irrigation. In order to

minimize soil erosion Catchment area Treatment plans would be undertaken to reduce the rate

of runoff and soil erosion; and reduce sediment loads into the reservoir. Landscapes and green

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belt areas will be carefully designed and developed and maintained. This would enhance soil

moisture and reduce soil erosion.

Hence, Permanent High positive impact on soil quality in the study area is expected due to

the project activities.

Mitigation Measures

Therefore proper muck disposal plan will be implemented to avoid soil pollution. Also

restoration of borrow areas will be undertaken.

Catchment area treatment plan would reduce soil erosion.

Command area development plan which is an integral part of the project and also mandatory

would be implemented after conducting detailed topographical surveys in command area.

These would reduce the soil pollution and proper utilization of water for irrigation.

4.2.5 Impacts on Ecological Resources

Source during Construction Phase

During the construction phase, activities such as land clearance, cutting, levelling,

transportation and installation of related structures will lead to impacts on ecology &

biodiversity.

These impacts will be confined to the area where the project components are to be

constructed. However, barricading of construction site will avoid the disturbance to the

surrounding during construction phase of the work.

Also, the increased vehicular traffic coupled with higher noise level due to various

constructional activities will drive away the local fauna from the project site to the

neighbouring area temporarily.

The construction activities involving leveling of site, piling, excavation, etc. leads to

marginal increase in the turbidity of the river.

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Source during Operational Phase:

The proposed project will cause permanent impact in submergence zone.

The forest land will not be adversely affected due to the proposed project except

submerge zone. However, positive impacts are envisaged in command area and

catchment area due to availability of water throughout the year.

It could, therefore, be concluded that the project would not have major adverse impact

on the wildlife.

Mitigation Measures

Following activities needs to be paid attention:

Construction activities needs to be restricted to day hours only and the

movements of workers and vehicles should be completely banned during early

morning and late evening when wildlife activities are at peak.

Workers should be briefed about do’s and don’ts like No hunting, vegetation

burning, off-road driving, speeding, improper behavior towards local residents

The project area is close to Radhanagari Wild Life Sanctuary and there are

occurrences of schedule wild life. Hence, sign boards/ Notice Boards at the site

like, NO HORN PLEASE, SILENCE ZONE etc. will be fixed

Animals, which are found within the project area and categorized under schedule

I to Schedule IV of Wild Life Protection Act 1972, are strictly protected and there

is a complete ban on their exploitation for any purpose. Care should be taken not

to disturb their habitats.

In addition, do the awareness program among the, drivers school children & local

community about the ecology & biodiversity.

Proper management of waste material.

Positive impact would be that the water in the reservoir would be beneficial to the

reservoir fisheries due to the increase in water volume and nutrients in the

reservoir.

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Reservoir fisheries would create socio-economic benefit to the resettled land

losers and those in the downstream area, who can depend on reservoir fisheries

as a supplementary occupation.

Due care should be taken while clearing the submergence site for woody

vegetation in order to minimize the organic matter degradation in the reservoir.

Availability of water in command area will cause use of excess chemical fertilizers

pesticides, unhealthy agronomy practices

Recommendations

The native/local species should be used for green belt development.

Introduction of exotic plant species should be strictly avoided.

In order to minimise impact on wildlife, movement of vehicles should be strictly

monitored.

Restriction of construction activity from dusk to dawn so as to avoid impact on

wildlife during night times

Catchment Area Treatment plan should be implemented to control sedimentation

and turbidity during operation phase

Lean flow throughout the year should be maintain to avoid adverse impact on

downstream river ecology

Command area Development Plan shall be prepared

4.2.6 Land Use

Land which will be going under submergence is a rain fed agricultural land. It is observed that

the agricultural activity is mainly monsoon dependant. Increased productivity of the command

area must compensate for the loss of the submerged land before agricultural benefits can be

counted. Therefore this impact can be termed as Temporary Low negative impact

Due to provision of assured water for irrigation improved cropping pattern will be practiced;

and cropping intensity is likely to be increased. Therefore this will be a Permanent High

positive impact.

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4.2.7 Impact on social and community structure



585.772 ha Private Land, 11.25 ha Govt. Land and 34.14 ha Identified Forest Land.

Total 967 families and 3849 popultaion being affected from village namely Durganagar,

Nardave, Bhairavgaon, Yawateshwar and Jambhalgaon.

Affected families are proposed to be rehabilitated in three new gaothans namely Jambhavade,

Digawale and Sangve with 18 civic amenities

4.2.8 Impact on Aesthetic Values

The creation of the reservoir and surrounding it by plantation would enhance the

aesthetic value of the site. This may attract water birds and create pleasing atmosphere.

All this is likely to attract tourists from various places.

4.3 Impact Assessment Methodology

4.3.1 Methodology Adopted

The Methodology adopted for the EIA study is Matrix Method. The environmental

attributes considered for assessing impacts of the project are air and meteorology, water,

geology, topography and soils, noise levels, vegetation and forests, wildlife, socio-

economic aspects, land use pattern and existence of historical or pilgrimage sites.

4.3.2 Matrix Method

It is a combination of two checklists; one describing potential impact of the proposed action

(columns) and other listing environmental, including socio economic conditions that might be

affected (rows). It gives interpretation and measurement value.

It lists potential impacts of a development activity, showing simple casual relationships. It is

also accompanied by a report describing how values in cells are arrived.

Here the Environmental factors are divided into three major heads viz.

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1) Physical aspects

2) Socioeconomic conditions

3) Ecological conditions

Cause and effect relationship is established for each environmental factor. Relative weightage

is assigned to each component, which is going to be affected by the project. The value assigned

is based on the area and the time span for which the component is affected. Impact multiplier

is assigned considering the severity of the impact viz. low (1), medium (2) and high (3) and the

(+) and (-) sign is given in case of positive and negative impact respectively. The duration of

impacts is described as temporary (T) and permanent (P).

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Table No.4.1. Environmental Impacts of the Project

Features likely to be affected

Construction Activity

Borrowing of materials

Importing of labour

Evacuation Compensation Soil conservation

and landscaping

Reservoir & KT Weir Filling

Irrigation

Air Quality -1T -1T 0 0 0 +1P +2P 0

Noise Quality -1T -1T -1T 0 0 0 0 0

Water Resources -2T -1T -2T 0 0 +2P +2P +3P

Water Quality -2T -1T -1T 0 0 +2P +2P +3P

Landuse -1T -1T -1T -2T +1P +3P -1T +3P

Soil -2T -1T -1T -1T 0 +3P +1P +3P

Ecology -2T -1T 0 -1T +1P +3P +2P +3P

Employment Status +2T +1T +3T -1T +3P +1P +2P +3P

Public Health -1T 0 -1T 0 0 0 0 +2P

Aesthetics -1T 0 -1T 0 0 +3P +3P +3P

Notes: Likely effect is symbolized as follows: T = Temporary effect; P = Permanent effect

Low Medium High

Beneficial +1 +2 +3

Detrimental -1 -2 -3

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CHAPTER NO. 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1 Site Location

The Proposed Dam is situated on Gad River. The Gad River is one of the West Flowing Rivers

in Maharashtra falling into Arabian Sea. The Gad Basin lies between North latitude 16o to 16o

20' and East longitude 730 30’ to 740 approximately.

The site is feasible on technical & financial aspects. No alternative studies has been carried out

5.2 Technology Used

All possible alternative technologies have taken into consideration for design of dam and KT

weirs.

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CHAPTER NO. 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

PROGRAM

6.1 Introduction

The purpose of environmental monitoring is to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation of

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by periodically monitoring the important

environmental parameters within the impact area, so that any adverse affects are detected and

timely action can be taken.

6.2 Monitoring Program (Construction /Operation)

The Management Plan suggests the mitigation measures to be undertaken to minimize the

adverse environmental impacts and deals with the following aspects

The predicted impacts of various Environmental attributes in general;

Impacts expected due to impounding of reservoir and KT Weirs

Catchment area treatment for catchment area at dam site;

Greenbelt Development

Command Area Development Plan for Sustainable Irrigation;

Socio-economic aspects, which include land acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement

plan for the project affected families.

Various measures will be implemented and monitored by the Environmental Management

Team established for effective environment management in the project area.

The monitoring of various environmental parameters is necessary and is an integral part of the

environmental protection measures. The Environmental Monitoring is to be conducted for the

following parameters:

Water Quality Monitoring of Surface and ground water

Soil Quality monitoring in command area

Ambient air quality monitoring

Noise level monitoring

Monitoring in change in ecology and cropping pattern

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Frequency of monitoring is tabulated in Table No. 6.1

Table No. 6.1. Suggested Monitoring Programme

Sr.

