Dr. Robert Whiting – 16 th May 2012 Review of POPs inventories under LR-TAP.

Dr. Robert Whiting – 16th May 2012

Review of POPs inventories under LR-TAP

Introduction to the project

Aims of the study:• To look at consistency of sources per POP across all

countries• To look at variability of emissions and emission

factors from selected sources • Benchmarking to assess the uncertainty in the data

presented.

I would also like to thank Kristina Juhrich of UBA,Dessau for her help and support during this review.

Creating Source Profiles.

Generic sources

Non-GenericSources

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Review of sources for dioxins and furans

Key Sources from LR-TAP 2010 gridded data:

• Residential combustion of fuels (775 g I-TEQ)• Iron and Steel production (284 g I-TEQ)• NFR 6D ‘Other waste’ (likely accidental fires) (129 g I-TEQ)• Waste incineration (total) (125 g I-TEQ)• Small scale waste burning (116 g I-TEQ)• Power Stations – Public Power (97 g I-TEQ)

Key source for x1 country each• Road transport – (35 g I-TEQ)• NFR 3D3 – Chemical Production (15 g I-TEQ)

Review of sources for dioxins and furans

Review of sources for dioxins and furans

Review of sources for PCBs

Key Sources from LR-TAP 2010 gridded data:

• NFR 2F – dielectric equipment (1643 kg)• Residential combustion of fuels (579 kg)• Iron and Steel Production (480 kg)• Power Stations – Public Power (356 kg)• NFR 6D ‘Other waste’ (likely accidental fires) (62kg)

Key source for x1 country each• Road transport (all vehicle types) (134 kg)• Stationary combustion of fuels – food sector (1.5kg)• NFR 3D3 – Chemical Production (30 kg)• NFR 1A2fii – Mobile machinery industry (2.2kg)

Review of sources for PCBs

Review of sources for PCBs

Review of sources for HCB

From 28 reporting nations we have 17 ‘biggest’ sources:

Review of sources for HCB

Review of sources for PAH

Key Sources from LR-TAP 2010 gridded data:

• Residential combustion of fuels (925 tonnes)• Field burning (229 tonnes)• Small scale waste burning (38 tonnes)• Stationary combustion of fuel for non-ferrous metal (41 tonnes)• Road transport (all vehicle types) (33 tonnes)• Stationary combustion of fuels in industry (32 tonnes)• Commercial and Institutional Combustion of fuels (29 tonnes)• Agricultural combustion of fuels (24 tonnes)• Power Stations – Public Power (16.8 tonnes)

Key source for x1 country each• NFR 3C chemical Production – (789 tonnes)

Review of sources for PAH

Review of sources for PAH

Summary – Review of sources

• Highest level of consistency for sources appears to be with PAH and then PCDD/F.

• HCB has the highest levels of unconsistency in the selection of sources across reporting countries

• Highest level of reporting for sources is typically tied to ‘activity’ rich sources such as combustion plants and industrial/domestic fuel source

• Key gaps for sources are in data scarce sources such as accidental fires, domestic waste burning and also di-electric equipment for PCBs

Examples of approaches – Accidental fires and domestic waste burning

Accidental fires• UK statistics for numbers of fires by domestic, other building and vehicle.

• Based on fire models we make assumptions for the spread of fire as:• Domestic Dwellings: 49.8% confined to 1 item = 1 Kg 37.8% confined to 1 room = 750 kg 7.2% entire building = 12,500 kg 3.8% no fire damage = 0 Kg 1.4% fire spreads to another building = 12,500 Kg

• Literature review to identify emission factors

Example: approach to accidental fires and backyard burningExample: approach to accidental fires and backyard burning

Examples of approaches – Accidental fires and domestic waste burning

Domestic waste burning• 2010 national survey about UK waste burning habits to gauge demographic pattern

In terms of frequency and nature of material burnt,

• Gauged the number of household with viable burning site, assumed to be 7% of

Households

• Based on the national survey the ‘average’ frequency of burning events was calculated assumed to be 13 events per annum.

• Based on national survey assumed quantity per event was estimated as 6.75kg of waste.

• Based on national survey total quantity burnt apportioned by waste type (green waste, paper and cardboard, treated wood and plastic)

• Literature emission factors applied to each waste component and aggregated.

Example: approach to accidental fires and backyard burningExample: approach to accidental fires and backyard burning

Examples of approaches – PCBs indi-electric equipment

Two alternative approaches to calculating PCB emissions from di-electric

equipment.

Method 1 – Stockpile approach• Estimates are made for quantity of PCB containing equipment still on market in

1990.• Leak rate is applied based on EMEP guidebook factor (0.06 kg/t transformers

and 1.6 kg/t capacitors per annum)• Assumed life-span of equipment up to 35 years• Stockpile reduces per annum based on (total stockpile/35) – this is accelerated

for 2000 when 90% is removed due to PCB removal policy

Method 2 – Population approach• Estimates are made on per/capita emission factor from guidebook vs national

population.• Stockpile reduces based on lifespan of equipment – up to 35 years.• Assumes 90% removal at 2000 for PCB removal policy.

Examples of approaches – PCBs indi-electric equipment

Review of selected sectors

PCDD/F from Iron and Steel

PAH from Domestic Combustion

PCDD/F from Iron and Steel Production

Key Iron and Steel producing countries based on the

countries reporting to LR-TAP:• Germany

• Italy • France • Canada • Spain

• UK • Austria

Reference:

World Steel Organisation:

http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/statistics-archive/annual-iron-archive.html

PCDD/F from Iron and Steel Production

PCDD/F from Iron and Steel Production

PAH (sum of 4) from Domestic Combustion

Methodology for deriving emission factors for PAH in

domestic fuel combustion:

• NFR reported emissions of PAH as sum of 4 from

domestic combustion sector (1A4bi)

• NCV (Net Calorific Values) for solid fuels, biomass and other fuels. Liquid fuels and gaseous fuels not

assumed to generate PAH

• Total activity calculated based on fuel statistics, and NCV to calculate total TJ per country

• Derived emission as mg/TJ for NFR 1A4bi

PAH (sum of 4) from Domestic Combustion

Thank you for your attention

and any questions

AEARobert WhitingEnvironmental Consultant

AEAThe Gemini BuildingFermi AvenueHarwell OxfordDidcot OX11 0QR

Tel: +44 (0)870 190 6580E: [email protected] W: www.aeat.co.uk

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