Dr. Rizwan Thesis

8/10/2019 Dr. Rizwan Thesis

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HIGH-PERFORMANCE MORTARS AND CONCRETES USINGSECONDARY RAW MATERIALS

By the Faculty oMa!ch"#e#$au% &e'ah'e#!- u#(E#e')"etech#"*

o theTech#"!che# U#"+e'!"tat Be')a*a(e,"e F'e"$e')

a'o+e(

THESIS

to atta"# the aca(e,"c (e)'ee o

DO.TOR-INGENIEUR

DR/-ING

Su$,"tte(

By Ma!te' o Sc"e#ce "# St'uctu'al E#)"#ee'"#)% Sye( Al"

R"01a#Bo'# o# the 23th Octo$e' 2456 "# Laho'e% Pa*"!ta#

A!!e!!o'! P'o/ D'/ -I#)/ Tho,a! A B"e'% F'e"$e')P'o/ D'/ -I#)/ F'a#* Dahlhau!% F'e"$e')P'o/ D'/-I#)/ Ul'"ch D"e(e'"ch!% Ro!toc*

Date o the a1a'(7 89- 29- 8993


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AC.NOWLEDGEMENTS

The autho' ac*#o1le()e! h"! "#(e$te(#e!! to P'o/ D'/-I#)/ Tho,a! A/ B"e' o' h"! +e'y *"#(

e#cou'a)e,e#t% ca'e a#( co,ete#t )u"(a#ce !o )e#e'ou!ly a#( )'ac"ou!ly )"+e# th'ou)hout the

'e!ea'ch 1o'* 'eo'te( "# th"! the!"!/ I 'e,a"# tha#*ul to h", o' h"! aect"o#% !1"t chec*"#) o

the ,a#u!c'"t! a#( o' h"! 'a#* c'"t"c"!, o the 1'"te u/ He ha! $ee# e:t'e,ely *"#( "#

'o+"("#) ,e 1"th the "#a#c"al !uo't o' the la!t t1o yea'!/

My hea'telt tha#*! a'e al!o (ue to P'o/ D'/-I#)/ F'a#* Dahlhau! o' h"! e#cou'a)e,e#t%

u#(e'!ta#("#) a#( o' 'o+"("#) a# oo'tu#"ty to 1o'* "# a tea, o 'oe!!"o#al! o' SCC

lace,e#t! "# a local tu##el o F'e"$e') e#a$l"#) ,e to )et "#+alua$le 'act"cal "el( e:e'"e#ce/

I a, al!o "#(e$te( to P'o/ D'/-I#)/Ul'"ch D"e(e'"ch! o' !a'"#) h"! +e'y 'ec"ou! t",e o''ea("#) th"! the!"!/

Tha#*! a'e (ue to P'o/ D'/ I#)/ Ha$"l Ch'"!to! A#e0"'"!% D"'ecto' o the I.GB o' h"!*"#(#e!!e! a#( o' )'a#t"#) ,e the "#a#c"al a!!"!ta#ce 'o, the MORE ;Meet"#) oRe'acto'y E:e't!%F'e"$e')< o' "+e ,o#th!/I a, )'ateul to D'/-I#) .at=a Do,$'o1!*" o' he' co-oe'at"o# a#( u!eul ("!cu!!"o#!/ I a,"#(e$te( to all ,y collea)ue! a#( to the la$o'ato'y !ta at the I#!t"tute o' Ce'a,"c!% Gla!!a#(Co#!t'uct"o# Mate'"al! Tech#olo)y o' the"' hel a#( e!ec"ally to M'/ Ge't Sch,"(t%M'/To'!te# We!thal% M'/ Fel": Ho,ola% M'/ T", .'at!ch,e' a#( M'/ >a# Sachl o' the"' t",ea#( !uo't )"+e# to ,e "# the hou' o #ee(/ I a, tha#*ul to ,y o"ce ,ate!% To,oh"'oE,oto a#(Ma*oto Nu*"ta o' $e"#) ca'"#) a#( #"ce/

The autho' 1"!he! to e:'e!! h"! hea'telt )'at"tu(e to Lt/ Ge#/ ;R< Muha,,a( A*'a, .ha#%&"ce-cha#cello' U#"+e'!"ty o E#)"#ee'"#) a#( Tech#olo)y Laho'e% Pa*"!ta# o' h"!e#cou'a)e,e#t a#( o' )'ac"ou!ly )'a#t"#) !tu(y lea+e% PhD allo1a#ce a#( a la- toco,ute'1h"ch e#a$le( ,e to co,lete ,y PhD "# Ge',a#y/

I a, ho#o'e( to tha#* P'o/ D'/ Atta-u'-Reh,a# Cha"',a# H")he' E(ucat"o# Co,,"!!"o# a#(toD'/A#1a'-ul-Ha? Cha"',a# PCSIR o' ta*"#) "#te'e!t "# ,y 'e!ea'ch a#( o' "#!t'uct"#) to,a*eRHAP o' ,y 'e!ea'ch "# F'e"$e')% Ge',a#y/ I a, tha#*ul to D'/ Muha,,a( Sha'"N"0a,"%PCSIR% Laho'e o' ,a*"#) the a!h/

I a, )'ateul to M'/ .a'l ."!e'% Pla#t Ma#a)e'% A)'"lect'"c I#te'#at"o#al Tech#olo)"e!% La*e

Cha'le!% LA USA o' 'o+"("#) the RHA u!e( "# th"! "#+e!t")at"o#/ Tha#*! a'e al!o (ue to ,y'"e#( M'/ >a+e( Ba!h"' Mal"*% A!!oc"ate@St'uctu'al )'ou lea(e'% Ca'te' Bu')e!!% Hou!to#

Te:a!% USA o' $ea'"#) the e:e#!e! o the a!h t'a#!o'tat"o#/

I a, o$l")e( to ,y e'!o#al '"e#(! >o!e Mac"o Ca+alca#te De Sou!a a#( Tetya#aBo)(a#o+ao' )"+"#) ,e the"' "#+alua$le !u))e!t"o#! a#( hel 1he#e+e' I #ee(e( "t the ,o!t/I# the la!t $ut #ot the lea!t I a, o+e'1hel,e( "# tha#*"#) ,y ,othe' a#( a,"ly e!ec"ally ,y

el(e!t !o# E#)'/ Sye( Al" A!a( o' h"! ca'e a#( !u))e!t"o#!% at th"! !ta)e o ,y l"e% 1h"ch*et,e )o"#)/ I (e("cate th"! 1o'* to h",/


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ABSTRACT

The A,e'"ca# Co#c'ete I#!t"tute ;ACI< (e"#e! HPC a! the co#c'ete that ,eet! !ec"al

e'o',a#ce a#( u#"o',"ty 'e?u"'e,e#t! that ,ay #ot al1ay! $e o$ta"#e( u!"#) co#+e#t"o#al"#)'e("e#t!% #o',al ,":"#) 'oce(u'e! a#( ty"cal cu'"#) 'act"ce! a#( the!e 'e?u"'e,e#t!,ay "#clu(e e#ha#ce,e#t o ea!e o lace,e#t 1"thout !e)'e)at"o#% lo#) te', ,echa#"cal'oe't"e!% ea'ly a)e !t'e#)th% tou)h#e!!% +olu,e !ta$"l"ty a#( l"e "# !e+e'e e#+"'o#,e#t!/The'eo'e "# th"! the!"! the c'"te'"o# o h")h e'o',a#ce ha! $ee# ta*e# a! ea!e olace,e#t! o' !el-co,act"o#a#( th"! "! "# l"#e 1"th the l"te'atu'e/ S","la'ly lo1 o SCCSha! $ee# ta*e# a! a# "#("cato' o'heolo)y/ M"c'o!t'uctu'e ha! $ee# !tu("e( $y MIP a#( SEMtech#"?ue!/

W"th the c"+"l a#( !t'uctu'al e#)"#ee'"#) $ac*)'ou#(% "t 1a! elt (u'"#) the "#+e!t")at"o#!ta)e o a "'e (a,a)e( !t'uctu'e "# Laho'e that ,o!t o the (a,a)e occu''e( (ue to oo'*#o1le()e o the ,ate'"al e'o',a#ce a#( to "t! oo' e:ecut"o#/ I)#o'"#) alto)ethe' the

",o'ta#ce o *#o1le()e a$out $u"l("#) ,ate'"al!% "t "! a co,,o# e'cet"o# a,o#)!t!t'uctu'al e#)"#ee'! thato#ly )oo( !t'uctu'al a#aly!"! a#( (e!")# a'e the *ey! to !at"!acto'y!t'uctu'al e'o',a#ce/ Th"! alo#) 1"th othe' ,ot"+at"#) acto'! 1a! 'e!o#!"$le o'u#(e'ta*"#) th"! 'e!ea'ch "# F'e"$e')/

The !tu(y o# h")h e'o',a#ce ce,e#t"t"ou! !y!te,! !ta'te( 1"th !elect"o# o !eco#(a'y'a1,ate'"al! ;SRM!< ate' l"te'atu'e !u'+ey/ The u!e o RHA "# SCCS "! a #e1 "(ea a#( "tcoul( #ot $e ou#( "# the l"te'atu'e !o a'/ It 1a! the'eo'e (ec"(e( to loo* "#to theco,a'at"+e$eha+"o' o SF 1"th a,o'hou! a#( c'y!tall"#e '"ce hu!* a!he! ;RHA a#( RHAP'e!ect"+ely< "#!uch !y!te,! !o that RHA coul( $e 'eco,,e#(e(% " ou#( )oo(% o' u!e"# SCCS "# the(e+elo"#) '"ce )'o1"#) cou#t'"e! l"*e Pa*"!ta# 1he'e SF o )oo( ?ual"ty "!#ot l"*ely to $eco,e eco#o,"cally a+a"la$le "# the #ea' o'e!eea$le utu'e 1h"le RHA coul(

$e@ha! $ee# ,a(e u!"#) a

+e'y !",le la#t/ It 1a! al!o 'e+eale( (u'"#) l"te'atu'e !u'+eythat the u!e o ly-a!h "#co,$"#at"o# 1"th othe' o00ola#"c ,ate'"al! l"*e !"l"ca u,e "!#ot co,,o# "# Ge',a#y althou)h the"' u!e "# Sca#("#a+"a# cou#t'"e! ha! 'o+e# +e'y!ucce!!ul/ The'eo'e the othe'(",e#!"o# o the 'e!ea'ch 1a! to "#+e!t")ate the 'ole o $"#a'ya#( te'#a'y $"#(e'! "# SCCS/ TheSRM! 1e'e !electe( a#( "#clu(e( l",e!to#e o1(e'% ly-a!h% !"l"ca u,e% a,o'hou! '"ce hu!*a!h ;RHA-",o'te( 'o, USA< a#( c'y!tall"#e RHAP;",o'te( 'o, Pa*"!ta#


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!ue'la!t"c"0e'! "# Ge',a#y a#( >aa# "# ea'ly 249!% "t 1a! o!!"$le to ach"e+e h")h !t'e#)th!


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a#( h")h (u'a$"l"ty $y u!"#) !u"ta$le "lle'!/ A o',ula "! 'oo!e( o' the "#("'ect calculat"o# o1ate' (e,a#( o a#y "lle'@o1(e' "# !u"ta$le 'oo't"o# 1"th ce,e#t/ Mo'eo+e' the autho'al!o'oo!e( to ,ea!u'e T 85 c, lo1 t",e o' HP SCM@SCP !y!te,!; the 'at"o $et1ee#

85 c, !'ea( a#( $otto, ("a,ete' o ,"#"-co#e "! 8/5< $y (e'"+"#) a#alo)y 'o, theA$'a,! co#eu!e( "# SCC o' (ete',"#"#) t",e o' 59 c, !lu, !'ea(/ Th"! 1oul( $e au!eul "#("'ect"#("cato' o 'heolo)"cal 'oe't"e! o SCCS/ The $otto, ("a,ete' o the A$'a,!co#e "! 89 c,a#( the !a"( 'at"o "! 8/5/Ba!e( o# the 'e!ult! "t ca# $e !tate( that a,o'hou! RHA o e+e# ,e("u, o00ola#"c act"+"ty%u!ually o$ta"#e( 'o, the o1e' la#t! u!"#) '"ce hu!*! o' o1e' )e#e'at"o#% ca# $e !aelyco#!"(e'e( a! a +e'y clo!e e?u"+ale#t o a!-'o(uce( SF a#( coul( $e u!e( ",a)"#at"+ely "#SCCS "# lace o SF/ It ha! al!o $ee# e!ta$l"!he( that $oth $"#a'y a#( te'#a'y $"#(e'! "#SCCS ",'o+e the"' e'o',a#ce a#( (u'a$"l"ty/ It "! 'eco,,e#(e( that the ,":"#) 1ate'co#te#t o!uch !y!te,! !houl( #ot $e a' a1ay 'o, the"' 1ate' (e,a#( o' the !a*e oeco#o,y a#((u'a$"l"ty/


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u#( a#!chl"eBe#( 1ah'e#( (e! E"#$'"#)e#! "# e"#e# &e'!uch!!tolle# (e! Leh'$e')1e'*!

(u'ch)e"h't/u' A$!chat0u#) +o# Wa!!e'$e(a'% Fl"eB+e'halte# u#( Fe!t")*e"t +o# HP SCC 1e'(e#

+e'!ch"e(e#e e"#ache Metho(e# u#( .o#0ete +o')e!chla)e#/ D"e E'"#(u#) +o# &e'l"!!")e'#"# Deut!chla#( u#( >aa# A#a#) (e' 9e' >ah'e e',o)l"chte 0u!a,,e# ,"t )ee")#ete#

u!chla)e# (a! E''e"che# hohe' Fe!t")*e"te# u#( Daue'hat")*e"te#/ E! 1"'( e"#e Metho(e 0u'

"#("'e*te# Be'ech#u#) (e! Wa!!e'$e(a'! "' =e(e# u!chla)% (e' "# )ee")#ete# Me#)e# ,"t

e,e#t )e,"!cht 1"'(/ We"te'h"# !chla)t (e' Auto' ("e Me!!u#) (e' T 85 c, Fl"eB0e"t "' HP

SCM@SCP-Sy!te,e ;(a! &e'halt#"! 01"!che# T 85 c, Au!$'e"t,aB u#( (e,

.e)el$o(e#(u'ch,e!!e'< "# A#alo)"e 0u' E',"ttlu#) (e! 59c,-Au!$'e"t,aBe! ,"ttel! A$'a,!-

.e)el $e" SCC +o'/ D"e! 1a'e e"# $'auch$a'e' "#("'e*te' I#("*ato' (e' 'heolo)"!che#

E")e#!chate# +o# SCC-Sy!te,e#/ De' Du'ch,e!!e' (e! A$'a,!*e)el! "!t 89 c, u#( (a!

$e!'oche#e &e'halt#"! "!t 8%5/

Au!)ehe#( +o# (e# E')e$#"!!e# laBt !"ch e!t!telle#% (aB !"che' a,o'he RHA al! E'!at0 "'

SF "# SCC )e#o,,e# 1e'(e# *a##/ D"e! )"lt !el$!t $e" RHA ,"ttle'e' u00ola#"!che'A*t"+"tat% 1"e !"e +o# .'at1e'*e# ,"t Re"!t'oheue'u#) e'haltl"ch "!t/ D"e &e'$e!!e'u#)+o# Le"!tu#) u#(Daue'hat")*e"t *o##te !o1ohl "' $"#a'e al! auch "' te'#a'e B"#(e'"# SCC-Sy!te,e# e!t)e!tellt 1e'(e#/ F"' )ute Daue'hat")*e"t 1"e auch au!o*o#o,"!che# G'"#(e# 1"'( +o')e!chla)e#% (aB ("e Me#)e (e! 0u0u,"!che#(e#Wa!!e'! "# et1a (e, Wa!!e'$e(a'e#t!'"cht/


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Ac*#o1le()e,e#t!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

""

A$!t'act """u!!a,,e#a!!u#)

Ta$le o Co#te#t!

++""

L"!t o Notat"o#! :"

1 I#t'o(uct"o# 2

1.1 H")h Pe'o',a#ce Co#c'ete ;HPC< 2

1.2 C'"te'"o# o HP 2

1.3 Seco#(a'y Ra1 Mate'"al! ;SRM!< 21.4 A(+a#ta)e! o U!"#) SRM! 8

1.5 Re!ea'ch Focu! a#( O$=ect"+e! 8

2 L"te'atu'e o# SCCS

2.1 H"!to'"cal De+elo,e#t

2.2 Ba!"c I#o',at"o# o# SRM! U!e( "# HP SCCS 5

2.2.1 Role o SRM! "# St'e#)th E#ha#ce,e#t

2.3 Sue'la!t"c"0e'!

2.3.1 Tye! o Wate' Re(uc"#) A)e#t!

2.3.2 Mecha#"!, o Act"o# o Sue'la!t"c"0e'! 42.3.3 Dou$le Laye' Mo(el 29

2.3.4 Poly,e'"c ;Ste'"c< Fo'ce! 22

2.3.5 Eect! o# F'e!h a#( Ha'(e#e( Co#c'ete 22

2.4 P'o(uct"o# o SRM! 28

2.4.1 R"ce Hu!* A!h ;RHA< 28

2.4.2 Natu'e o R"ce-Hu!* 28

2.4.3 Co,o!"t"o# o RHA 26

2.4.4 R"ce-Hu!* Co,$u!t"o# 26

2.4.5 Role o U#$u'#t Ca'$o# "# RHA 2

2.4.6 Fuel &alue o RHA 2

2.4.7 RHA React"+"ty 252.4.8 Hy('at"o# Mecha#"!, o RHA Pa!te 25

2.4.9 Co,a'at"+e U!e o RHA "# SCCS 25

2.5 L",e!to#e Po1(e' ;LSP< 23

2.6 Fly-A!h ;FA< 23

2.7 S"l"ca Fu,e ;SF< 2

2.8 A))'e)ate-Pa!te I#te'ac"al T'a#!"t"o# o#e 2

2.8.1 Po'e-St'uctu'e "# the I#te'ac"al T'a#!"t"o# o#e 2

2.9 The',al A#aly!"! 89

2.10 RD Stu(y o HP SCP Sy!te,!-Bac*)'ou#( 82

2.11 Stu("e! o M"c'o!t'uctu'e 88


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2.11.1 Sca##"#) Elect'o# M"c'o!coe ;SEM< 88