No. Type Locations Parameters

Period &

Frequency

1. Water Quality

Monitoring of

Surface and

ground water

Project site

10 sample from

command area

Drinking water

parameters as per IS

10500.

Quarterly

2. Monitoring the

Ground water

level

Ground water

source near

Project site

10 sample from

command area

Ground water level in

mbgl Pre monsoon

Post monsoon

3. Soil Quality

monitoring in

command area

10 sample from

command area

Organic matter, N, P,

K, Alkalinity, Acidity,

heavy metals and trace

metal. Alkalinity,

Acidity.

Quarterly

4. Ambient air

quality

monitoring

Project Site

One Upwind

Direction

One downwind

Direction

10 sample from

command area

SO2, N0x, PM2.5,

PM10,

24-hr average

samples every

quarter during

construction and

operation phase.

5. Noise Level

monitoring

Project site

Two samples in

Surrounding area

One sample in

each command

area village

dB (A) levels Hourly Day and

Night time Leq

levels every quarter

during construction

phase and every

quarter during

operation phase.

6. Monitoring in

change in ecology

Project site

In and around

project area

Density and diversity

of trees

Yearly

7. Monitoring in

change in

cropping pattern

Observation on

cropping pattern

in command area

Change in crop

type

Cropping intensity

Yearly

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CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 Public Consultation

The details of the public consultation shall be incorporated in this chapter.

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CHAPTER 8 PROJECT BENEFITS

8.1 Introduction

The Naradave Medium Irrigation Project will provide assured irrigation facility to the area and

help to enhance the income from the agriculture based activities in the region. This will boost

the social as well as economic conditions of the farmers.




8.2 Project Benefited villages

Out of total 48 villages, 33 villages of Kankavli taluka, 7 villages of Malvan & 8 villages of

Kudal taluka of Sindhudurg district will be benefited.

8.3 Increase in Employment

The project is expected to provide fair employment opportunities during the construction phase

of the project. Employment will be generated with respect to both skilled as well as unskilled

labour. Furthermore this project is also expected to generate secondary employment

opportunities in the form of agro-based industries after its completion.

Estimated work force for running & maintenance of the system is of about 100 individuals.

Additional direct and indirect employment will be generated due to overall development of

the area.

8.4 Economic Aspects




in summer.



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irrigation.




The project is expected to enable the local people to change cropping patterns and cultivate

both the cash crops as well as the perennials. This will lead to increase in the agro-based

industries in the command area, which would eventually lead to the economic up-liftment of

the area.

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CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

9.1 Introduction

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to mitigate the possible adverse impact of

a project and to augment the positive impact with maintaining the existing environmental

quality. The EMP includes all aspects of planning, construction and operation of the project,

which are related to the surrounding environment.

9.2 Management during Dam & KT Weir Construction

The impacts during the construction stage of the proposed project on the environment are

basically of transient in nature and are expected to reduce gradually on completion of the

construction activities. The measures recommended to be undertaken for the proposed project

during its construction phase are the following:

Recommendations:

Clearing of submergence area is required wherever possible. This activity involves removal

of trees, shrubs, vines etc. which otherwise would disintegrate or decay, and perhaps float

/ drift to the shore and get accumulated at the bottom.

The shoreline subjected to erosion should be cleaned up to the extent to which the wave

action is apprehended to affect.

Trees should be demarcated first and cutting should be done in phases to recover the

economic value.

Trees and bushes should be cut right up to the bottom to avoid wood decay, which causes

nuisance and deteriorates water quality.

During excavation and transportation over un-metalled roads near the project site, there is

a scope for local dust emissions. Frequent water sprinkling in the vicinity of the

construction activity should be done and it should be continued even after the completion

of the dam construction, as there is a scope for vehicular movement.

Since there is likelihood of fugitive dust from the construction activity, material handling

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and from the truck movement in the vicinity of the project site, the authorities should go

for tree plantation programme along the approach roads and the construction camps.

The construction site should be provided with sufficient and suitable toilet facilities for

workers to allow proper standards of hygiene.

Collected waste from residential areas shall be transferred to community bin by hand-driven

containerized carts or other small vehicle. Horticulture and construction / demolition wastes

or debris shall be separately collected and disposed off.

The depths, charge, matrix of holes and delay may be optimized to minimize vibrations and

noise caused by the blasting operations.

Though the noise effect on the nearest inhabitants due to construction activity will be

negligible, it is advisable that on site workers using high noise equipment shall adopt noise

protective devices like earmuff and earplugs. .

It should be ensured that both gasoline and diesel powered construction vehicles/machinery

are properly maintained to minimize smoke in the exhaust emissions. The vehicle

maintenance area should be located in such a manner as to prevent contamination of surface

and ground water sources by accidental spillages of oil. For this the surface water drain

will be provided for vehicle parking and fuel storage areas and this drain will be isolated

from that of surface and ground water sources. Unauthorized dumping of waste oil should

be prohibited.

As soon as construction is over the surplus earth and rubble should be utilized to fill up

low-lying areas. The rubbish should be cleared and all un-built surface reinstated.

Reclamation of borrow areas is imperative, however, in present case due care has been

taken to identify the borrow areas within the submergence zone.

To prevent unauthorized felling of trees for fuel wood in the nearby areas by construction

workers, it should be ensured that the contractor provides alternative fuel (LPG / Kerosene)

for cooking requirements.

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9.3 Management of Physical and Environmental Resources

The mitigation measures to be taken-up during the construction and operational phases are

suggested below.

9.3.1 Surface Water Hydrology

In order to maintain the regulation of flows in the river, the following suggested measures needs

to be implemented.

Recommendations:

As the downstream trends of the riverflows can adversely affect the reservoir regulation plan,

a monitoring programme should be set up to investigate the trends which really exist so as to

modify the regulation plan accordingly; and

Definite criteria should be set up for the reservoir for minimum water release planning while

taking downstream requirements into consideration.

9.3.2 Water Quality

Implementing the following measures should minimize long-term adverse impacts on the water

quality.

Recommendations:

Care should be taken in clearing the vegetation from the submergence area to avoid

eutrophication and release of obnoxious gases;

A regular monitoring programme of water quality in the reservoir and in the downstream

river reaches should be undertaken to evaluate the actual alterations of water quality and their

effects on fisheries resources and downstream water users; and

In addition to the above, ground water quality and water table fluctuations in the vicinity of

the dam, should be monitored.

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9.3.3 Ecology & Biodiversity

The project area is mainly characterized by deciduous and moist deciduous vegetation with

semi evergreen and evergreen elements in patches. Semi evergreen and evergreen forests

patches observed mainly towards Sahyadri hill ranges in the area under catchment. Areas under

submergence are mainly with scanty vegetation but near wall of the dam a forest patch have

been observed. Area consists of main agriculture crops like rice, barley, ragi during monsoon

season with fruit bearing crops like coconut, cashew nut & areca nut in fragmented areas. The

vegetation cover is scanty with much disturb forests in many places due intense tree cuttings

in the area under submergence. In order to manage the ecosystem following management

practices are recommended.

Recommendations:

Terrestrial Ecology

The judicious sequencing of construction, operation and appropriate location of labour

camps, project colony etc.

Cutting of existing trees should be carried out under the supervision of Forest Department

and records maintained. The Department should provide adequate security to ensure that no

illegal felling of trees takes place.

The movement of vehicles should be strictly monitored and excessive blowing of horn and

lighting in the night should be avoided. Such activities may cause disturbance to the local

fauna.

Restriction of construction activity from dawn to dusk to avoid impact on wildlife during

night.

A long-term Catchment Area Treatment Plan should be set up for the post impoundment

period with following purpose:

Control of illegal agricultural activities in the remaining catchment area;

Provision for proper land utilization practices in the catchment area to reduce the losses of

top soil and flash floods,

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Afforestation of shifting cultivation areas by planting fast growing tree species &

Taking view of existing watershed activities in the catchment.

Strict law enforcement should be undertaken for conservation of wildlife; and

Conservation of species that are living or feeding along the shoreline of the reservoir and

conservation of certain areas as habitat of water birds.

Aquatic Ecology: The data obtained during this study is quite limited. The long-term data on

the fishes is not available, as the river is not monitored on continuous basis by the Fisheries

Department. In the post-impoundment period, the following measures are suggested:

Regularly monitoring changes in the reservoir ecology to obtain data necessary for

improvement of the fisheries and ecology as a whole;

Control of excessive growth of aquatic weeds; and

Control of destructive fishing methods.

9.4 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan

The Catchment area of a dam or reservoir is the area from where it derives its water supply.

