Dr. Jan Erik Grindheim Assoc. Prof. II Department of Comparative Politics University of Bergen Dr. Jan Erik Grindheim Assoc. Prof. II Department of Comparative.

Dr. Jan Erik GrindheimAssoc. Prof. II

Department of Comparative PoliticsUniversity of Bergen

Dr. Jan Erik GrindheimAssoc. Prof. II

Department of Comparative PoliticsUniversity of Bergen

EU ENLARGEMENT EU ENLARGEMENT

EUROPAN COUNCIL SUMMIT 8-9 DECEMBER 2011

1. Introduction

2. Enlargement Rationality

3. The Accession of Croatia

4. Flexible Integration?

5. Conclusion

EU EnlargementEU Enlargement

1. Introduction1. Introduction

"Today's signature of the Accession Treaty is an outstanding moment for the European Union and for Croatia" […]

"Croatia is the best proof of how strong and successful the transformative power of the enlargement policy can be".

Jose Manuel Barroso, 9 December 2011

2. Enlargement Rationality2. Enlargement Rationality

1957: France, Germany, Italy & Be-Ne-Lux1957: France, Germany, Italy & Be-Ne-Lux

2004: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Cyprus & Malta

2004: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Cyprus & Malta

1973: UK, Ireland & Denmark1973: UK, Ireland & Denmark

1981: Greece 1981: Greece

1986: Portugal & Spain1986: Portugal & Spain

1995: Austria, Finland & Sweden1995: Austria, Finland & Sweden

ENLARGEMENT 2004:

1/4 growth of territory

1/3 growth of population

1/20 growth of GDP

2009: Candidate Countries: Turkey, Croatia & Macedonia2009: Candidate Countries: Turkey, Croatia & Macedonia

2007: Bulgaria & Romania2007: Bulgaria & Romania

1990: East joins West in Germany1990: East joins West in Germany

EU EnlargementEU Enlargement

GDP per capita in Europe 2003

Source: The Economist 18 September 2004.EU EnlargementEU Enlargement

The Cold Figures of Enlargement

In the member states that joined in 2004:

over 92 % of population lived in regions with a GDP per capita under 75 % of the EU 25 average

61 % of the population lived in regions below 50 %, whereas no regions in the former EU 15 falls below this level

14 % of the population within EU 15 lived below 75 % of the EU average

Source: IP/05/107 Brussels 28 January 2005. EU EnlargementEU Enlargement

3. The Accession of Croatia3. The Accession of Croatia

The Treaty of Accession of Croatia to the European Union was signed 9 December 2011 at the European Council in Brussels.

“The signature marks the successful end to six-years of negotiations and represents one of the final milestones in the country's road to EU Membership.”

Croatia … applied for EU membership in 2003

candidate country in 2004

accession negotiations started October 2005

successful negotiations 30 June 2011

foreseen to hold referendum in early 2012 subject to the ratification, of the Accession Treaty by all 27 Member

States

will join EU 1 July 2013

4. Flexible Integration?4. Flexible Integration?

CANDIDATE COUNTRIES

Croatia [Accession Treaty signed]Iceland

The Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaMontenegro

Turkey

POTENTIAL CANDIDATES

AlbaniaBosnia and Herzegovina

Serbia and Kosovo under UNSecurity Council Resolution 1244

Flexible Integration?

European Economic Area Treaty, bilateral between organisations

European Economic Area Treaty, bilateral between organisations

Membership based on multilateral treaties

Membership based on multilateral treaties

Free Trade Agreements, bilateral

Free Trade Agreements, bilateral

Special Arrangement Special Arrangement

EU EnlargementEU Enlargement

5. Conclusion5. Conclusion

The EU is a Hybrid - A New Political Order in Europe

Social and Economic Rights

Civil and Political RightsManyNo

Many

State-and Nation-Building 1648 State-and Nation-Building 1648

Constitution-Making and Democratisation 1789 Constitution-Making and Democratisation 1789

Representation and Welfare 1848

Representation and Welfare 1848

Globalisation and European Integration 1989

Globalisation and European Integration 1989

EU EnlargementEU Enlargement