2.11.2 Me'cu'y I#t'u!"o# Po'o!",et'y ;MIP< 88

2.12 Rheolo)y 88

2.12.1 O#e-Facto' Te!t! 86

2.13 H o M"#e'al Solut"o#! 85

2.14 Calo'",et'y 85

2.15 Sh'"#*a)e 85

2.16 Co,a'at"+e Hy('at"o# o SF@RHA Pa!te! 83

2.17 Sh'"#*a)e a#( M"c'o!t'uctu'e o HP SCP Sy!te,! 8

2.18 Bac*)'ou#(-HP SCM Sy!te,! 8

2.19 Bac*)'ou#(-HP SCC !y!te,! 8

2.20 A Note o# SRM! o' SCC 69

2.21 &"!co!"ty A)e#t! 62

2.22 Pu,"#) Eect! 622.23 St'uctu'al Al"cat"o#! 62

2.24 Tye! o SCC 62

3 E:e'",e#tal P'o)'a, 66

3.1 Ge#e'al 66

3.2 I#+e!t")at"o# o# Pa!te! 66

3.2.1 Mate'"al! o' HP SCP Sy!te,! 66

3.2.2 Phy!"cal a#( Che,"cal P'oe't"e! o the Po1(e'! 66

3.2.3 SRM Shae! 65

3.2.4 Wate' De,a#(! a#( Sett"#) T",e! o Pa!te! 653.2.5 Flo1 Mea!u'e,e#t! 65

3.2.6 St'e#)th o the Pa!te Sy!te,! 63

3.2.7 Calo'",et'y 63

3.2.8 M"c'o!t'uctu'e 6

3.2.9 Sh'"#*a)e Re!o#!e o HP SCP Sy!te,! 6

3.2.10 H o M"#e'al Solut"o#! 64

3.2.11 RD Stu(y o HP SCP Sy!te,! 64

3.2.12 Rheolo)"cal Mea!u'e,e#t! 9

3.2.13 Wate' A$!o't"o# o Pa!te! 9

3.3 HP SCM Sy!te,! 2

3.3.1 Ge#e'al 2

3.3.2 Mate'"al! U!e( "# HP SCM Sy!te,! 2

3.3.3 Co,o!"t"o# o Mo'ta'! 8

3.3.4 M":"#) Re)",e 8

3.3.5 Flo1 Mea!u'e,e#t! 6

3.3.6 Po1(e' Po'o!",et'y

3.3.7 St'e#)th a#( "t! ua#t""cat"o# o' HP SCM Sy!te,!

3.3.8 Ea'ly &olu,e Cha#)e! a#( D",e#!"o#al Sta$"l"ty

3.3.9 M"c'o!t'uctu'e 5

3.3.9.1 MIP 5

3.3.9.2 SEM 5


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3.3.10 The',al A#aly!"! o HP SCM Sy!te,! 5

3.3.11 Wate' A$!o't"o# o SCM Sy!te,! 5

3.4 Stu(y o HP SCC Sy!te,! 3

3.4.1 SCC M": De!")# Co#cet! 3

3.4.2 Calculat"o# o Wate' De,a#( o SCC Sy!te,!

3.4.3 Mate'"al! u!e( "# SCC M":e!

3.4.4 M":"#) P'oce(u'e 59

3.4.5 De!c'"t"o# o SCC Flo1 Te!t! 59

3.4.6 Othe' Co#!"(e'at"o#! 56

4 Re!ult! 5

4.1 Te!t! o# HP SCP Sy!te,! 5

4.1.2 RHA Cha'acte'"0at"o# 54.1.2.1 Pa't"cle S"0e 5

4.1.2.2 Pa't"cle Shae! o SRM! 5

4.1.3 Wate' De,a#(! a#( Sett"#) T",e! 53

4.1.4 Flo1 o HP SCP Sy!te,! 53

4.1.5 St'e#)th o HP SCP Sy!te,! 5

4.1.6 Calo'",et'y 5

4.1.7 RD o HP SCP Sy!te,! 32

4.1.8 Sh'"#*a)e Re!o#!e o HP SCP Sy!te,! 36

4.1.8.1 Eect! o SP o# Sh'"#*a)e o HP SCP Sy!te,! 36

4.1.8.2 Eect! o SRM! 3

4.1.9 MIP o HP SCP Sy!te,! 334.1.10 HP SCP M"c'o!t'uctu'e $y SEM 3

4.1.11 H Mea!u'e,e#t o Po00ola#"c SRM Solut"o#! 9

4.1.12 La$o'ato'y I#+e!t")at"o#! o Rheolo)y o RHA Pa!te 2

4.2 Te!t! o# HP SCM Sy!te,! 6

4.2.1 Ge#e'al 6

4.2.2 Flo1 a#( SP Re?u"'e,e#t! o HP SCM Sy!te,! 6

4.2.3 St'e#)th o HP SCM Sy!te,! a#( the"' ua#t""cat"o#

4.2.4 RD a#( The',al A#aly!"!

4.2.5 Ea'ly Sh'"#*a)e Stu(y o HP SCM Sy!te,!

4.2.6 M"c'o!t'uctu'e o HP SCM Sy!te,! $y MIP 9

4.2.7 M"c'o!t'uctu'e o HP SCM Sy!te,! $y SEM 6

4.2.8 Wate' A$!o't"o# o SCCS

4.3 Te!t! o# HP SCC Sy!te,! 3

4.3.1 G'a("#)! a#( Flo1 3

4.3.1.1 D"e'e#ce! "# lo1 Re!o#!e

4.3.2 Wate' De,a#( o SCC M":

4.3.3 St'e#)th o HP SCC 4

4.3.3.1 D"e'e#ce! "# St'e#)th Re!o#!e 4

4.3.3.2 Eect o Cu'"#) Co#("t"o#! o# St'e#)th o SCC 49

4.3.3.3 A"' Co#te#t o SCC G'a("#)! 49


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5 D"!cu!!"o# 42

5.1 Flo1 o SCCS 42

5.1.1 T",e o A(("t"o# o SP 42

5.1.2 Facto'! Aect"#) the Flo1 o SCCS 48

5.2 St'e#)th o HP SCCS 48

5.3 M"c'o!t'uctu'e o HP SCCS 46

5.4 D",e#!"o#al Sta$"l"ty o HP SCCS 4

5.5 E:e'"e#ce! 1"th SCC 43

6 Co#clu!"o#! 44

7 Ree'e#ce! 292

8 Cu''"culu, &"tae a#( A##e:u'e! 225


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LIST OF NOTATIONS

ACI A,e'"ca# Co#c'ete I#!t"tuteBET B'u#aue' E,,et a#( Telle' BFS Bla!t Fu'#ace Sla)

CEM Ce,e#tC II CEM IICH Calc"u, Hy('o:"(eC8S D"-Calc"u, S"l"cate

C6S T'"-Calc"u, S"l"cateC6A T'"-Calc"u, Alu,"#ateCAF Tet'a-Calc"u, Alu,"#o Fe''"teDSC D"e'e#t"al Sca##"#) Calo'",et'y

EDA E#e')y D"!e'!"+e -Ray A#aly!"!FA Fly A!h

F")@;!< F")u'e@ F")u'e!FST F"#al Sett"#) T",eGGBFS G'ou#( G'a#ulate( Bla!t Fu'#ace Sla)

HP H")h Pe'o',a#ceHRWRA H")h Ra#)e Wate' Re(uc"#) A)e#tHCL Hy('ochlo'"c Ac"(

IST I#"t"al Sett"#) T",eIT I#te'ac"al T'a#!"t"o# o#eLOI Lo!! o# I)#"t"o#LSP L",e!to#e Po1(e'

MP M"#e'al Po1(e' MSA Ma:",u, S"0e o A))'e)ateMIP Me'cu'y I#t'u!"o# Po'o!",et'yOPC O'("#a'y Po'tla#( Ce,e#t

PCE Polyca'$o:ylate Ethe'

PCSIR Pa*"!ta# Cou#c"l o Sc"e#t""c a#( I#(u!t'"al Re!ea'chPSD Pa't"cle S"0e D"!t'"$ut"o#@ Po'e S"0e D"!t'"$ut"o#

P@S Pla!t"c"0e'-Sta$"l"0e' Rat"o ;SP@&EA

@.) 1h"le ty"cal +alue! o' coal a#( uel o"la'e84/ a#( 64/ M >@*)/ He#ce the uel +alue o o#e to##e o '"ce hu!*! "! e?u"+ale#t to 9/to##e! o coal o' 9/63 to##e! o uel o"l/

I# a(("t"o#% '"ce hu!* ha! )oo( "#!ulat"#) 'oe't"e!/ Dee#("#) uo# "t! (e)'ee oco,act"o#% "t! the',al co#(uct"+"ty 'a#)e! 'o, 9/963 to 9/93 W,

-2.

-2/ Th"! co,a'e! 1"th

9/92 W,-2

.-2

o' !h'e((e( a!$e!to!% 9/96 o' ,"#e'al 1ool a#( 9/98 o' )'a#ulate( co'* 6J/

Ta$le 8/8 )"+e! the a!h a#( !"l"ca co#te#t o +a'"ou! la#t! "# Pa*"!ta#/

Ta$le 8/87 A!h a#( S"l"ca Co#te#t! o &a'"ou! Pla#t!

Pla#t Pa't o Pla#t A!h S"l"ca

R"ce Hu!* G'a"# !heath 88/2 46/9

Wheat Lea !heath 29/5 49/59

So')hu, Lea !heath e"(e',"! 28/5 /

R"ce St'a1 Ste, 2/3 8/9

B'ea('u"t t'ee Ste, /3 2/

Ba)a!!e - 2/ 6/9

Co'# Lea Bla(e 28/2 3/6

Ba,$oo No(e!;"##e' o't"o#< 2/5 5/

Su#lo1e' Lea a#( Ste, 22/5 85/6

La#ta#a Lea a#( !te, 22/8 86/6

A,o#)!t the a)'"cultu'al 1a!te!% '"ce hu!* ha! a +e'y h")h ote#t"al o' the 'o(uct"o# o a+e'y eect"+e !eco#(a'y 'a1 ,ate'"al/ It "! ,a"#ly (ue to "t! 'a#(o, a+a"la$"l"ty% +e'y h")h !"l"ca

co#te#t a#( 'elat"+ely lo1 co!t/ Mo'e tha# 299 cou#t'"e! "# the 1o'l( 'o(uce '"ce% the cu''e#t'o(uct"o# o 1h"ch "! e!t",ate( at ,o'e tha# 399 ,"ll"o# to#!/ Ate' $u'#"#) '"ce hu!* "#co#t'olle( te,e'atu'e a#( (u'at"o# u!"#) 'oe'ly (e!")#e( !,all la#t!% 89 o ,a!! ohu!*"! co#+e'te( "#to h")h ?ual"ty +alue a((e( a!h 1h"ch "! a u#"?ue !eco#(a'y 'a1 ,ate'"al/

Ate',"ll"#) 'oce!!% a$out 89 o the ,a!! o '"ce "! o$ta"#e( a! hu!*/ The 'o(uct"o# a#('e!ea'ch o# RHA !ta'te( "# Pa*"!ta# "# ea'ly !e+e#t"e! a#( the A!"a# cou#t'"e! ha+e'o(uce( 1o'l( a,ou! 'e!ea'che'! "# th"! "el(/ So,e o the, )ot 'eco)#"t"o# a#( a 1o'l(autho'"ty !tatu! late'o# ate' 1o'*"#) "# a co#(uc"+e 1e!te'# 'e!ea'ch e#+"'o#,e#t/

RHA 'e!e,$le! SF "# te',! o h")h !"l"ca co#te#t a#( "t! la')e !u'ace a'ea "! ,a"#ly (ue to"t!"#te'#al +o"(! a#( ce'ta"#ly #ot (ue ,a"#ly to "t! a't"cle !"0e/ Ho1e+e' SF ha! !u$-,"c'o#le+ela't"cle !"0e% a! "(e#t""e( "# SEM% 1h"ch al!o )"+e! '"!e to h")h !u'ace a'ea/ I#clu!"o# oRHA "# ce,e#t $a!e( !y!te,! ",'o+e! "t! 'oe't"e! 2-J/ By u!"#) a #e1 !t"''"#) tye


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u'#ace


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1"th co#t'olla$le a"' lo1 a#( hu!* ee("#) 'ate% "#!tea( o 'out"#ely u!e( 'ota'y *"l#% a#( "# thete,e'atu'e 'a#)"#) $et1ee# 599QC to 99QC% the !ec""c !u'ace a'ea (ec'ea!e( 1"th"#c'ea!e"# the "#c"#e'at"o# te,e'atu'e/ The $e!t 'a#)e! o te,e'atu'e a#( (u'at"o# 1e'e)"+e# a!

59QC to 559QC a#( 59-299 ,"#ute! 'e!ect"+ely to $u'# out ":e( ca'$o#5J a#( to

)et +e'yh")h !u'ace a'ea ;259,8@)


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oa#y l"te'atu'e 1he'e"# RHA ha! $ee# !tu("e( "# co,a'"!o# to SF "# HP SCCS/ The'eo'eo#e othe ,a"# (",e#!"o#! o th"! "#+e!t")at"o# 1a! to e:lo'e the u!e o RHA "#!tea( o SF;1h"ch "!#ot l"*ely to $e locally 'o(uce( eco#o,"cally "# the #ea' utu'e "# (e+elo"#) '"ce'o(uc"#)


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cou#t'"e!< "# HP SCCS/ Th"! 1oul( al!o 'e(uce the e#+"'o#,e#tal 'o$le,! a!!oc"ate( 1"ththe cu''e#t oe# "el( $u'#"#) o the hu!*/ SF "! #ot eco#o,"cally a+a"la$le e+e# "#(e+eloe(cou#t'"e! the'eo'e eo't! ,ay $e ,a(e to e#cou'a)e the u!e o RHA "# HP SCCS/

2.5 L",e!to#e Po1(e';LSPCPDS< 1a! !et u a! a# "#te'#at"o#al o')a#"0at"o# "# 2434/

A! the "le "#c'ea!e( "# !"0e% a#( ,o'e co,le: co,ou#(! 1e'e a((e(% "t 1a! (e!"'a$le to u!e

lo#)e' -'ay 1a+ele#)th!% !uch a! coe'% "'o#% co$alt a#( ch'o,"u, 'a("at"o#! "# o'(e' to

!'ea( out the atte'# a! ,uch a! o!!"$le/ No1 Cu.a "! the 'e(o,"#a#t 'a("at"o# u!e( "#

'ea'"#) atte'#! "# the PDF 3J/

Stu(y o the hy('at"o# 'oce!! a#( 'o(uct! "# co#c'ete! a#( ,o'ta'! $y RD "!co,l"cate($y the 'e!e#ce o a))'e)ate 1h"ch a'e al!o c'u!he( 1h"le ,a*"#) o1(e'! !o,o!t o !tu("e!a'e ,a(e o# a!te!/ Calc"u, hy('o:"(e ;CH


39/168

(etect"o# o the ?ua#t"ty o Ca;OH


40/168

o$!e'+"#) a# u#u!ual lo1 $eha+"o' "# co#ce#t'ate( !u!e#!"o#! l"*e a"#t!/ Thu! 'heolo)y,ea#! the !tu(y o lo1 a#( (eo',at"o#/ I# co#!t'uct"o# "el( te',! l"*e 1o'*a$"l"ty%


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lo1a$"l"ty a#( cohe!"o# a'e u!e( !o,et",e! "#te'cha#)ea$ly/ &a'"ou! 'e!ea'che'! ha+e )"+e#

the"' (e"#"t"o#! o 1o'*a$"l"ty% co#!"!te#cy a#( la!t"c"ty/ The!e a'e $a!e( o' (e"#e( o# the

$a!"! o eel"#)! o a e'!o# a#( a'e #ot $a!e( o# hy!"cal $eha+"o' o a ,ate'"al/ W"th the

a+a"la$"l"ty o ,o(e'# e?u",e#t "t aea'! that all the!e !houl( $e ("!ca'(e( "# a+o' ohy!"cally ,ea!u'a$le a'a,ete'!/ Tatte'!all 34J !u,,a'"0e! +e'y clea'ly the co#c'ete

1o'*a$"l"ty te',"#olo)y/

Wo'*a$"l"ty "! (e"#e( e"the' ?ual"tat"+ely a! the ea!e o lace,e#t o' ?ua#t"tat"+ely $y'heolo)"cal a'a,ete'! 9J/ The ,o!t co,,o#ly u!e( te!t to (ete',"#e 1o'*a$"l"ty "# 'act"ce"! the !lu, co#e te!t/ E"the' the +e't"cal !lu, ("!ta#ce o' the ho'"0o#tal !'ea( o theco#c'eteca# $e ,ea!u'e(/ Mo!t o the e:"!t"#) te!t! ,ea!u'e o#ly o#e a'a,ete' e"the''elate( to+"!co!"ty o' y"el( !t'e!!/

2.12.1 O#e-Facto' Te!t!Te!t! l"*e !lu,% Pe#et'at"#) 'o(% .elly $all% &"cat a#( W"),o'e% ./ !lu, te!t% &e$e

t",e o' 'e,ol("#) Po1e'! aa'atu! a#( Flo1-Co#e a'e all o#e acto' te!t!/I# !lu, te!t% the !t'e!! "! co,o!e( o 1e")ht o co#c'ete e' u#"t a'ea/ The co#c'ete 1"ll!lu, o' ,o+e o#ly " y"el( !t'e!! "! e:cee(e( a#( 1"ll !to 1he# !t'e!! ;1e")ht o co#c'etee' u#"t a'ea< "! $elo1 y"el( !t'e!!/ Slu, te!t "! 'elate( to y"el( !t'e!!/ The +a'"a$"l"ty "#!lu, te!t,ea!u'e,e#t! "! ,a"#ly (ue to oe'ato' a#( (ue to +a'"at"o#! "# ,": 'oo't"o#!/A,o(""cat"o# o the !lu, te!t% u!e( o' co#c'ete! 1"th +e'y h")h !lu, a! h")h a! 699 ,,,"#u!the coa'!e a))'e)ate ("a,ete' "! to ,ea!u'e !'ea( "#!tea( o ('o/

I# Ge',a#y ;DIN 295< the !lu, co#e "! lace( o# a !ec"al ,etal !heet/ It "! "lle( a#( the#

l"te( the ,etal !heet "! )"+e# a 'e-(ete',"#e( #u,$e' o ,echa#"cal ('o!/ The !'ea( o

co#c'ete "! ,ea!u'e(/ Th"! +e'!"o# o !lu, co#e "! 'elate( to +"!co!"ty a#( #ot to y"el( !t'e!!

$ecau!e ('o"#) the ,etal !u$=ect! the co#c'ete to a !t'e!! that "! )'eate' tha# y"el( !t'e!!/

The'eo'e ,ea!u'e,e#t "! 'elate( to the lo1 o co#c'ete 1he# y"el( !t'e!! "! e:cee(e(/ I theco#c'ete (oe! #ot !lu, o' !'ea(% the# th"! ,ea#! that y"el( !t'e!! 1a! #ot e:cee(e( a#(

the'eo'e co#c'ete ("( #ot lo1/

Rece#tly !lu, co#e te!t 'oce(u'e 1a! ,o(""e( to allo1 the e!t",at"o# o $oth the y"el(

!t'e!! a#( +"!co!"ty/ S"#ce the "#al !lu, "! 'elate( ("'ectly to the y"el( !t'e!!% "t "! 'ea!o#a$le to

a!!u,e that the t",e-(ee#(e#ce o !lu, "! l"*ely to $e co#t'olle( $y the la!t"c +"!co!"ty/

The'e a'e te!t! ,ea!u'"#) $oth a'a,ete'! $ut they a'e #e"the' chea #o' ea!y to ca''y out/

Rheolo)y% a!"(e 'o, ,ea!u'"#) lo1 o co#c'ete% "! co#ce'#e( 1"th 'e("ct"o# o lo1 'o, the

'oe't"e! o co,o#e#t!/

La$o'ato'y 'heo,ete'! a'e !oh"!t"cate( a#( e:e#!"+e 1h"le ,o!t "el( te!t! a'e ea!y tou!e a#( "#e:e#!"+e/ E+e# " the 'heolo)"cal $eha+"o' o the co#c'ete "! 'e(uce( to t1o

a'a,ete'!

;y"el( !t'e!! a#( la!t"c +"!co!"ty


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a!!u,"#) "#c'ea!"#) ",o'ta#ce "# ,o(e'# co#c'ete!/ Fo' h")h-e'o',a#ce co#c'ete!% "t

'e?ue#tly co#!t"tute! the c'"t"cal a'a,ete' that co#t'ol! u,a$"l"ty% a#( ea!e o "#"!h"#)/Co#c'ete lo1 'oe't"e! #ee( to $e cha'acte'"0e( $y ,o'e tha# o#e a'a,ete' $ecau!e

co#c'ete "! a #o#-Ne1to#"a# lu"(/ The ,o!t co,,o#ly u!e( ,o(el "! the B"#)ha, e?uat"o#that 'e?u"'e! t1o a'a,ete'!% "/e/% y"el( !t'e!! a#( la!t"c +"!co!"ty/ The y"el( !t'e!!(ete',"#e! the !t'e!! a$o+e 1h"ch the ,ate'"al $eco,e! a lu"(/ The la!t"c +"!co!"ty "! a,ea!u'e o ho1 ea!"ly the ,ate'"al 1"ll lo1% o#ce the y"el( !t'e!! "! o+e'co,e/ The y"el(!t'e!! te', "! a ,a#"e!tat"o#o '"ct"o# $et1ee# !ol"( a't"cle! 1h"le the la!t"c +"!co!"tyte', 'e!ult! 'o, +"!cou!("!!"at"o# (ue to the ,o+e,e#t o 1ate' "# the !hea'e( ,ate'"al/

L"te'atu'e (e!c'"$e! that 'heolo)"cal 'oe't"e! o ce,e#t a!te! +a'y 1"th the cha#)e o te!t

)eo,et'y% '"ct"o# a#( )a/ The'e "! a #ee( to !ta#(a'("0e 'heolo)"cal te!t ,etho(! o' co,a'"#)

"#te'-la$o'ato'y 'e!ult!/ 2% 8J/ Ge#e'ally o' +a'"ou! 'heolo)"cal ,o(el!% a 'e(uct"o# "# 1ate'-

$"#(e' 'at"o 'e!ult! "# h")he' la!t"c +"!co!"ty/ F'e!h co#c'ete "! a co,le: #o#-Ne1to#"a#

,ate'"al that o!!e!!e! a y"el( !t'e!! a#( a !hea' 'ate (ee#(e#t +"!co!"ty% $oth o 1h"ch cha#)e

1"th t",e/ A! co#c'ete !et!% the y"el( !t'e!! a#( +"!co!"ty "#c'ea!e )'a(ually 6J/A"'-e#t'a"#"#)a)e#t! a'e 'e?ue#tly u!e( to e#ha#ce 'ee0e-tha1 'e!"!ta#ce o co#c'ete/ L"te'atu'e 'eo't! a

!tu(y 1h"ch !ho1e( that $y "#c'ea!"#) a"' co#te#t% the y"el( !t'e!! "#c'ea!e( a#( the la!t"c

+"!co!"ty (ec'ea!e( 6J/The "#c'ea!e "# y"el( !t'e!! 1a! a# u#e:ecte( 'e!ult $ecau!e

"#c'ea!"#)a"' "! 1ell *#o1# to cau!e a# "#c'ea!e "# !lu,% a#( y"el( !t'e!! a#( !lu, a'e

#e)at"+elyco''elate( ;a! y"el( !t'e!! "#c'ea!e!% !lu, (ec'ea!e!


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a"#"ty o' ,ult"-laye' a(!o't"o# o SP ,olecule! 4J/ Ho1e+e' th"! !tu(y !ho1e( that the'ea'e !o,e othe' acto'! al!o 'e!o#!"$le o' the "#c'ea!e( SP (e,a#( e!ec"ally the tye o"#te'#al o'o!"ty o o1(e'/ I# !u,,a'y% co#c'ete "! a !u!e#!"o# "#clu("#) a't"cle! that ,ay

'a#)e 'o, le!! tha# 2, to o+e' 29 ,,/ The lo1 'oe't"e! a'e (e!c'"$e( a'o:",atelyu!"#)a B"#)ha, ,o(el% (e"#e( $y t1o acto'! "#clu("#) la!t"c +"!co!"ty a#( y"el( !t'e!! a!u#(e'/

; < ;8/5


114/168

F")/ /68 ;$< SEM o C8-FARHA-S2 at 8Day! A)e

F")/ /68 ;c< SEM o C8-FASF-S2-at 8Day! A)e

The !"0e% !hae a#( ,o'holo)y o hy('at"o# 'o(uct! a#( c'y!tal! a'e cha#)e( 1he# a("e'e#t SRM "! u!e( "# SCM !y!te,!/ Ge#e'ally the o'o!"ty "# IT o RHA co,o!"te "!!l")htly h")he' tha# that o SF co,o!"te a#( h")he' co,'e!!"+e !t'e#)th o RHA co#c'eteco,a'e( 1"th that o co#t'ol "! (ue to the 'e(uce( o'o!"ty% 'e(uce( CH a#( 'e(uce((",e#!"o#! o IT $et1ee# the a!te a#( a))'e)ate 3J/ The RHA Co#c'ete ha! $ee#'eo'te( to ha+e e:celle#t 'e!"!ta#ce to chlo'"(e "o# e#et'at"o# a#( to 'ee0"#) a#( tha1"#)239J a#( "t"! o#ly (ue to ",'o+e( IT@,"c'o!t'uctu'e/

Co,a'"!o# $et1ee# the SEM ,"c'o!t'uctu'e o a,o'hou! a#( c'y!tall"#e $le#(! o FA;FARHA a#( FARHAP< ca# $e ,a(e $y "#!ect"#) ")! -4 o a##e:u'e-B 1"th all th'eece,e#t! at the a)e o 8 (ay!/ Ta$le! a#( 4 o A##e:u'e-B )"+e 'ee'e#ce "#te#!"ty o' CHo'+a'"ou! SRM o',ulat"o#!/ The FARHA !y!te,! ha+e the ollo1"#) lu! o"#t o+e'

FARHAP !y!te,!/

K HP SCM !y!te,! u!"#) FARHA !ho1 (e#!e' ,"c'o!t'uctu'e% o',at"o# o e+e# ,o'ehy('at"o# 'o(uct! o+e' the SRM a't"cle! a#( le!!e' #u,$e' o o'e!@CH c'y!tal! a'e

!ee#/ The ,a:",u, o'e !"0e! a'e al!o 'e(uce(/

All th"! "#("cate! a !ue'"o' o00ola#"c act"+"ty o RHA co,a'e( 1"th RHAP 'e!ult"#) "# h")he'o'e 'e"#e,e#t eect a#( he#ce the !t'e#)th/

4.2.8 Wate' A$!o't"o# o SCCS

Wate' a$!o't"o# o HP SCP a#( HP SCM !y!te,! 1a! (ete',"#e( "# SSD co#("t"o#at the a)e o 6% a#( 8 (ay!/ I# A##e:u'e-A% F")u'e! 25-2 !ho1 the 1ate' a$!o't"o#'e!o#!e oHP SCP !y!te,! 1"th CEM III at 89% 9 a#( 39 ,":"#) 1ate' co#te#t ;1/'/tthe ce,e#t,a!!


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S","la'ly F")u'e! 2-6 "# A##e:u'e-B !ho1 1ate' a$!o't"o# o HP SCM !y!te,! 1"th th'ee

ce,e#t! at co#!ta#t 1@c a#( 1@ 'at"o!/ He'e a)a"# o#e ca# !ee that a(("t"o# o 89 RHA "# FA

!ho1! the h")he!t 1ate' a$!o't"o#/ The !eco#( h")he!t "! LSP 1h"le FA alo#e !ee,! to )"+e the

lea!t 1ate' a$!o't"o#/ A(("t"o# o RHA "# HP SCP a#( HP SCM !y!te,! "#c'ea!e! the 1ate'a$!o't"o# thou)h ,a:",u, o'e !"0e "! 'e(uce(/ The o#ly o!!"$"l"ty o' th"! to hae# "! the

tye o o'o!"ty% 1h"ch !ee, to $e co##ecte( 1"th lo#) $ut "#e' o'e!/


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4.3 TESTS ON HP SCC SYSTEMS

4.3.1 G'a("#)! a#( Flo1

&a'"ou! SCC ,":e! 1e'e (e!")#e( o' ("e'e#t ta')et !lu, !'ea(! ate' ca'eul !tu(yo the l"te'atu'e al'ea(y 'eo'te(/ Mo'eo+e' ,":e! 1e'e al!o te!te( at local 'ea(y ,a(eco#c'ete ,a#uactu'"#) la#t a#( the# the!e 1e'e !ucce!!ully lace( "# a local tu##el oteach"#) a#( 'e!ea'ch ,"#e o F'e"$e')% Ge',a#y/ Ta$le 2 o A##e:u'e-C !ho1! the"#)'e("e#t! o !o,e o the ,":e! (e!")#e( o' +a'"ou! ta')et !'ea(!/ Ta$le 8 a#( 6 o the!a,e A##e:u'e )"+e the lo1'oe't"e! o !a,e ,":e!/ The ta')et !lu, !'ea(! o' G a#(G8 o',ulat"o#! 1e'e 332 a#(92 c, 'e!ect"+ely/ It "! o!!"$le that " the ta')et !lu, oG )'a("#) 1a! "# the +"c"#"ty o9 c, !'ea(% "t coul( ha+e $ee# o$ta"#e( $y u!"#) h")he'P@S 'at"o a#( the u##el t",e! 1oul(#ot ha+e ha( that $") a ("e'e#ce a#( the )'a("#) eect!1oul( ha+e $ee# the# t'uly 'electe(/ Itaea'! that o' G o',ulat"o# a !l")ht "#c'ea!e

"# P@S 'at"o ('o! the &- Fu##el t",e

co#!"(e'a$ly/ It ha! $ee# e:e'"e#ce( that "# )e#e'alh")h !a#( co#te#t 1"th"# the !","la' totala))'e)ate co#te#t ,")ht #ee( h")he' P@S 'at"o o' ata')et !'ea( (ue to h")he' !u'ace a'ea/ The $lee("#) a#( !e)'e)at"o# 'o$le,! o' a,o(e'ate a#( 'ea!o#a$le P@S 'at"o a'e ,o'e !")#""ca#to' lo1 !a#( ,":e!/ F")u'e /66 !ho1!the 'elat"o# $et1ee# a(,":tu'e! 'at"o ;P@S< a#( &-Fu##elt",e o SCC ,":e! 1"th CEM II o'G8 a#( G )'a("#)!/

F")/ /66 &-Fu##el T",e a#( P@S Rat"o Relat"o# Fo' T1o A))'e)ate G'a("#)!

A! !tate( ea'l"e'% &-Fu##el t",e "! "#("cat"+e o the +"!co!"ty o the !y!te, 1h"le the !'ea()"+e! a# "#("cat"o# o the y"el( o the !y!te,/


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F")/ /6 )"+e! the 'elat"o# $et1ee# T59 c, !lu, t",e a#( &-Fu##el t",e $oth $e"#) au#ct"o#o +"!co!"ty o the SCC ,":e!/ Out o #"#e ,":e!% th'ee ha( a lo1 'a#)e o 35-3c, 1h"le'e,a"#"#) ha( a lo1 'a#)e o 34-8 c, 1"th G )'a("#)/ O cou'!e the"' P@S 'at"o

1a! ("e'e#t1"th )'eate' 'at"o o' the h")he' !lu, !'ea(!/ I#!ect"#) the ")u'e "t $eco,e!aa'e#t that$oth t",e! e#=oy a 'ea!o#a$le !t'a")ht l"#e 'elat"o#!h" e+e# 1"th ("e'e#ce "#ce,e#t tye!/ Itca# the'eo'e $e "#e''e( that T59 c, t",e "! al!o a# "#("'ect ,ea!u'e o+"!co!"ty o the SCC!y!te,!/

F")/ /6 Relat"o# Bet1ee# T59 c,Slu,T",e a#( &-u##el T",e

F")/ /65 Relat"o# Bet1ee# Slu, a#( >-R"#) !'ea(! o So,e o SCC M":e!

Althou)h a u##el t",e o 3-22 !eco#(! "! co#!"(e'e( e!!e#t"al o' SCC% yet l"te'atu'e !u))e!t!

a t",e $et1ee# 29-89 !eco#(! ,ay !t"ll $e )oo( o' 'act"ce 232J/ A !lu, !'ea( "! al1ay!

,o'e tha# >-'"#) !'ea( $ecau!e "# the late'% the 'e!e#ce o "#te',"tte#t e'"he'al o$!t'uct"o#!at 59 c, ("a,ete' oe'! 'e!"!ta#ce/ F") /65 !ho1! 'elat"o# $et1ee# !lu, te!t a#( >-'"#) 'e!ult!

o !o,e SCC ,":e! o G )'a("#) 1"th ("e'e#t ce,e#t!/ The 'elat"o# ha! al!o $ee# "tte( $y a

!t'a")ht l"#e "# 1h"ch y "! the >-'"#) !'ea( "# c, a#( : "! the !lu, !'ea( "# c,/

It ca# $e !ee# "# F")u'e /65 that >-'"#) !'ea(! a#( !lu, !'ea(! ha( a 'ea!o#a$ly !t'a")ht-l"#e 'elat"o#/ The ("e'e#ce 1oul( ha+e $ee# 'o$a$ly u'the' 'e(uce( 1"th 'ou#( coa'!ea))'e)ate!a#( $y u!"#) o#ly o#e tye o ce,e#t/ It al!o aea'! that +a'"at"o#! "# P@S 'at"o(o #ot $ea' a!")#""ca#t eect o# th"! 'e!o#!e/

/6/2/2 D"e'e#ce! "# Flo1 Re!o#!e

A ca'eul !tu(y o the l"te'atu'e 1oul( 'e+eal that ,o!t o the u$l"!he( 'e!ult! o#+a'"ou! a!ect! o SCC a'e $a!e( o# la$o'ato'y !tu("e!/ Ba!e( o# e:e'"e#ce "t ha! $ee#o$!e'+e( that a!","la' SCC o',ulat"o# ,ay )"+e a +e'y ("e'e#t lo1 'e!o#!e 1he# te!te(at la#t! o' at !"te lace,e#t!/ The ("e'e#ce! a'e (ue to the (e)'ee o act"+at"o# o SP%e#+"'o#,e#tal acto'! "#clu("#) te,e'atu'e a#( 'elat"+e hu,"("ty a#( a 'athe' "#accu'atee!t",at"o# o a))'e)ate !u'ace ,o"!tu'e at 'ea(y ,":e( co#c'ete ,a#uactu'"#) la#t!/Ta$le / outl"#e! the("e'e#ce! "# the 'e!o#!e o !","la' o',ulat"o#! 1he# te!te( "# thela$o'ato'y a#( the# at la#ta#( !"te/


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Ta$le /7 A Ty"cal D"e'e#ce "# Flo1 Pa'a,ete'! a! Mea!u'e( "# La$o'ato'y% Pla#t a#(

Tu##el S"te ;,":tu'e7 CEM II @A-LL 68/5 R 69 *)@,6% FA 22 *)@,

6% 1@c9/5%

1@c,9/68% total a))'e)ate co#te#t 1"th G 1a! 2385/6 *)@,6/ M2 a#( M8 1e'e t1o ("e'e#t

,ea!u'e,e#t! o# the !a,e (ay


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6/% the total WD o SCC !y!te, ca# $e #ote(/ Th"! 'oce(u'e oe'! a 'athe' !",le !olut"o# to a

co,le: "!!ue a#( ca# $e u!e( at !"te al!o/

/6/6 St'e#)th o HPSCC

St'uctu'al a#( co#!t'uct"o# e#)"#ee'! a'e "#te'e!te( "# t1o ,a"# a'a,ete'! o SCC "#a(("t"o# to "t! +olu,e !ta$"l"ty/ The!e t1o a'a,ete'! "#clu(e lo1 a#( !t'e#)th/ The'eo'e the!electe( o',ulat"o#! ca!t "# la$o'ato'y% at la#t a#( the# at !"te 1e'e te!te( o' !t'e#)th/ I#F")/63 the !t'e#)th o SCC "! lotte( a)a"#!t W@C 'at"o o the o',ulat"o#! ca!t "# the la$o'ato'y

o' G3 )'a("#)/ It "! o$+"ou! that !t'e#)th hea+"ly (ee#(! o# the W@C 'at"o/ The a+e'a)e 8(ayco,'e!!"+e !t'e#)th o the te!te( o',ulat"o#! 1a! 9/823 MPa% 9/25 MPa a#( 9/864MPa e' *) o ce,e#t o' CEM I 8/5 R% CEM II @A-LL 68/5 R a#( CEM II@B-M 68/5 R

'e!ect"+ely a!

a)a"#!t 9/2 MPa@*) o ce,e#t 'eo'te( el!e1he'e 6J 1h"ch ,ay $e (ue tothe"' lo1e' ce,e#tco#te#t/

F")/ /63 Co,'e!!"+e St'e#)th &e'!u! W@C

Rat"o o SCC- Actual a#( F"tte( Cu'+e! Ate'

8 Day!

F")/ /6 Eect o Cu'"#) Co#("t"o#! o# TheCo,'e!!"+e St'e#)th o a Ty"cal SCC M":

4.3.3.1 D"e'e#ce! "# St'e#)th Re!o#!eThe #e:t a'a,ete' 1a! to "#( the ("e'e#ce! "# the !t'e#)th o !","la' SCC ,":e!

1h"ch ha( $ee# ca!t at ("e'e#t locat"o#!/ I# the la$o'ato'y the !a,le!% ate' ca!t"#)% 1e'e

lace( "# a# e#+"'o#,e#t 1"th 49 hu,"("ty a#( te,e'atu'e 1a! a'ou#( 8QC/ Ate' o#e (ay

the!e 1e'e (e,oul(e( a#( 1e'e ut "# 1ate' uto (ay! o a)e ate' 1h"ch the!e 1e'e ,o"!t a"'

cu'e( at 3 'elat"+e hu,"("ty 1"th"# la$o'ato'y te,e'atu'e/ W"th"# the tu##el !"te locat"o#% thete,e'atu'e (u'"#) !u,,e' ,o#th! 1a! clo!e to 22-26QC 1h"le 'elat"+e hu,"("ty 1a! a'ou#(

49 /Th"! acto' 1a! 'e!o#!"$le o' the !t'e#)th 'e!o#!e ("e'e#ce! a! )"+e# "# Ta$le /5/

Ta$le /5 St'e#)th Re!ult! o D"e'e#t Tu##el Place,e#t! W"th D"e'e#t Cu'"#) Co#("t"o#!M": Cu'"#)

Co#("t"o#

DaySt'e#)th%"#

8 DaySt'e#)th%"#

49 DaySt'e#)th%"#

Fle:u'alSt'e#)th

Co,'e!!"+e

St'e#)th

Fle:u'alSt'e#)th

Co,'e!!"+e

St'e#)th

Fle:u'alSt'e#)th

Co,'e!!"+e

St'e#)th

2 Tu##el - 5 /4 38 4/6

La$o'ato'y - 5 /5 9 /8 292

8 Tu##el - 56 4/4 3 29/2 La$o'ato'y 5 / /4 45


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12

Co,'e!!"+e !t'e#)th "# la$o'ato'y at 8 (ay! a#( 49 (ay! "! ,o'e/ It ,ay $e o!!"$ly (uetoh")he' cu'"#) te,e'atu'e a#( "#"t"al (ay! o 1ate' cu'"#)/ I# the tu##el ate' ca!t"#)%

the

!ec",e#! 1e'e let "# oe#/ Ho1e+e' !u''"!"#)ly the le:u'al !t'e#)th "! h")he' o' thetu##el cu'e( !a,le!/ It ,ay $e (ue to co#t"#ue( h")he' 'elat"+e hu,"("ty "# the tu##ele#+"'o#,e#t/Ate' o$!e'+"#) all the a+a"la$le (ata% "t ca# $e !a"( that a l"ttle +a'"at"o# "# P@S'at"o (oe! #otcha#)e the !t'e#)th !")#""ca#tly "# actual co#("t"o#! " all the othe' a'a,ete'!a#( "#)'e("e#t!'e,a"# the !a,e/ Mo'eo+e' a# "#c'ea!e o 5 ;o the total a))'e)ate co#te#tu#e 2444% 63-656/

5J/ .hayat% ./ H7 a#( A"tc"#% P/C/% U!e o Sel-Co#!ol"(at"#) Co#c'ete "# Ca#a(a% P'oc/I#te'#at"o#al Wo'*!ho o# Sel-Co,act"#) Co#c'ete% 86-83 Au)u!t 244% >aa#% 22-88/

3J/ Bu"% &/ ./% A**aya% Y/% a#( Shah% S/ P/% Rheolo)"cal Mo(el! o' Sel-Co#!ol"(at"#)Co#c'ete% ACI Mate'"al! >ou'#al% &/44% No/ 3% No+e,$e'-Dece,$e' 8998% 54-554/

J/ Det1"le'% R/>/% The M"c'o!t'uctu'e o Du'a$le Co#c'ete% P'oc/ 3th

I#te'#at"o#alCollo?u"u, o# Co#c'ete "# De+elo"#) Cou#t'"e!% ;E(! S/A/ She"*h a#( S/ A/R"01a#a#ua'y -3% 244% Laho'e% Pa*"!ta# 54-3/

J/ Malhot'a% &/M/% Fly A!h% Sla)% S"l"ca Fu,e% a#( R"ce-Hu!* A!h "# Co#c'ete7 ARe+"e1% Co#c'ete I#te'#at"o#al% &ol/ 25% A'"l 2446% 86-8/

4J/ M"!hulo+"ch% A/% Bhatty% >/ I/% A$$a!"% H/ A/% a#( Rue% D/% P'o(uct"o# o Sule,e#ta'yCe,e#t"t"ou! Mate'"al! U!"#) I#(u!t'"al Wa!te!% P'ocee("#)! o S":th I#te'#at"o#alCollo?u"u, o# Co#c'ete "# De+elo"#) Cou#t'"e!% >a#ua'y -3% 244% Laho'e%Pa*"!ta#/;E(! S/A/ She"*h a#( S/ A/ R"01a#u#e8998% &ol/ 8% -43

28J/ Cy'% M La1'e#ce% P7 a#( R"#)ot% E/% E"c"e#cy o M"#e'al A(,":tu'e! "# Mo'ta'!7ua#t""cat"o# o the Phy!"cal a#( Che,"cal Eect! o F"#e A(,":tu'e! "# Relat"o# 1"thCo,'e!!"+e St'e#)th% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 63 8993 83-8/


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26J/ Ma)a'otto% R/% Mo'att"% F/% a#( e,"#"a#% N/% Cha'acte'"0at"o# o L",e!to#e a#( FlyA!h o' a Rat"o#al U!e "# Co#c'ete% P'oc/ I#t/ Co#/ 5- >uly 8995% Du#(ee% U./Ce,e#t Co,$"#at"o#! o' Du'a$le Co#c'ete% E("to'! ;R . Dh"'% T/ A Ha''"!o# a#( M/D/Ne1la#(!a#ua'y-Fe$'ua'y 899/

24J/ Gay% M/% A(,":tu'e! o' HPC% P'oc/ I#te'#at"o#al Co#e'e#ce o# Du'a$"l"ty o HPCa#( F"#al Wo'*!ho o CONLIFE% 86-8 Sete,$e' 899% E!!e#% Ge',a#y% E("to'!;M/>/ Set0e' S/ Palec*"ou'#al% &/ 4/ No/ % >uly-Au)u!t 8999% 2-8/

88J/ Mac"a!% A7 a#( Go#"% S/% Cha'acte'"0at"o# o A(,":tu'e a! Pla!t"c"0e' o'

Sue'la!t"c"0e' $y Delocculat"o# Te!t% ACI Mate'"al >ou'#al% &/ 43/ No/ 2/ >a#ua'y-

Fe$'ua'y 2444% 9-3/

86J/ Ma)ee% B/ >7 a#( Ale:a#(e'% M /G/% S",le Te!t Metho( to A!!e!! the Relat"+e

Eect"+e#e!! o Pla!t"c"0"#) Che,"cal A(,":tu'e!% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 62

;8992< 696-69/


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8J/ Cha#('a% S7 a#( B=o'#!t'o,% >/% I#lue#ce o Ce,e#t a#( Sue'la!t"c"0e'! Tye a#(

Do!a)e o# the Flu"("ty o Ce,e#t Mo'ta'!-Pa't 2% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch% 68

;8998< 2395-2322/

85J/ A#(e'!e#% P/ >7 a#( Roy% D/ M/% The Eect! o A(!o't"o# o Sue'la!t"c"0e'! o# the

Su'ace o Ce,e#t% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch% 2 ;24< 95-26/

83J/ Goa!0e1!*"% >7 a#( S01a$o1!*"% >/% I#lue#ce o Sue'la!t"c"0e'! o# Rheolo)"cal

Beha+"o' o F'e!h Ce,e#t Mo'ta'!% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 6 ;899< 865-8

8J/ Go+"#(a'ao% & /M/ H/%Ut"l"0at"o# o R"ce Hu!*-A P'el","#a'y A#aly!"!% >/ Sc"/ I#(/Re!/% &ol/ 64% 249% 45-525/

8J/ Hou!to#% D/ F/%R"ce Hull!% R"ce Che,"!t'y a#( Tech#olo)y% ;E(/ D/ F/ Hou!to#oh#% &/ M/%Ot","0at"o# o R"ce Hu!* A!hP'o(uct"o#% &e)eta$le Pla#t! a#( The"' F"$'e! a! Bu"l("#) Mate'"al!% P'oc/ Seco#( I#t/RILEM Sy,o!"u,% Sal+a(o'% Bah"a% B'a0"l% Se 2-82% 2449% ;E(/ H/ S/ So$'al


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139/168

59J/ u% A/% St'uctu'e o Ha'(e#e( Ce,e#t - Fly A!h Sy!te,! a#( The"' Relate( P'oe't"e!%P-487% D"+"!"o# o Bu"l("#) Mate'"al!% Chal,e'! U#"+e'!"ty o Tech#olo)y% Gote$o')%2448/

52J/ u% A/% Fly A!h "# Co#c'ete% "# Wa!te Mate'"al! U!e( "# Co#c'ete Ma#uactu'"#)% ;E(S Cha#('a% Noye! Pu$l"cat"o#!% 2443% USA% 28-26/

58J/ Cha#('a% S/% a#( Be'#t!!o#% L/% U!e o S"l"ca Fu,e "# Co#c'ete% "# Wa!te Mate'"al!U!e( "# Co#c'ete Ma#uactu'"#)% ;E(/ S/ Cha#('a% Noye! Pu$l"cat"o#!% 2443% USA% 55-386/

56J/ L"ao% .-Y et al/% A Stu(y o# Cha'acte'"!t"c! o I#te'ac"al T'a#!"t"o# o#e "# Co#c'ete%Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 6 ;899< 4-44/

5J/ Ha'utyu#ya#% &/ S et al/% M"c'o St'a"# D"!t'"$ut"o# "# Calc"u, Hy('o:"(e P'e!e#t "# theI#te'ac"al T'a#!"t"o# o#e% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 69 ;8999< 94-26/

55J/ Sc'"+e#e'% ./ L7 a#( Ne,at"% ./ M/%The Pe'colat"o# o Po'e Sace "# the Ce,e#t

Pa!te@A))'e)ate I#te'ac"al o#e o Co#c'ete% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch% 83

;2443< 65-9/

53J/ El-Sh'"e% A Cohe#% M/ D7 a#( Ole*% >/% I#lue#ce o A))'e)ate S"0e% Wate' Ce,e#tRat"o a#( A)e o# the M"c'o!t'uctu'e o the I#te'ac"al T'a#!"t"o# o#e% Ce,e#t a#(Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 66 ;8996< 26-24/

5J/ P'o*o!*"% G7 a#( Hal$"#"a*% >/% I#te'ac"al T'a#!"t"o# o#e "# Ce,e#t"t"ou! Mate'"al!%Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 69 ;8999< 54-56/

5J/ D"a,o#(% S7 a#( Lo+ell% >/% O# the Sac"#) Bet1ee# A))'e)ate G'a"#! "# Co#c'ete a#(the D",e#!"o#! o the Au'eole (e T'a#!"t"o#% L"a!o# (e C",e#t Mate'"al A!!oc"at"o#%P'ocee("#)! o RILEM collo?u"u,% Toulou!e% F'a#ce% 248e##"#)!% H/ M/% Ea'ly A)e M"c'o!t'uctu'e o the Pa!teA))'e)ate I#te'ace a#( "t! E+olut"o#% >ou'#al o Mate'"al! Re!ea'ch% &ol/ 26% No/ />uly 24% 2-24/

39J/ >e##"#)!% H/ M7 a#( Te##"!% P/ D/% Mo(el o' the De+elo"#) M"c'o!t'uctu'e "# Po'tla#(Ce,e#t Pa!te!% >ou'#al o A,e'"ca# Ce'a,"c Soc"ety% ;28< 6232-8 ;244


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36J/ B"e'%T/A/% .a'$o#at"!"e'u#) u#( Real*al"!"e'u#) +o# e,e#t!te"# u#( Beto#% PhDThe!"!% Ma!!"+$au% Bau!totech#olo)"e% T U .a'l!'uhe% Het % 24/

3J/ .lu)% H/ P a#( Ale:a#(e'% L/ E/% -Ray D"'act"o# P'oce(u'e!% >oh# W"ley So#!Pu$l"!he'!% 8

#(E("t"o#% 24% -39/

35J/ .=el!e#% ./ O a#( Atla!!"% E% H/%Po'e St'uctu'e o S"l"ca Fu,e Sy!te,!-P'e!e#ce o

Hollo1 Shell Po'e!% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 84 ;2444< 266-28/

33J/ O(le'% I/% Hy('at"o#% Sett"#) a#( Ha'(e#"#) o Po'tla#( Ce,e#t% LEAS Che,"!t'y o

Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete% th

E(% Pete' C He1lett ;E(ou'#al%&/ 299% No/ % >uly-Au)u!t 8996% 662-664/

6J/ St'u$le% L/ >/% a#( >"a#)% /% Eect! o A"' E#t'a"#,e#t o# Rheolo)y% ACI Mate'"al!

>ou'#al% &/ 292% No/ 3% No+e,$e'-Dece,$e' 899% -53/

J/ Pao% A/% a#( P"a#"% L/% Eect o &a'"ou! Sue'la!t"c"0e'! o# the Rheolo)"cal

P'oe't"e! o Po'tla#( Ce,e#t Pa!te!% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 6 ;899< 894-

8292/

5J/ Fe''a'"!% C/ F/% a#( Ga"("!% >/ M/% Co##ect"o# Bet1ee# the Rheolo)y o Co#c'ete a#(Rheolo)y o Ce,e#t Pa!te% ACI Mate'"al! >ou'#al% &/% No/ % >uly-Au)u!t 2448% 6-646/


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3J/ A"a(% I/% I#lue#ce o T",e A(("t"o# o Sue'la!t"c"0e'! o# the Rheolo)"cal P'oe't"e!o F'e!h Ce,e#t Pa!te!% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch 66 ;8996< 2884-286/

J/ Pet'ou% M/ F/% Wa#% Baol"#/ Ma'"a% F/ G/% .oll"% &/ G/% Ha''"e!% ./ A/% I#lue#ce oMo'ta' Rheolo)y o# A))'e)ate Settle,e#t% ACI Mate'"al >ou'#al% &/4/ No/ % >uly-

Au)u!t 8999% 4-5/

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22J/ Sa'"% M P'at% E7 a#( La$a!t"'e% >/ F/% H")h St'e#)th Sel-Co,act"#) Co#c'ete-O'")"#alSolut"o#! A!!oc"at"#) O')a#"c a#( I#o')a#"c A(,":tu'e!% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'eteRe!ea'ch 84 ;2444< 26-2/

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268J/ Sh"#(oh%T/% a#( Mat!uo*a% Y/% Reo't o# State-o-the-A't o# Co#!t'uct"o# o C"+"lE#)"#ee'"#) St'uctu'e!% P'oc/ I#te'#at"o#al Wo'*!ho o# Sel-Co,act"#) Co#c'ete86-83 Au)u!t 244% .och"% >aa#% 629-62/

266J/ D"#)!y'% E/% Da!tl% M/% a#( We($e')% W/ C/%Pa't"cle S"0e a#( Pa't"cle S"0e

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2448/

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263J/ Maeya,a% A Ma'uya,a% . M"(o'"*a1a% T7 a#( Sa*ata% N/% Cha'acte'"0at"o# oPo1(e' o' Sel-Co,act"#) Co#c'ete% P'oc/ I#te'#at"o#al Wo'*!ho o# SCC% 86-83

Au)u!t 244/ 242-899/

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89-825

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259J/ Rea(y,": Bau!to)'ue7 Bau!totech#"!che Date#/ 2 Aula)e% / 4/%


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252J/ B'ou1e'!% H/ >/ H/ a#( Ra(":% H/ >/% Sel-Co,act"#) Co#c'ete7 Theo'et"cal a#(E:e'",e#tal Stu(y% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'ete Re!ea'ch% 65 ;8995/%Co#c'ete Co#ta"#"#) Te'#a'y Ble#(e(B"#(e'!7 Re!"!ta#ce to Chlo'"(e I#)'e!! a#( Ca'$o#at"o#% Ce,e#t a#( Co#c'eteRe!ea'ch% &-8% No 3% 244% 85-62

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23J/ Golte',a##% P/% >oha#!e#% &/% a#( Pal$VDl% L/% Pac*"#) o A))'e)ate!7 A# Alte'#at"+e

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8. CURRICULUM &ITAE

A- PERSONAL INFORMATION

Na,e7 SYED ALI RIWAN

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F- CONFERENCES ORGANIED

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