This includes the valley in which the reservoir is situated and the surrounding slopes up to

the ridgeline. Any rainfall in this area runs off the slopes and into the main drain where it is

impounded by the reservoir. It follows that soil erosion has a direct impact on the water quality

in the reservoir.

The river Gad Originates from Sahyadri Mountains ranges. The catchment area of proposed

dam is 47.70Sq.km (18.53 sq miles). The slope of the catchment area is palm shaped

surrounded by hill ranges with steep slope. The catchment area is good thick forest and

vegetation. The catchment area lies in the heavy rainfall zone in range of 5588 mm to 6350

mm based on the isohytal map prepared by IMD for west flowing rivers. The catchment area

of the project is good not degraded.

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9.4.1 Objects of Catchment Area Treatment Plan

Arresting and preventing deposits and silts sediments being discharged directly in river of

Gad through various soil and moisture conservation measures and they by helping to increase

the life span of the reservoir.

To help in improving the hydrology of the catchment ensuring draining of water into

river throughout the year as well as by improving soil moisture regime will help in

agriculture and forest areas.

To increase the vegetation cover so as to improve the density of degraded forest by

taking plantation there by helping the development of flora and faunas of the tract

To increase production of timber, fuel wood, bamboo, fodder & to meet the local

demand of vicinity villagers

To maintain and to protect biodiversity and the gene pool of the area

To suggest treatment which will reduce the surface run-off and will improve the sub

soil water regime so that the impact on the dam be reduced and will in turn enhance life

of the dam.

9.4.2 Status of the Project Catchment Area

Catchment area of Nardave Medium Irrigation Project covers a total area of about 4958.5 ha.

The classes found were water bodies, dense and less dense forest, open scrub, vegetation

outside forest, plantation, agriculture barren area and settlements. The following table shows

the distribution pattern of different land use and land forms in the catchment region

Table No.9.1. Area Statistics for the catchment area

Class Area (ha)

Water Body 36.35



Settlement 97.34

Open Scrub 587.12

Barren Area 364.03

Agriculture 718.73


Plantation 71.60

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Total Area 4958.50

Figure No. 9.1. Land use and land cover map of catchment area

9.4.3 Proposed Catchment Area Treatment Plan

For catchment area development, three types of interventions are proposed in the project area.

These are as follows:

1%

42%

15%2%

12%

7%

15%

5%

1%

Percent distribution of Land Use Land Cover forms for the

Catchment Area of Nardave Medium Irrigation Project

Water Body

Dense Forest

Less Dense Forest

Settlement

Open Scrub

Barren Area

Agriculture


Plantation

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a) Drainage line treatment for soil Conservation

Gully Plugs: Dry rubble structures are proposed across small gullies formed on the slopes. On

the higher reaches, plugging them with vegetative support is proposed

Loose Boulder Structure: The design and construction of loose boulder structures is similar

to that of gully plugs. The loose boulder structures are larger than gully plugs. These are

proposed on the sub streams of our project area which will reduce the erosion of nallah banks

and bed.

b) Soil Conservation Activity for Area Treatment

Terrace Bund Improvement: The intervention is meant to stop the degradation of soil on the

slight sloping grounds (slope range between 0 to 5 per cent). This treatment is beneficial for

increasing the soil moisture and thus the fertility of land

c) Plantation and Afforestation - for increasing the vegetative cover

Afforestation in new areas and Reforestation in the existing area (where plant density and

diversity has reduced) are included in this.

Under afforestation and reforestation activities multipurpose tree species that are suitable to

this area based on farmer’s plantation experience will be planted

9.5 Fishery Conservation and Management Plan

The river Gad Originates from Sahyadri Mountains ranges. This river Originates mainly with

three Nallas and number of small Nallas.The river Gad flows towards west and meets Arabian

Sea near villages Revandi in Malvan Taluka. The river flows only in rainy season and no

commercial fishery activity is carried out, hence this cannot serve as a perennial fish culturing

spot. When adequate water is available in the nalla fish are exploited to a beneficial extent and

varieties such as minor carps and several other species of lesser importance are reared.

Preliminary investigation with local fishermen revealed that there are different varieties of

fishes, viz. Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia), Gambusia affinis (Western mosquito fish)

Heteropneustes fossilis (Asian stinging catfish), Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) and Ompak

bimaculatus (Pabda) normally harvested in the river. It may be mentioned that Tilapia is an

exotic hardy fish, breed profusely throughout the year and can tolerate low DO state of water.

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Since its market price is comparatively less, mostly people from economically weaker sections

like this fish.

The suitable species from the above mentioned fishes can be cultivated after filling up of

reservoir and KT weirs. This would facilitate rich fish growth posing positive impact due to

this project.

Recommendations

Creation of a barrier in the form of a dam across the migratory path of some fishes may

considerably undermine the survival and breeding of fishes. Hence hatchery in the nearby areas

is the most suitable proposition for the fish population. For successful conservation and

management of indigenous fish species including the common and less common ones, in the

Gad River the following recommendation are made.

Fish Hatchery: The Reservoir and KT Weirs which will be formed due to damming may

be commercially exploited for fish consumption during the non-breeding seasons and

cooperation may be sought from the state fishery department in this regard. The detailed

planning of the hatcheries will be undertaken with the State Fisheries Department. The

fish hatchery can be managed by the State Fisheries Department, which may be equipped

with the technical know-how for running trout and carp culture fisheries. After rearing the

spawn in the hatchery for a stipulated period of time the young fish can be restocked in

the reservoir as well as in the river, both upstream and downstream for replenishing the

natural population.

Seed Collection: One of the main problems faced during the Culture practices is the

procurement of the seed, particularly of the indigenous varieties. The procuring the fish

seed, the brood fish can be easily collected from the river itself, especially just below the

dam. The striped fish can be returned to the natural habitat and the spawn reared in the

hatchery constructed for the purpose. For the development of fisheries and management

of reservoir following steps are necessary:

o Analysis of Water Quality: Prior to seed stocking in the reservoir, detailed

study of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water and the soil

of reservoir and KT Weirs are required.

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o Seed Stocking: The main problem confronting the fisheries developing

agencies is whether the resident indigenous species would be able to establish

successfully in the lacustrine system.

o Organization of Fishermen: Owing to water spread entire reservoir and KT

weirs, it would support and require an organization of a few fishermen in the

beginning. The Fishery Department would be advised to allow the use of fishing

gears of definite types (cast nets and gill nets, etc.) and proper mesh size to

prevent the young and juvenile fish from over-exploitation. Simultaneously, the

authorities should initiate a training programme for operating hatchery at the

surface and deeper waters.

Other Requirements: For the control of noxious weeds, harvesting of fishes (for rapid

growing fishes and non-cultivable fishes) and maintenance appropriate steps are required

to be planned.

Conservation of Downstream River Bed: Since construction of the dam and KT weirs

affects the flow of water in the river, the river bed below the dam site gets invariably

affected and many a time a long stretch of river bed downstream of a dam gets affected

due to low volume of water. However, schedule of the release of the water downstream

will be planned in a manner that will ensure survival of aquatic life downstream.

Institutional framework: Among the major initiates by various institutes working in

these areas including efforts by CIFRI’s. All India Coordinated Project on Reservoir

Fisheries 1971, which has subsequently led to formulation on reservoir fisheries

management policies, is well known. It has promoted increasing of mesh size, decreasing

fishing effort and increasing of stocking as major management options. Another major

initiative by State Directorates of Fisheries and Fish Farmers Development Agencies

(FFDA’s) has made India the Second Largest aquaculture production state. Major research

inputs in the areas of habitat requirements (spawning and feeding) are available with

Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), ICAR, and National Bureau of Fish

Genetic Resources (NBFGR).

Apart from these bodies, various legal provisions such as River Boards Act 1956, Water

Cess Act 1977 and Water Act 1974 forms regulatory control of fisheries management.

Besides, there is Wildlife Protection Act 1986 which forms umbrella act and empowers

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the Govt. of India, to take necessary measures to protect and improve quality of

environment.

The department of Water resources in consultation with the existing network of institutes

must see that the water body of this stature will remain as good breeding, feeding, or water

source for the local fish species, local and migratory birds and water scares wildlife

species.

9.6 Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation & Management Plan

The project area lies in the foothills of Sahyadri ranges on the western side of Kolhapur district.

The area is situated in the undulating terrain of Sahyadri ranges.

The Radhanagari Wild Life Sanctuary situated 0.75 to 2 kms away from from the project site.

Also site visits and interviews with local people did reveal presence of any rare, threatened or

endangered wildlife (floristic or faunal elements), the Wild Life Management Plan is an attempt

to address overall concern to protect the existing wildlife in the area. The plan will address all

our concerns to the environment.

The plan has been divided into

Vegetation and Wildlife Management Plan

Recommendations

9.6.1 Vegetation and Wildlife Management Plan

It is believed that the “the survival of man is dependent on the survival of animal and plant

life”. Therefore, the wildlife management plan is essential for the project planning to be set up

in the vicinity of reserve forests or protected areas. Keeping this in mind, recommendations are

provided for better management of floral and faunal elements.

The project area is mainly characterized by deciduous and moist deciduous vegetation with

semi evergreen and evergreen elements in patches. Semi evergreen and evergreen forests

patches observed mainly towards Sahyadri hill ranges in the area under catchment. Areas under

submergence are mainly with scanty vegetation but near wall of the dam a forest patch have

been observed. The vegetation cover is scanty with much disturb forests in many places due

intense tree cuttings in the area under submergence.

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The vegetation survey of Nardave medium irrigation project area of Kankavli Taluka of

Sindhudurga district reveals a total 147 plant species recorded during study period. Out of 147

species recorded 42 are herbaceous, 19 are shrubs, 17 are climbers, 7 are woody liana and 62

are tree species. In study area a monotypic endemic genera with single species namely

Erinocarpus nimmonii is recorded representing family Tiliaceae. Only gymnosperm Gnetum

ula is also recorded from Yavateshwar village.

In the study area it is estimated that 17 species, which are endemic to Western Ghats are

occurring in the study area. These are Dimorphocalyx lawianus, Terminalia paniculata,

Argyrea boseana, Argyrea cuneata, Ixora brachiata, Lamphrachnium microcephalum,

Utricularia albocerulea, Jasminum malabaricum, Ceropegia oculata, Exacum pumilum,

Strobilanthes callosa, Haplanthodes tentaculata, Pogostemon deccanensis, Dendrobium

microbulbon, Dendrobium barbatulum, Ensete superbum, Amorphophallus commutatus. In

RET category, Ceropegia oculata a critically endangered plant species were recorded from

catchment area of Yavateshwar and Durganagar which is less affected by the activity of dam

construction. Along with these Zingiber neesanum-Vulnerable taxa was also recorded. Low

risk taxa like Amorphophallus commutatus, Strobilanthes callosa, Dendrobium microbulbon,

Ensete superbum, Erinocarpus nimmonii are recorded from catchment area.

The qualitative analysis results into record of many lianas like Dalbergia horrida, Gnetum ula,

Deploclasia glauscance, etc. especially occurs in the riparian vegetation of catchment area.

Phytosociological study in the area under submergence shows less diversity and density in

species composition. But in the catchment area and in sacred grooves species composition is

variable and unique. Therefore in catchment area the vegetation could be more protected after

this developmental activity of dam construction. Most of the area in the catchment sites

preserves typical elements of respected forest types.

Floral elements of the submergence zone, much negative impacts are expected due to existing

vegetation of the submergence zone required to be cut and removed where as more positive

impacts on the diversity of flora and fauna are envisaged in the catchmen area of the project.

Animals, which are found within the project area and categorized under schedule I to

Schedule IV of Wild Life Protection Act 1972, are strictly protected and there is a complete

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ban on their exploitation for any purpose. The list these species has been provided n

chapter No. 3, section no. 3.11. Care should be taken not to disturb their habitats

A developmental project like this, with a typical rural but environmental setting, has a distinct

advantage of driving economic development of the area. However, there is responsibility to

ensure that the natural wealth is well protected. Therefore the requirement for the preparation

of wildlife management plan forms the part of Terms of reference provided by the Ministry of

Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Such plan aims to achieve delicate balance between

sustainable utilization of natural resources versus the developmental need of local

communities.

The project authorities should ensure that during the construction as well as operation phase,

no disturbance to any wildlife or its habitat is done. There are species from various schedules

of Wildlife Protection Act. These species enjoy legal protection and no cause for worry.

Additionally, for these as well as the remaining species, the habitat of the project area is not

the unique one and extends to adjoin areas. Formation of reservoir would attract wildlife to the

area. Water is a limiting factor here and impacts of spread of vegetation, and presence of

wildlife. Also for many aquatic birds, these water bodies serve as excellent habitat. Care

therefore required to be exercised so that no disturbance of any kind is made to these areas

The existing protection was found adequate, general recommendations are made to

ensure that the proposed project should have the positive impact on the local floral and

faunal elements.

9.6.2 Recommendations

1. The project area is close to Radhanagari Wild Life Sanctuary and there are occurrences

of schedule wild life. Hence, sign boards/ Notice Boards at the site like, NO HORN

PLEASE, SILENCE ZONE etc. will be fixed

2. Awareness program among the, drivers, school children & local community about the

ecology & biodiversity.

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3. Care is required to be exercised during the excavation and transportation over un-

metalled roads near the project site, so that there is a no scope for local dust emissions.

Frequent water sprinkling in the vicinity of the construction activity should be done

4. During construction and operation phases, strict instructions to the contractors, labourers

to avoid cutting of vegetation of any kind in the project area as well as in the catchment

of the dam

5. Instruction to the contractors, labourers, and workers to avoid any kind of activities in

the dam or its periphery which might disturb feeding, breeding and roosting of aquatic

birds and wildlife if any.

6. As a corporate social responsibility, project authorities should undertake plantation of

native species in the catchment that is in the immediate vicinity of the wetland

7. Control of Poaching; taxidermy and Illegal Trade in Wild Animal and Plant Species is

strictly prohibited as per the various laws related to the Wildlife Protection. In cases any

of such things are noticed, it is required to be brought to the notice of the forest officials.

8. The movement of the project vehicles should be strictly monitored and excessive

blowing of horn, lighting in the night should be banned. Such activities may cause

disturbance to the local fauna.

9. Adequate allocation for the financial resources required to be made to implement the

wildlife management plan.

9.7 Green Belt Development Plan

The plantation and green belt development in the project area not only serves as foreground

and background landscape features but also results in harmonization and amalgamation of the

physical structures of the project with surrounding environment. Plantations also contribute

towards environmental improvement in the following ways:

Prevent spreading of particulates to the nearby areas;

Provide vegetative cover;

Increase the aesthetics of the surrounding; and

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Provide nesting, feeding and breeding sites for fauna.

9.7.1 Greenbelt should be developed in the following areas:

Plantation along the Full Reservoir Level;

Plantation at downstream of the dam and near KT weirs

Plantation along approach roads; rehabilitation village area

9.7.2 Greenbelt Development Program

The detailed program for green belt is suggested below:

A. Criteria for Selection of Species

The choice of vegetative species for planting should be based on studies of the natural

vegetation in the area and on the environmental conditions.

Plant species which shows higher adaptability to local climatic conditions

Preferably indigenous, endemic and rare species

Plant that serves as nesting, feeding and breeding site for fauna

Plant that enhances the aesthetics of the surrounding areas

Plants species having importance in soil binding

Plant species with different height, growth habits and bole shapes

Economically important plant species.

B. Additional Information about Plantation

To undertake plantation on site for different purposes, following steps will be involved:

Raising seedlings in nursery, as being presently followed;

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Preparation of pits and preparing them for transfer of seedlings as being practiced at

present; and

After-care and monitoring

9.7.3 Plantation:

According to the habit of plant, distance between two pits can be decided. For tree habitat

10 m x 10 m, and for shrubs 5 m x 5 m is preferred. A triangular arrangement of plants is

frequently prescribed;

Pit size for trees should be 1 m x 1 m x 1 m, and for shrubs 0.9 m x 0.9 m x 0.9 m;

The pits should be filled by using good loamy / red soil (3 parts) and farmyard manure (1

part); and

Sapling should be planted in the center by providing proper support.

Plantation along the Full Reservoir Level (FRL)

Two meters area within FRL should be taken in to consideration for green belt. Selection of

species will be based upon species reported during ecological survey and having soil binding

properties.

Plantation along Approach Roads & Rehabilitated Villages

Both sides of each approach road should be considered for plantation. Selection of species

should be according to road width and habit of plant.

Table No.9.2. List of Plant Species for Plantations


1. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Tree Mimosaceae Khair

2. Achyranthes aspera L. Herb Amaranthaceae Aghada

3. Anacardium occidentale L. Tree Anacardiaceae Kaju

4. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Tree Moraceae Phans

5. Bombax ceiba L. Tree Bombaceae Shemal

6. Bombax insigne Wall. Tree Bombaceae

7. Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. Tree Euphorbiaceae Katak

8. Careya arborea Roxb. Tree Lecithidaceae Kumbha

9. Carissa congesta Wight Shrub Apocynaceae Karavand

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10. Cissus elongata Roxb. Shrub Vitaceae

11. Cocos nucifera L. Tree Arecaceae Naral

12. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Tree Fabaceae Shisavi

13. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Tree Poaceae Bambu

14. Ficus amplissima J.E.Sm. Tree Moraceae Payar

15. Ficus hirsuta L.f. Tree Moraceae Kala Umbar

16. Ficus racemosa L. Tree Moraceae Umbar

17. Gloriosa superba L. Climber Liliaceae Kallavi

18. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Tree Lamiaceae Shivan

19. Grewia asiatica L. Tree Tiliaceae

20. Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Tree Rubiaceae Haldu

21. Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.)

K.Shum.

Tree Bignoniaceae Waras

22. Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. Shrub Malvaceae

23. Homonoia riparia Lour. Shrub Euphorbiaceae

24. Ixora coccinea L. Shrub Rubiaceae Ishvari

25. Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Tree Lythraceae Nana

26. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr Shrub Leeaceae Dinda

27. Mangifera indica L. Tree Anacardiaceae Amba

28. Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham. Shrub Rubiaceae Bhutkes

29. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Tree Bignoniaceae Tetu

30. Pavetta indica L. var. tomentosa (Roxb.

ex Sm.) Hook. f.

Shrub Rubiaceae Phapat

31. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Tree Fabaceae Karanj

32. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Tree Combretaceae Beheda

33. Terminalia chebula Tree Combretaceae Hirda

34. Terminalia elliptica Willd. Tree Combretaceae Ain

35. Terminalia paniculata Roth. Tree Combretaceae Kinjal

36. Vitex negundo L. Tree Lamiaceae Nirgudi

37. Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. Tree Rutaceae Cherphal

9.7.4 Maintenance of the Plantation

Once a plantation has been established, the survival ratio of the seedlings planted should be

monitored. It is necessary to protect established plantation against weather, fire, insects and

fungi, and animals. A variety of cultural treatments also may be required to meet the purpose

of the plantation.

Weather Phenomena: The occurrence of damaging weather phenomena is usually

unpredictable. Little can be done to protect forest plantations against the damage caused by

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weather, except to grow tree and shrub species known to be resistant to the detrimental effects

of local weather patterns.

Fire: Damage by fire imposes a serious threat to plantations. Fire risk should be a major

consideration from the early stages of plantation development.

A main principle in protecting plantations against fire is removing dried undergrowth

especially the grass regularly.

Insects and Fungi: Care taken in establishment and maintenance operations during the early

years of a plantation (resulting in healthy vigorous young trees or shrubs) can help to make a

plantation more resistant to insects and fungi. Regular monitoring will be helpful for

management in pest, insect attack. Various control measures are available; these may be

silvicultural, chemical, biological, or mechanical.

Biological control of insects has been employed with success in some situations; in most

instances, the introduction of a parasite to control the insects is required.

Mechanical control- either by physically removing and destroying the pests or by eliminating

the alternative hosts, can be effective.

Domestic Animals: Grazing or browsing by sheep, goats and cattle can be a menace to young

plantations. Live hedges and fences can be used to prevent intrusion by domestic animals in

opens space plantations, nursery etc. Tree guards can be useful for roadside plantation.

Watering: Plantations in arid regions needs periodic watering during the first growing season

to obtain a satisfactory survival rate. Watering should begin after the cessation of rains, when

the moisture content of the soil has fallen to near the wilting coefficient; then watering should

be repeated at intervals until the onset of the next rainy season. Before each watering, the area

around the tree should be cleared of weeds, and a shallow basin should be made around the

stem of each tree or shrub to collect as much water as possible. Frequency of watering can be

minimize by mulching practice, i.e. by covering of soil by plant residues that will help to retain

soil moisture.

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9.8 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan

9.8.1 Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement:






Table No.9.3. For remaining 64.505 ha land present status

Sr.

No.

Componenet Type Acquired Land

in hector

Remaining

land in hector

1 Dam, Submergence,

dam seat, tail channel,

alternative roads &

other allied works


Govt. Land 00 11.25


Table No.9.4. Present Position of Rehabilitation

Sr.

No.


Affected

Village

Population No of

Families

Name of new

Gaothan

Present position

Land of

Gaothan

Creation of

civic

amenities





(Samhajinagar)

Acquired 90% completed


Total 3849 967

Table No.9.5. Status of completion of civic amenities

Sr.

No.

Name of

Village

% age completion

of civic amenities

Total no. of PAFs/

PAPs Affected

1 Digawale 90 262

2 Jambhavade 40 260


967

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Table No.9.6. Villagewise Status of R & R facilities

Sr.

No. Basic Amenities

Village wise Status of Work

Digwale Sangve

(Sambhajinagar) Jambhawade

1 Drinking Water Scheme Complete 60 % completed 20 % completed

2 Primary School &

ground

work not initiated work not initiated work not initiated

3 Grampanchayat

Chawadi/ Samajmandir


4 Approach Road and

Internal Road

Complete Complete Complete

5 Approach Road to farm

if required

Not required Not required Not required

6 Electricity Supply Complete Complete Complete

7 Crematorium including

shed


8 Open Drainage System Complete Complete 54 % Complete

9 Common Toilet Complete Complete Complete

10 Land for cattle Complete Complete Complete

11 Bus Stop Shed Complete Complete Complete

12 Land for Khalwadi Complete Complete Complete

13 Grazing land if available Land not available Land not available Land not available

14 Development of Market Land reserved for

the same

Land reserved for the

same

Land reserved for

the same

15 Development of Gaothan Land reserved for

the same


same

Land reserved for

the same

16 Primary Health Centre,

Secondary School, Post

Office etc.

Land reserved for

the same


same

Land reserved for

the same

17 Land for registered

organization

Land reserved for

the same


same

Land reserved for

the same

18 Playground for children. Land reserved for

the same


same

Land reserved for

the same

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Figure No. 9.2. Photographs of Rehabilitation Villages - New Gaothans

Sangve (Samhajinagar)

Jambhavade

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9.9 Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Plan

During the project construction, manpower comprising of laborers, technical staff and other

officials will be residing in the area. The manpower engaged during the construction phase will

be of temporary nature and they are likely to leave the area after the completion of the project.

Since a substantial amount of solid waste is generated from the temporary colonies, proper

management of the same becomes essential

Responsibility of the Project Authority

The project authorities need to undertake sufficient precautions to develop a proper system for

the sewage treatment for the colonies of laborers and workers. Therefore, portable STP have to

be provided for individual dwellings or for a small cluster. The project authorities should ensure

proper waste disposal practices by facilitating various disposal methods like composting.

No dumping of solid waste shall be allowed near any water body or a stream to prevent any health

hazard to the community.

Collection & Disposal of Solid Waste

Solid waste shall be collected in masonry vats constructed at suitable sites near the colony area.

The garbage generated should be transported to the nearest disposal site.

Organic waste should be suitably processed to form compost, which can be used as manure.

In addition to the above facilities, proper sanitary facilities should also be provided at the labour

colonies.

The waste water generated from the colony should be collected and treated in portable STP

Proper sanitary facilities should be provided at the colonies as per standard municipal design.

9.10 Labour Management Plan for their Health and Safety

This plan is prepared for protecting the safety and health of Labour/contractors.

Health and Safety Goals is

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to achieve an accident / incident free-culture,

to implement processes and systems for safety excellence and integrate them in

everyday activities to develop safe behaviour and ensure a safe place for employees

To achieve this goal, Contracor has to prepare Health and Safety Policy and appoinment of

EHS staff

Figure No. 9.3. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Controls Methodology

Step 1 : Itent the Hazard Step 2 : Assess the Risk

Step 5 : Monitor and review Step 3 : Evaluate the existing controls

Step 4 : Implement Aditional Risk Control

An EHS Committee(s) is established, will ensure that:

EHS meetings are held regularly, at least every 30 days;

Minutes of committee meetings and follow-up action plans are documented and

available to all employees.

