Dr Aravind Vijayaraghavan presentation Graphene Week 24th June

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors

Dr. Aravind Vi jayaraghavana r a v i n d . @ m a n c h e s t e r. a c . u k

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Biosensors

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What is a biosensor?

“ Is a se l f-contained integrated device which is capable of providing specifi c quanti tati ve or semi-quanti tati ve analyti cal informati on us ing b io log ica l recogniti on element (b iochemical receptor) which is in d irect spati al contact with a t ransducer e lement ”

- I n t e r n a ti o n a l U n i o n o f P u r e a n d A p p l i e d C h e m i s t r y

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors

Gan et al. Sensors and Materials 27.2. 191-215. 2015

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Optical

Electrochemical

Thermometric

Mass-sensitive

Pumera, Martin. Materials Today 14.7. 308-315. 2011

Graphic representation of a biosensor

Electronic

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State of the art

Graphene-based biosensors

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Glucose biosensor based on graphene-glucose oxidase biocomposite

Immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on reduced graphene oxide (RGO).

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors

Unnikrishnan et al. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 39, 70 – 75. 2013

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CV of Glassy Carbon Electrode/ in saturated PBS ( 7).

Excellent catalytic activity towards glucose.• Linear range of 0.1–27

with a sensitivity of 1.85

Biosensor performance

Unnikrishnan et al. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 39, 70 – 75. 2013

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Paper-based cholesterol biosensorA novel nanocomposite of was used to modify the

working electrode of a paper-based biosensor via electrospraying.

Graphene-based Biomimetic SensorsRuecha, N. et al. Biosensors and Bioelectronics . 52, 13 – 19. 2014

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Linear range of 50 to 10 is achieved.Sensitivity was found to be 34.77 .

Biosensor awesomeness

Ruecha, N. et al. Biosensors and Bioelectronics . 52, 13 – 19. 2014

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Flexible graphene bio-nanosensor for lactate

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors

Thermal release tape was attached to CVD graphene chip.

• Graphene on / /. Transfered to a PET flexible substrate. Lactate oxidase was used as catalyst enzyme.

Labroo, P., & Cui, Y. 41, 852-856. 2013.

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Oxidation of, produced by catalysis of lactate and oxygen generates a current response on a graphene electrode.

Calibration curve.• Detection limit of 0.08 .

• Sensitivity of 29.869 .

Labroo, P., & Cui, Y. 41, 852-856. 2013.

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Preliminaries

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors

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An overview on electrochemistryCyclic voltammetry (CV)• Electroanalytical technique for the study of electroactive

species.• Cycling the potential of an electrode (1) immersed in an

solution and measuring resulting current (2).

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors"Cyclic voltammetry." Journal of Chemical Education 60, no. 9, 702. 1983

Stan J Klimas CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

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Oxidation phase: loss

Reduction phase: gain

Potential of working electrode (1) is controlled vs a reference electrode (3).

Silver/silver chloride orSaturated calomel electrode

Cyclic voltammogram

"Cyclic voltammetry." Journal of Chemical Education 60, no. 9, 702. 1983

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Quartz Crystal Microbalances (QCM)

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors

Piezoelectric device. AT-cut crystal.• Thin disk of single crystal quartz.

• Ultrasensitive weighing device <.

Operation principle.• Oscillation at its resonant frequency

by an external oscillator circuit.

Based on Sauerbrey equation.

where - sensitivity factor for the crystal used.

Rodahl, M. et al. Review of Scientific Instruments, AIP Publishing, 66, 3924-3930. 1995

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Change in frequency corresponding to a variation in mass.

Quantitative value in energy dissipation shift.

Keller, C. et al. Biophysical journal, Elsevier, 75, 1397-1402. 1998

QCM with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D)

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Odorant Binding Proteins – OBPs OBPs: low- molecular-weight soluble proteins.

• Highly concentrated in the nasal mucus of vertebrates and in the chemosensillar lymph of insects.

• Specifically and reversibly bind odor molecules and pheromones.

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors

Immobilization: key factor in biosensing.1. Covalent binding.2. Physical or chemical

adsorption.3. Entrapment within a

membrane or microcapsule.4. Cross-linking between

molecules.Persaud, K. C., & