Dr Ghazy 3rd Lecture for 2nd Year Students Dental Instuments and Equipments

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8/3/2019 Dr Ghazy 3rd Lecture for 2nd Year Students Dental Instuments and Equipments

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BY Dr

Mohamed H. Ghazy

Associate Prof. of Fixed

Prosthodontics

October 18, 2011

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Classification

According to their uses

Diagnostic

Cutting

Restoring

Accessory

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Diagnostic instrumentA. Traditional diagnostic instruments : 

• Mirror

Indirect vision  Light reflection  Retraction  Tissue protection 

•

Explorer (Probe) Distinguish areas of calculus. Distinguish decay. Distinguish areas of discrepancies on teeth.

• Cotton Pliers (Tweezers)Carry, retrieve and place small objects.

Locking  Non-locking 

• 4. Periodontal probe Measure the depth of salcus  

•5. Articulating paper and holder

Adjustment of occlusion  

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• B. New diagnostic instruments: 

1.Digital radiograph.

2.Diagnodent Laser

3.Operating Microscope

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4. Intra-oral camera.

5. Loupes.

6. DIFOTI (Digital Imaging Fiberoptic

Trans-Illumination

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Cutting instruments• Hand cutting

• Powered rotary cutting

• Laser equipments

•

Other equipments

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Hand cutting instruments

Manufactured from• Carbon steel

•Stainless steel

• Carbide steel• Other alloys of nickel, cobalt, chromium

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Instrument design

• Blade(Working End)

 – Portion of the instrument designed for a specific function 

• Shank – Part of the instrument that attaches 

the working end to the handle 

• Handle

 –

Portion of the instrument where the operator grasps 

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Examples of hand cutting Instrument

Chisels Hatchets

Excavator

Angle former

Gingival marginal trimmer Files

Hoe

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Examples of hand cutting instruments.

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Powered (rotary) cutting Instrument

Power sources for dental units Electric motor driven 

 Compressed air 

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Handpieceis a device for holding rotary instruments, transmitting power to

them and for positioning them intraorally

According to shape

• Straight hand piece 

• Contra angle hand 

piece 

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Rotary speed ranges

• Low speed (below 12000 rpm)

• Medium speed (12000-200 000 rpm)

•

High speed (above 200 000 rpm)

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Disadvantages of low speed

1- Ineffective 2- Time consuming 

3- Require a relatively heavy force application  

Initial preparation of grooves and pinholes 

Cleaning of teeth 

Caries excavation 

Finishing and polishing procedures 

Uses of low speed

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Advantages of high speedFaster removal of tooth 

structure with less vibration and heat production 

Better control and greater ease of operation 

Patient is less 

apprehensive because annoying vibration and operating time decreased 

In r m n l l n r  

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Cutting tools

 Dental rotary burs

Dental rotary abrasives

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Design features

Shank

Neck

Head

Sh k d i

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Shank designIt is the part that fit into the Definition

handpiece, and accepts the rotary motion from it 

Long shankUsed with straight handpiece

Short latch shanksUsed with latch type contra angle

handpiece

Friction grip shanks sed with ultra high speed handpiece

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Neck design

It is the intermediate portion of an instrument that connects the head to the shank 

Function: transmit rotational force to the head 

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Head designIs the working part of the instrument, the 

cutting edge or portion of which perform the desired shaping of tooth 

structure 

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Characteristics of the head

1. Type of cutting:  Bladed (bur).Diamond abrasive.

2. Material of Construction: 

Carbon steel.

Tungsten carbide.

Diamond ships.

Sand.

3. Head size 

4. Head shape 

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Finishing

End cutting

End and  side cutting

Wheal 

Pear 

Fissure 

 Inverted cone

Round 

Dental bur(shape)

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Burs flute design

Cross cut Plain

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Diamond abrasive instruments

Advantages

Long life 

More effective in cutting enamel and dentin 

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Diamond abrasive instruments

Fine60-74µm

Medium88-125µm

Coarse125-150

µm

Very fine38-44µm

Particlesize

Diamond abrasive instruments

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Diamond abrasive instruments

The wheel stone 

Round and oval shaped stone 

Cylindrical stone 

Tapered stone 

Inverted cone stone 

Cup shaped stone 

Barrel shaped stone 

Pear shaped 

Bud shaped 

Root facer stone 

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Wheel  Round  Spezial shapes 

Pointed  Torpedo  Torpedo tapered 

Cylinder  Cylinder round  Cylinder pointed 

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Pear  Cone  Trapered 

Tapered round  Wheel  Round 

Cylinder  Cylinder round 

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Pear  Cerafil  Egg 

Flame  Grenade  Cone 

Bud  Tapered  Tapered round 

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• Oval or flame Shaped: used to reduce palatal

and lingual surfaces of anterior teeth.

Wheel Stone: used to reduce incisaledges in anterior teeth and occlusal

planes of cusps of posterior teeth.Wheel Stone may be with flat end,

round end or tapered ended stone.

Barrel and Pear shaped stone: used

to reduce occlusal surfaces of

premolars and molars.

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• Tinker Stone: used to

perform shoulder with bevel

finishing line for PFM restorations.

Fisssure Stone as: 

a. Tapered with round end used to perform

chamfer finishing line for full metalrestoration.

b. Tapered with flat end used to performshoulder finishing line for all ceramic full

coverage restoration.

c. Cylindrical stone. (long/short) used todo grooves for partial coveragerestorations.

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According to function 

• Reducer

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  Cutter

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 •

Finishing

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 • Guidance Stone

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 •

Root Facer

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 • Tissue Trimmer

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Discs

• Abrasive rotary instruments used forproximal slicing or reduction.

• Supplied either mounted or demounted• Used with conventional or slow speed

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Discs classification

According to theabrasive material

Carborandum

Diamond

Metal

Sand paper

According to size

Small 3/8 inch

Medium 5/8 inch

Large 7/8 inch

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Discs classificationAccording to shape

Flat shaped

Cup shaped

According to the side of 

abrasive material

Safe sided

Double sided

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4-Accessory instruments and items.

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