Periodic review of Hazard and Risk Identification

All employees need some level of training depending on whether they manage,

perform, or verify activities affecting health and safety risks or environmental aspects

Table No.9.7. Positive Performance Measure for Safety

Objective Indicator Measure/Monitor Results Improvement

All activities to

be subject to

hazard analysis

and risk

assessment

Risk

Assessment

% Risk assessment

complete % Control

measures implemented

Track

reported %

monthly

Review

progress at

monthly

senior

management

meetings

Provision of

safe workplace

Work place

inspection

% Scheduled inspections

completed

% Actions arising

completed

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Employees

working safely

Performance

based

observations

% Employees working

safely

% Personnel protective

equipment (PPE)

compliance

Incident

reporting and

implementation

of remediation

measures

Timeliness

of reporting

Incident

investigation

effectiveness

Log of

corrective

actions

% Incidents reported

within 24 hours

% Near-miss incidents

% Incident investigation

complete on time

% Corrective actions

implemented

9.11 Budgetary Allocation for Environment Management

Sr. No. Particulars Total (Rs.in Lakhs)

1 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan 7840.832

2 Green Belt Development / Afforestration 140.07229

3 Management of Physical and Environmental Resources 10

4 Catchment Area Treatment Plan 243.46

5 Fishery Management and Conservation Plan 10.00

6 Biodiversity and Wild Life Conservation Management

Plan

15.00

7 Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Plan 05.00

8 Health Management Plan 68.58

9 Disaster Management Plan 25

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CHAPTER 10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The Nardave Medium project is situated in the Kankavli Taluka of Sindhudurga district in the catchment

area of Gad River

Components of the Project:

The major components of the project as being executed are as follows.

(I) Earthen Dam: Earthen Dam is proposed in a length of 1749 m and its maximum height

and top width are 66.43 m and 6.50 m respectively. Nearly 61.50% of earth work is completed.

Earthwork between RD 330 m to 702 m is completed up to RL 174.00m, RD 880 m to 1170 m

is completed up to RL 175.00 m and between RD 60 m to 150 m is completed up to RL 155.00

m (Designed TBL is 193.60 m).

(II) Spillway: A cement concrete spillway having a length of 41 m. is proposed in the right

flank. The spillway will have 3 Nos of Radial Gates of Size 12 X 5 m and approach channel,

stilling basin and tail channel. Excavation for foundation of spillway and stilling basin up to

designed level is nearing to completion. Falls are proposed in tail channel for energy dissipation

construction of which are in progress. Nearly 40% work of spillway is completed.

(III) Irrigation cum Power Outlet:

Irrigation cum Power Outlet is proposed on left flank at RD 70m with discharging capacity of

7.66 cumecs and a dam foot power house having generation capacity of 3.00 MW. Generating

units proposed under this project are 13.45 million units. Excavation excluding approach

channel is completed. Construction of penstock for entire length as per design is completed.

Construction of dry well up to RL 157.00 m is completed. 80% work of ICPO is completed.

Work of power generation is entrusted to Laksh Power Private Limited, Mumbai on B. O. T.

Same work is under supervision of Hydro Division.

(IV) K.T. Weirs:

Due to hilly nature of the country, canals are not economical. Hence in such hilly terrain,

storage is built up behind series of KT weirs from where water is lifted for irrigation domestic

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and industrial use by individual beneficiaries or by formation of co-operative societies. Such

schemes will have their own distribution system in the form of minors and field channels and

need no special elaboration. The government will not incur any expenditure on lift schemes.

A series of 14 K.T. Weirs is proposed along the river course of Gad river to enable lifting of

water for irrigating irrigable command area to the tune of 8084 ha (Cropped Area 12530 ha.)

Out of 14 K.T. Weirs 10 Nos. of K.T. Weirs are completed so far and irrigation potential

and its utilization to the tune of 757 ha against 8084 ha is achieved up to Dec 2016. Provision

to the tune of 10.605 Mcum for domestic and 5.958 Mcum for industrial use is made. Other

benefits of the project are fisheries and tourism

Salient Features of the Project


1 Name of the Project NARDAVE MEDIUM IRRIGATION PROJECT,

Tal- kankavali, Dist - Sindhudurg

2 Scope of the scheme “Nardave” Medium Irrigation Project having instead

of canals, series of K.T. weir are provided. Irrigable

area of this project is 8084 Ha.

3 Sources River Gad

4 Location Topo sheet 47H/15, 16,11,12

Latitude 160-12’-00“(N)Longitude730-54’-0”(E)

State Maharashtra

Region Konkan

District Sindhudurg

Taluka Kankavali

5 Upstream utilization Nil

6 Yield &utilization of project

a) Catchment area 47.70 sq.km.

(18.53 sq miles )

b) Average rainfall 4450.10 mm.

c) 75 % Dependable yield 126.60 Mcum.

d) Utilization proposed 121.78Mcum.

7 Dam & Reservoir

a) Gross capacity of storage 123.74 Mcum

b) Live storage 119.16 Mcum

c) Dead storage 4.58 Mcum

8 Relevant levels

a) River Bed R.L. 127.17 M

b) Outlet sill level 144.30 M

c) M.D.D.L.R.L. 146.80 M

d) Full Reservoir level R.L. 190.00 M

e) M.W.L. 190.60 M

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f) Top of Dam R.L. 193.60 M

g) Spillway crest R.L. 185 M

9 Submergence.

a) Submergence 356.352 Ha.

b) No. of villages under

submergence

Jambhalgaon

Nardave.

Yavteshvar.

Bhairavgaon

Durganagar

c) No. of Houses under

Submergence Village No.of Houses.

Jambhalgaon 249

Nardave 327

Yavteshvar 56

Bhairavgaon 99

Durganagar 236

Total 967

d) No. of Souls affected 3849

10 Type of Dam

a) Type Earthen Dam with Gated spillway

b) Maximum height of dam

above river bed

66.43 Mtrs

c) Length of Dam.

i) Earthen Dam.

ii) Masonary Dam

=1790 M (total=earthan dam+Spillway)

(R.D.-30 M to 1479.5 M & 1505 M

to1740M)

Total = 1749 M

=(R.D 1479.5 M to1520.5 M)

Total = 41.00 M

d) Total quantity of earth work 136.11 lakh cum

e) Total quantity of concrete

works

0.53 lakh cum

f) Total quantity of excavation

Soft Strata 1.78 lakh cum

Hard rock 0.20 lakh cum

TOTAL 1.98 lakh cum

11 Waste weir

a) Length of the waste weir 41.00 Mtr. (Including both side pier)

b) Type Gated

c) Flood depth 0.60 M.

d) Free Board 3.00 M.

e) Design flood discharge 1504 cumecs

g) Spillway Gates 12 M x 5 M = 3 Nos.

12 Outlet (Power)

a) Location RD 70 M

b) Full supply discharge 7.66 cumecs

13. Canals – instead of canals series of K.T. weirs are provided

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Sr.

No.

Name of

Valley

Name of

K.T. weir

Chainage Length

in M

storage in

TM cum

1

Gad River

Vally Basin

Nardave 1100 M 52 0.028

2 Jambhavade 2850 M 64 0.034

3 Kupavade 5 970 M 112 0.054

4 Digavale 8510 M 91 0.202

5 Pangamwadi 11100 M 110 0.168

6 Dariste 12250 M 91 0.191

7 Sangave 15400 M 91 0.491

8 Shivdav 17430 M. 110 0.511

9 Chichalwadi 1 8 8 70 M. 85 0.191

10 Shekhwadi 21870 M. 115 0.473

11 harkul bru. 23370 M. 103 0.337

12 Halwal 25350 M. 118 0.472

13 Kankavali 27350.M 112 0.498

14 Ramgad 38850 M 125 0.546

14 Irrigable Area 8084 Ha

a) Taluka benefited & village

Benefited.

Taluka - Kankavali -30 villages.

Taluka - Kudal -08 villages

Taluka - Malvan -10 villages

Total -48 villages

15 Proposed crop pattern Crop % age

1. Perennial i) Coconut 15

ii) With Black Pepper

( Inter Crop)

iii) Mango 30

45

2. Kharif i) Kh Paddy 46

ii) Vegetable 9

55

3. Rabbi (Follow on crops) i) Rabi paddy 7


iii) H W Pulses 13

iv) H W Ground nut 5

vii) Chillies Two

seasonal

15

55

Total 155

(b) Existing crop pattern i) Paddy 42

iii) Warai/Nagali 12

iii) Pulses 8

iv) Seams 1

iv) Fruits 2

v) Grass 3

vi) Culturable 32

Total 100

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16 Cost of the Project 1) Rs. 44670.76 lakhs. ( Third Revised)

( As per D.S.R.05-06)

Third Administrative approval vide Marathi Govt.

Order No. Naradave 2007/140/(47/2007)- MPR

Mantralay Bombay dated – 19’th JUL 2007

(2) Latest Revised Amount Rs.1200.00 Lakhs (As

per D.S.R. 2016-2017 ( Under Finalization)

a) Cost of the Project (

Original )

3243.78 lakhs

(As per DSR 1986-1987)

b) Cost of the Project (I st

Revised)

10298.20 lakhs

(As per DSR 1993-94)

b) Cost of the Project (II nd

Revised)

18990.67 lakhs

(As per DSR 1997-1998)

17 Cost per unit of

i) Irrigable area

Rs 5.526 Lakh / Ha




20 Percentage of submergence to

irrigable area.

4.40 %

21 Percentage of annual

utilization to 75 %

Dependable yield

96.19 %

The EIA EMP report has been prepared as granted Terms of Reference (ToR) vide Letter No.

J-12011/7/2017-IA-I (R) dated 10th October 2017.

Description of the Environment

Study Area

Study area includes Dam Site, Catchment Area, Submergence Area, Command Area and

Area within 10 km radius from dam Site

Location Topo sheet 47H/15, 16,11,12

Latitude160-12’-00“(N) Longitude730-54’-0”(E)

Study Period: October 2017 to May 2018

Meteorology

The Meteorological data of IMD Vengurla for the period of 1987 to 2008 is discussed below

Temperature: The average maximum temperature is 34.21C and average minimum

temperature is 18.91C recorded in last 21 year

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Relative Humidity: During Pre-monsoon period, the monthly mean relative humidity was

observed to be in the range of 67% - 89% at 0830 hrs and at 1730 hrs it occurred in the range

of 55% - 72%. During the monsoon season, relative humidity ranges between 82% - 94% at

0830 hrs and 76% - 92% at 1730 hrs. In the post-monsoon season, the range was observed to

be in the range 68.3% - 91% at 0830 hrs and at 1730 hrs.

Rainfall: The average annual rainfall observed to be 2464 mm

Wind Speed: The average wind speed in the region is observed to be in the range of 6.6 to

17.9 kmph.

Seismology: Project area falls in Seismic Zone III. It suggests that the area is a moderately

affected

Ambient Air Quality: The ambient air quality monitoring were carried out at 8 location from

submergence and command area of the project. Air quality measured at various stations were

within the permissible limit.

Ambient Noise Level: The noise levels were measured at 8 locations. Noise levels recorded

at various stations were within the permissible limit

Water Quality Study : Water sampling locations were selected from submergence and

command area of the project. The samples were collected from river, lake/dam, dug well as

well as bore well.

Surface water samples from 5 Location & Ground water samples from 9 locations were

collected in winter and summer season.


10500:2012.

Soil Quality: Soil is the naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose covering on the Earth's

surface. Soil samples from 13 representative areas were taken in winter and summer season.

In the project area, majority of the soils were found to be silty clay in nature. Soils found in the

project area are fertile with moderate NPK and micro nutrients.

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Ecology and Biodiversity: The vegetation survey of Nardave medium irrigation project area

of Kankavli Taluka of Sindhudurga district reveals a total 147 plant species recorded during

study period. Out of 147 species recorded 42 are herbaceous, 19 are shrubs, 17 are climbers, 7

are woody liana and 62 are tree species. In the study area dominating families are Papilionaceae

8 sp., Moraceae 8 sp., Euphorbiaceae 6 sp., Combretaceae & Apocynaceae 5 sp. each and

Rubiaceae 4 sp.. In study area a monotypic endemic genera with single species namely

Erinocarpus nimmonii is recorded representing family Tiliaceae. Only gymnosperm Gnetum

ula is also recorded from Yavateshwar village. Seventeen (17) species, which are endemic to

Western Ghats are occurring in the study area.

The Radhanagari Wild Life Sanctuary situated 0.75 to 2 kms away from from the project site.

Land Use Land Cover Study

Area Statistics for the catchment, Submergence & Command Area area

Class Catchment

Area (ha)

Submergence

Area (ha)

Command

Area (ha)

Water Body 36.35 13.7088 241.4592

Dense Forest 2099.87 78.6816 2790.086

Less Dense Forest 745.57 24.4224 4594.118

Settlement 97.34 54.3168 1466.266

Open Scrub 587.12 162.8928 3005.338

Barren Area 364.03 78.9696 3050.726

Agriculture 718.73 283.6224 5049.274

Vegetation Outside Forest 237.89 12.2688 3545.856

Plantation 71.60 0.1152 387.936

Total Area 4958.50 708.9984 24131.06

Socio Economic

The total 5 villages will be submerged. Total Households are 276. Village Naradave has the

highest number of household & population while Yevteshwargaon village has the lowest

number of population affected. The ratio of Male to Female is 49:51

SC and ST Population: Only Naradave village has the SC Population. SC population were

not rcorded in submergence area. Aamong the total affected 5.69 % of SC population will be

affected.

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Literacy Status: Overall the ratio of literate & illiterate population is 70: 30. Among the

literate, males have higher percentage in comparison to the females.

Working and Non-Working Population: About 58.37 % population is working while 41.63

% of the population is in non-working class.

Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement: For construction of earthen dam and its

allied works, total 631.162 Ha land is required for submergence, dam seat, tail channel,

alternative roads & other allied works which incorporates 585.772 ha Private Land, 11.25 ha

Govt. Land and 34.14 ha Identified Forest Land. Out of this total 631.162 ha land acquisition

procedure for 566.657 ha is completed and it is in possession of Water Resources Department.

For remaining 64.505 ha land, present status is as under.


Sr.

No.

Component Type Acquired Land

in hector

Remaining

land in hector

1 Dam, Submergence, dam

seat, tail channel, alternative

roads & other allied works


Govt. Land 00 11.25


Present Position of Rehabilitation

Sr.

No.


Affected

Village

Population No of

Families

Name of new

Gaothan

Present position

Land of

Gaothan

Creation of

civic

amenities





(Samhajinagar)

Acquired 90% completed


Total 3849 967

Status of completion of civic amenities is tabulated below

Sr.

No.

Name of

Village

% age completion

of civic amenities

Total no. of PAFs/

PAPs Affected

1 Digawale 90 262

2 Jambhavade 40 260


967

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Environmental Impacts of the Project

Features likely to be affected

Construction Activity

Borrowing of materials

Importing of labour

Evacuation Compensation Soil conservation

and landscaping

Reservoir & KT Weir Filling

Irrigation

Air Quality -1T -1T 0 0 0 +1P +2P 0

Noise Quality -1T -1T -1T 0 0 0 0 0

Water Resources -2T -1T -2T 0 0 +2P +2P +3P

Water Quality -2T -1T -1T 0 0 +2P +2P +3P

Landuse -1T -1T -1T -2T +1P +3P -1T +3P

Soil -2T -1T -1T -1T 0 +3P +1P +3P

Ecology -2T -1T 0 -1T +1P +3P +2P +3P

Employment Status +2T +1T +3T -1T +3P +1P +2P +3P

Public Health -1T 0 -1T 0 0 0 0 +2P

Aesthetics -1T 0 -1T 0 0 +3P +3P +3P

Notes: Likely effect is symbolized as follows: T = Temporary effect; P = Permanent effect

Low Medium High

Beneficial +1 +2 +3

Detrimental -1 -2 -3

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Management during Dam & KT Weir Construction

The impacts during the construction stage of the proposed project on the environment are

basically of transient in nature and are expected to reduce gradually on completion of the

construction activities. The measures recommended to be undertaken for the proposed project

during its construction phase are the following:

Recommendations:

Clearing of submergence area is required wherever possible. This activity involves removal

of trees, shrubs, vines etc. which otherwise would disintegrate or decay, and perhaps float

/ drift to the shore and get accumulated at the bottom.

The shoreline subjected to erosion should be cleaned up to the extent to which the wave

action is apprehended to affect.

Trees should be demarcated first and cutting should be done in phases to recover the

economic value.

Trees and bushes should be cut right up to the bottom to avoid wood decay, which causes

nuisance and deteriorates water quality.

During excavation and transportation over un-metalled roads near the project site, there is

a scope for local dust emissions. Frequent water sprinkling in the vicinity of the

construction activity should be done and it should be continued even after the completion

of the dam construction, as there is a scope for vehicular movement.

Since there is likelihood of fugitive dust from the construction activity, material handling

and from the truck movement in the vicinity of the project site, the authorities should go

for tree plantation programme along the approach roads and the construction camps.

The construction site should be provided with sufficient and suitable toilet facilities for

workers to allow proper standards of hygiene.

Collected waste from residential areas shall be transferred to community bin by hand-driven

containerized carts or other small vehicle. Horticulture and construction / demolition wastes

or debris shall be separately collected and disposed off.

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The depths, charge, matrix of holes and delay may be optimized to minimize vibrations and

noise caused by the blasting operations.

Though the noise effect on the nearest inhabitants due to construction activity will be

negligible, it is advisable that on site workers using high noise equipment shall adopt noise

protective devices like earmuff and earplugs. .

