Dr HATCHEU Emil TCHAWÉ Senior Lecturer Department of Geography and environment University of Dschang (Cameroon) Coordinator of JCAD-international.

URBAN STAKES AND CHALLENGES IN AFRICA

Dr HATCHEU Emil TCHAWÉSenior Lecturer

Department of Geography and environment University of Dschang (Cameroon)Coordinator of JCAD-international

Introduction

I- TWO TYPES URBAN GROWTH  a) Gentrification b) Sprawl

II- NEW MODELS OF URBAN PLANNING IN AFRICAa)university as urban actorb) New towns in new oil producers countries

III- FROM CITY GOVERNMENT TO URBAN GOVERNANCE STAKES OF URBAN GOVERNANCE

Conclusion BETWEEN GLOBAL AND WORLDING CITY

PLAN OF PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION Projections suggest that this population growth will be accompanied by a rapid rate of urbanization based on a number of megacities. The epicenter of this massive demographic shift has moved towards developing countries Then Megalopolis and metropolis (process) are the major characteristics of the African cities in the early 21st century. .

In the South who know a certain thrill economic post-adjustment (Cameroon) or for the benefit of the exploitation of recent oil reserves (Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Chad), densification of the old inner city rivals the rapid occupation of peripheral areas. Restructuring and rehabilitation of inner city is characterized by gentrification. Challenge of urban planning in Africa is to reconcile the densification of inners centres and sprawling areas

The renewal of urban management is then presented as advance local development. Among economic, cultural and political the most significant shape is the quest for wider political reforms around which struggles continue to crystallize experiences in decentralization, devolution and local government that directly affect content, structure and quality of urban governance.

Urban governance implies that citizenship is now mobilized across the city. It is be based on a real citizen participation in all stages of the urban development:

diagnosis, problem formulation, development strategy,

objectives definition, resources allocation,

project implementation and evaluation.

The final goal of this document is to

allow student to have a global vision of urban and urbanization issues in Africa

Identify models of urban planning in Africa analyze stakes of urban governance in Africa Carry out a critical analysis of urban planning and

development models in Africa

Upon the class students will have the skills to make a comparative analysis of urbanization patterns in Africa in north America and southern Asia

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

I- TWO TYPES URBAN GROWTH

Old buildings and housing give way to new buildings and equipment and infrastructure that respond to requirements of modern societies. Gentrification can result of

◦ revalorization of the centers city, ◦ incentive measures taken to attract comfortable taxpayers, ◦ dynamism of the real estate market, ◦ industrial or polluting activity disappearance.

Three theses explain gentrification: - The sociological thesis,

- The economic thesis

- The cultural thesis.

a) GENTRIFICATION

Urban or suburban sprawl is centered around the expansion of low-density development. Another key characteristic is its low-density land.

Yaoundé (Cameroon), extends 25 km from north to south and 10 km from west to east. It has conquered new spaces at its periphery and progressively incorporate satellite cities This extension took place outside the control of policymakers. Human activities are deployed in ignorance of the laws governing urban planning.

 Brazzaville (Republic of Congo) concentrates 59% of the urban population and 37% of the total population in 2007. Its area increased from 1,800 hectares in 1950 to 20,900 hectares in 2007, representing an annual growth rate of 2%.

URBAN SPRAWL …

Urban sprawl causes loss of rurality, Many environmental problems

changing growing soil (roads, larger family houses), farmland, forestry,

pastoral or natural areas disappear,

Sprawling urban areas requires an increased use of vehicles and two-

wheel, hence energy supply and inevitably imposes the development of

infrastructure, mainly transport, and use of larger surfaces.

These changes increases emissions of greenhouse gases -which promotes

climate change- and leads to increased air and noise pollution.

II- NEW MODELS OF URBAN PLANNING IN AFRICA

KONZA TECHNOLOGY CITY IN KENYA

Kenya’s Vision 2030 Designed to be a beacon of excellence for not only Kenya but all of Africa, the Silicon Savannah represents an ambitious vision of a modern, inclusive and sustainable Kenya.

Konza Techno City will l feature: Central Business District (CBD): University campus: Residential community:

occupying almost 920 ha, providing almost 37000 homes and accommodating a resident population of 185,000 people.

Parks and wildlife to develops and improves the environment.

NEW TWONS IN OIL PRODUCER COUNTRIES

Some of African countries oil producers invest in ex nihilo creation of new towns . This is the case of Kilamba Angola or Oyala in Equatorial Guinea.

new towns” have become a priority development strategies of cities and metropolitan regions implemented to absorb urban growth and create areas of economic activities. It must also be a harmonious and attractive living place

CIDADE NUEVA KILAMBA IN ANGOLA

Constructed by by a Chinese state company - International Trust and Investment Corporation (Citic) - for almost 3,5 billions of dollars paid in oil by the Angolan state

Not far from Luanda, the nation capital, Cidade nova of Kilamba is made of 750 buildings of eight floors, twelve schools and more than hundred shops.

But Nova Cidade didn't always succeed in attracting inhabitants, and has became the first flaming ghost city in Africa.

Oyala is one of the few African cities whose design has been entrusted to engineers, planners, architects and even landscapers.

Oyala will spread on over 32,000 ha and house about 65,000 inhabitants

The new town will have a threefold purpose:

academic, The university campus, will feature fourteen faculties and welcome 10,000 students.

industrial The southern host habitat areas, a technology park and an industrial zone and the international complex is dedicated to business tourism, conference and recreaand tourism.

Neighborhoods located north shelter the government and other public buildings, staff accommodation

OYALA EQUATORIAL GUINEE

There’s a lot of debate around the future of new towns or planned cities in Africa Such as Gaborone, Botswana’s  Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast’s official capital, and Abuja, Nigeria’s capital city Theses new cities joins Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates and Shenzhen City in China

The question of these new Cities ’s ecological sustainability has been raised. it is often a socio-economic and environmental waste. As seen in China, a proliferation of planned cities has left what has been called “forests of skyscrapers” where there are no buyers for empty housing units.

How to ensure that Ghanaian decision makers will not reproduce the failures and abuses of Kilamba in their new urban development policies ?

 FROM CITY GOVERNMENT TO URBAN GOVERNANCE

  Poor control of the spatial growth of cities by states , malfunctioning of equipment , poor tax collection fees, financial bankruptcies and debt service of public operators require The renewal of City management

Koloba market in Dakar Senegal

in Yaoundé, Cameroon, access to drinking water is a major problem in African cities

Transport and trafic IN Douala (Cameroun)

City government involves different types of organizations: local authorities, large private companies , representatives of private groups semi-public agencies and public representatives from various segments of the state, consultants, research organizations.

Urban governance implies a greater diversity in the way of organizing services, greater flexibility, a variety of actors, even a transformation that can take forms of local democracy. The municipal authority, as the state becomes a major actor admittedly, but one actor among others.

  Urban governance cover fields such as the distribution of drinking water, wastewater treatment, the use of collective urban transport networks or energy, trash collection, management of facilities such as markets, cars stations. How to establish relationship between public, private and civil society organizations about the mobilization and allocation of resources? How to reconcile the logic of the politicians associative and business leaders?

Urban studies are marked by an ingrained tendency to consider cities in Western Europe and north America as the leading edge of global urban change.

African planners and managers may also pay attention to ways in which cities in Asia are experimenting, with ways of been global which do not necessary refer back to antecedents in the north Atlantic world.

urban phenomenon in Africa is both massive and irreversible, With excessive urban growth. This is a challenge for the future.

CONCLUSION