DR. Paul Njiruh Nthakanio………TUK Dr. James I. Kanya …………………UoN Dr. John M. Kimani ………………...KARI Mwea Dr. Raphael Wanjogu ………………MIAD FUNDED

PROGRESS IN PRODUCTION OF SUPER YIELDING HYBRID BASMATI RICE IN KENYA

DR. Paul Njiruh Nthakanio………TUKDr. James I. Kanya …………………UoNDr. John M. Kimani ………………...KARI MweaDr. Raphael Wanjogu ………………MIAD

FUNDED / COLLABORATORS NATIONAL IRRIGATION BOARB , TUK, UoN, KARI

Work started in 2011 under NCST funding.

In 2012, we approached NIB which agreed to support the project financially.

Project is being conducted in four phases

Phase one: Adaptability of breeding rice lines in Kenya at KARI

Mwea (In green house and natural conditions):-Done

Phase Two: Breeding. Hybridization between Basmatis (370 and 217

) as paternal parents and PGMS and TGMS rice lines (Obtained

from IRRI):- On going.

Phase Three: Natural sterility induction in Mombasa; On going.

HYBRID RICE PROJECT

Phase 4: Production of hybrid rice in Bunyala and Mwea.

Publication

Kanya J.I., Njiru P.N., Kimani J.N., Wanjogu R.K. (2013):

Evaluation of Photoperiod and Thermosensitive Genic Male

Sterile Lines For Hybrid Rice Seeds Production in Kenya.

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural

Research (2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)

http://www.innspub.net Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 21-39,

2013).

1.1 Background : Rice production in Kenya

Over 300 tonnes of rice is consumed in Kenya.

About 100 tones is locally produced.

In Kenya rice is mainly grown in Mwea, Ahero, Bunyala, West

Kano, Yala Swamp (MoA, 2011).

About 98% of Mwea rice is Basmati.

By year 2030 Kenya population is expected to be 60.0million.

Rice yield is expected to increase 600% to feed the population.

1. INTRODUCTION

Year 2006 2013 2030 2050Kenya Population 38m 40m 60m ??

Production (Tones) 64,840 100,00 ?? ??

Area (ha) 23,106 ?? ?? ??

1.2 Rice Situation in Kenya

Table1. Source: NCPB and Department of Land, Crops Development and Management, USDA

Global Concerns

High yielding varieties (HYV) dwarf rice

varieties have reached breeding plateau

hence global yield.

Green revolution technology now need re-

innovation.

1.3 Food security Problem

Low yield per hectare of Basmati rice

(4.1ha) (Ministry of Agriculture, 2010).

Rice consumption is far above production.

Rice diseases like blast continue to reduce

yields (Wanjogu and Mugambi, 2001).

Kenya concerns

1.4 Hybrid Vigour and higher yields Hybridization has been used to increase rice

yield per hectare (Zhang, 2010).

High yield is due to heterosis or hybrid vigour.

1.5 Measuring heterosis?

Mid-Parent (MP) heterosis(F1 performs better than mean of two parents):

F1-MP MP

X100

Better Parent (BP) heterosis(F1 performs better than better parent):

Standard heterosis(F1 performs better than the check variety):

F1-BP BP

X100

X100F1-CK CK

To make a cross Male and female parents are needed.

a) Female need to have non-viable male gametes so that they can be crossed with another variety.

b) Male parent: need to have viable pollen.

1.6 Production of Hybrid

CMS vs EGMS

x

Female with sterile pollen but fertile ovule.

Male parent with fertile pollen

Hybrid plant

Hybridization

Male emasculation is done to induce male sterility, a condition in which the pollen grains are not viable to fertilize normally to set seeds.

Methods of male emasculation

a) Environmental Genic Male sterility method (EGMS)‣ PGMS – photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile lines. Uses long

daylight length to induce sterility

‣ TGMS - thermosentive genic male sterile lines Uses high temperature to induce sterility

1.7 Male emasculation

b) Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CMS)Male sterility is controlled by the interaction of a genetic factor (S) present in the cytoplasm and nuclear gene (s).

c) Chemically induced male sterilityMale sterility is induced by some chemicals (gametocides).

Methods of emasculation continued

.

CMS Vs PGMS

Based on the discovery of P(T)GMS mutant

Male sterility controlled by 1 or 2 pairs of recessive gene(s)

FertileS-line

Multiplication

Critical Fertility Point

Critical Sterility Point

Reproductive Upper Limit

Reproductive Lower Limit

SterileF1 Seed

Production

Partial Sterility

Model of Sterility / Fertility Expression for TGMS Rice

Temperature

low

high

Use hybrid rice technology to raise yield

i) Introduce EGMS in Kenya and test for their adaptability.

ii) Develop Basmati with EGMS gene.

iii) Produce hybrids by crossing EGMS-Basmati with conventional Basmati.

1.8 Objective

2. MATERIALS EGMS included; PGMS and TGMS LINES FROM

IRRI.These are:-PGMS Lines V1 - IR-73827-23-76-15-7S V3 - IR-75589-31-27-8-33S

TGMS Rice V2 - IR-77271-42-5-4-36S.

Basmati370

3. METHODS

Test for EGMS adaptability Sowing of EGMS in KARI Mwea.

Growth at sterility conditions and spikelet fertility assessed.

Growth under fertility inducing conditions and spikelet fertility assessed.

Sowing of EGMS in greenhouse

a bFig. a and b show EGMS and the greenhouse respectively

3.1.2 Complete male sterile EGMS

a b ca). EGMS under sterility inducing conditions, b). sterile panicle and c). Pollen from sterile panicle.

Reversion of EGMS to fertility (fertility inducing conditions )

a b Ca). EGMS rice plant, b). Panicles and c). Pollen from plants grown under fertility inducing conditions respectively with grains.

Evaluation of spikelet and seed fertility Rice line Treatmen

tFertile Pollen (blue black staining pollen) %

AverageSeed set per panicle%

1 V1PGMS LDL + HT 0 02 V2TGMS LDL + HT 1 33 V3PGMS LDL + HT 0 0

Average 0.33 11 V1PGMS NDL + HT 0 02 V2TGMS NDL + HT 0 23 V3 PGMS NDL + HT 0 0

Average 0 0.671 V1PGMS NDL + NT 64 452 V2TGMS NDL + NT 60 303 V3PGMS NDL + NT 55 26

Average 59.67 33.67

Hybrid seeds and Anthocianin

a b c

a). Hybrid rice, b and c show hybrid rice with deep anthocyanin at the base of the plant.

Anthocyanin Morphological Marker

V1 xb370 cross

Marker aided breeding

Lane 1: Rader, V1xB217, V1 xB370, V2xB217, V2xB370, V3xB217, VxB370)

Marker aided breeding continued

Ladder V1,V1xB217, B217

Doubled haploid

Calli from anthers of hybrid plants

STARING MOMBASA WORK

Contact person at KARI Mutwapa

Sabaki river

Planning for Malindi sowing

S/No

New line being tested Remarks

1 V1B217P001 Long awns

2 V13B217P002 Long awns

3 V1B217P003 awnless

4 V1B217P004 Short awns

5 V1B217P005 Long awns

5 V1B217P006 Short awns

6 V1B217P007 Short awns

F4 Lines Under Test

Line Identity Number of lines under trial

V1XB217 52

V2X217 23V3X217 35V1X370 38V2X 370 55V3X 370 55

F4 Lines under trial

F3 plants in the field

F3 Plants in the field

MIAD NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

M2U00022.MPG

Acknowledgement

THANK YOU