It should be ensured that both gasoline and diesel powered construction vehicles/machinery

are properly maintained to minimize smoke in the exhaust emissions. The vehicle

maintenance area should be located in such a manner as to prevent contamination of surface

and ground water sources by accidental spillages of oil. For this the surface water drain

will be provided for vehicle parking and fuel storage areas and this drain will be isolated

from that of surface and ground water sources. Unauthorized dumping of waste oil should

be prohibited.

As soon as construction is over the surplus earth and rubble should be utilized to fill up

low-lying areas. The rubbish should be cleared and all un-built surface reinstated.

Reclamation of borrow areas is imperative, however, in present case due care has been

taken to identify the borrow areas within the submergence zone.

To prevent unauthorized felling of trees for fuel wood in the nearby areas by construction

workers, it should be ensured that the contractor provides alternative fuel (LPG / Kerosene)

for cooking requirements.

The mitigation measures to be taken-up during the construction and operational phases

are suggested below.

Surface Water Hydrology

As the downstream trends of the river flows can adversely affect the reservoir regulation plan,

a monitoring programme should be set up to investigate the trends which really exist so as to

modify the regulation plan accordingly; and

Definite criteria should be set up for the reservoir for minimum water release planning while

taking downstream requirements into consideration.

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Ambadpal-Kudal



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Water Quality

Care should be taken in clearing the vegetation from the submergence area to avoid

eutrophication and release of obnoxious gases;

A regular monitoring programme of water quality in the reservoir and in the downstream

river reaches should be undertaken to evaluate the actual alterations of water quality and their

effects on fisheries resources and downstream water users; and

In addition to the above, ground water quality and water table fluctuations in the vicinity of

the dam, should be monitored.

Ecology & Biodiversity

The judicious sequencing of construction, operation and appropriate location of labour

camps, project colony etc.

Cutting of existing trees should be carried out under the supervision of Forest Department

and records maintained. The Department should provide adequate security to ensure that no

illegal felling of trees takes place.

The movement of vehicles should be strictly monitored and excessive blowing of horn and

lighting in the night should be avoided. Such activities may cause disturbance to the local

fauna.

Restriction of construction activity from dawn to dusk to avoid impact on wildlife during

night.

A long-term Catchment Area Treatment Plan should be set up for the post impoundment

period with following purpose:

Control of illegal agricultural activities in the remaining catchment area;

Provision for proper land utilization practices in the catchment area to reduce the losses of

top soil and flash floods,

Afforestation of shifting cultivation areas by planting fast growing tree species &

Taking view of existing watershed activities in the catchment.

Strict law enforcement should be undertaken for conservation of wildlife; and

Conservation of species that are living or feeding along the shoreline of the reservoir and

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conservation of certain areas as habitat of water birds.

Fishery Conservation and Management Plan

The river Gad Originates from Sahyadri Mountains ranges. This river Originates mainly with

three Nallas and number of small Nallas.The river Gad flows towards west and meets Arabian

Sea near villages Revandi in Malvan Taluka. The river flows only in rainy season and

commercial fishery activity is carried out, hence this cannot serve as a perennial fish culturing

spot. When adequate water is available in the nalla fish are exploited to a beneficial extent and

varieties such as minor carps and several other species of lesser importance are reared.

Vegetation and Wildlife Management Plan

1. The project area is close to Radhanagari Wild Life Sanctuary and there are occurrences

of schedule wild life. Hence, sign boards/ Notice Boards at the site like, NO HORN

PLEASE, SILENCE ZONE etc. will be fixed

2. Awareness program among the, drivers, school children & local community about the

ecology & biodiversity.

3. Care is required to be exercised during the excavation and transportation over un-

metalled roads near the project site, so that there is a no scope for local dust emissions.

Frequent water sprinkling in the vicinity of the construction activity should be done

4. During construction and operation phases, strict instructions to the contractors, labourers

to avoid cutting of vegetation of any kind in the project area as well as in the catchment

of the dam

5. Instruction to the contractors, labourers, and workers to avoid any kind of activities in

the dam or its periphery which might disturb feeding, breeding and roosting of aquatic

birds and wildlife if any.

6. As a corporate social responsibility, project authorities should undertake plantation of

native species in the catchment that is in the immediate vicinity of the wetland

7. Control of Poaching; taxidermy and Illegal Trade in Wild Animal and Plant Species is

strictly prohibited as per the various laws related to the Wildlife Protection. In cases any

of such things are noticed, it is required to be brought to the notice of the forest officials.

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8. The movement of the project vehicles should be strictly monitored and excessive

blowing of horn, lighting in the night should be banned. Such activities may cause

disturbance to the local fauna.

9. Adequate allocation for the financial resources required to be made to implement the

wildlife management plan

Greenbelt should be developed in the following areas:

Plantation along the Full Reservoir Level;

Plantation at downstream of the dam and near KT weirs

Plantation along approach roads; rehabilitation village area and

Afforestration

Budgetary Allocation for Environment Management

Sr. No. Particulars Total (Rs.in Lakhs)

1 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan 7840.832

2 Green Belt Development / Afforestration 140.07229

3 Management of Physical and Environmental Resources 10

4 Catchment Area Treatment Plan 243.46

5 Fishery Management and Conservation Plan 10.00

6 Biodiversity and Wild Life Conservation Management Plan 15.00

7 Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Plan 05.00

8 Health Management Plan 68.58

9 Disaster Management Plan 25

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CHAPTER 11. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT

11.1 Background of the Organization

MITCON Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., (MITCON) is a rapidly growing, an ISO

9001-2008 certified Consultancy Company, promoted by ICICI, IDBI, IFCI, and State

Corporations of Maharashtra and Public Commercial Banks. It was founded in 1982; with

Head Office at Pune and with supporting offices spread over entire country including Mumbai,

Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, Chandigarh and Ahmadabad etc. With experience,

expertise and track record developed over last almost three decades, MITCON provides diverse

range of macro and micro consultancy services in the areas of

Environment Management and Engineering (EME).

Energy Efficiency.

Biomass and Co-gen power.

Agricultural Business and Bio-technology.

Infrastructure.

Market Research.

Banking Finance and Securitisation.

Micro Enterprise Development.

IT Training and Education

11.2 Environmental Management and Engineering Division (EME)

Environmental Management and Engineering Division (EME) is one of the key divisions of

MITCON and provides expert consultancy services for varied matrix of services in the field of

environmental management. Thus, EME division collaborates with an organization in their

efforts of achieving sustainable business model. We Offer Following Services.

Consultancy Services

Environmental Impact Assessment & ESIA

Environmental Audit / Status Report.

Consent to Establish & Consent to Operate

Water Supply and Sanitation

Small Turnkey Projects

Technical Appraisal

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GIS and Remote Sensing

Laboratory Services

Analytical Services

Water Quality

Soil Quality

Wastes (Solid & Semisolid)

Specialized Services

Monitoring Services

Operation&Maintenance Services

Solid Waste Management Services

Project Management Consultancy (PMC) for MSW C&T, Landfill and MSW

Processing.

Municipal Solid Waste Characteristic Sampling and Analysis.

Detail Project Report (DPR).

Field Data Collection for DPR and as per requirement.

MSW Tender Evaluation and Preparation (Transaction Advisory Services).

Techno Economic Viability Report (TEV).

Techno Economic Feasibility Report (TEFR).

Corporate Debt Restructure (CDR).

Lender Engineering.

Municipal & Hazardous Waste Landfill Construction, Closure Design and Costing.

Our Recognitions

Accredited EIA consultant of Quality Council of India-National Accreditation Board

for Education and Training (NABET)

National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories, (NABL) New

Delhi recognized laboratory

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, (MoEF&CC) recognized

laboratory

OHSAS 18001-2007 Certified laboratory

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Ambadpal-Kudal



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11.3 NABET Accreditation

MITCON Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd. is accredited from National

Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET), Quality Council of India for the

EIA consultancy services in 16 sectors.

11.4 Key personnel’s engaged in preparation of EIA report

Dr. Sandeep Jadhav is an EIA coordinator for this proposed project. Other Functional Area

Expertise (FAE) and Team Members (TM) undertaking this project with their specific roles

and responsibility as given below

Table No.11.1. Experts engaged in the preparation of EIA EMP report

Sr. No. Name of expertise EIA Coordinator/ Functional Area

1. Dr. Sandeep Jadhav EIA Coordinator and FAE – EB and SC

2. Mr. Shrikant Kakade EB, Assistance in WP, N

3. Mr. Sanjay Shevkar WP, N, SHW

4. Mr. Ganesh Khamgal SE 5. Mr. Anant Gadre LU 6. Mr. Hemangi Nalawade WP, SHW, AP, AQ

7. Mr. Nikhil Chavan NV, AQ

8. Mr. Anikte Taware RH

9. Prof. Nitin Karmalkar GEO, HG

DRAFT REPORT

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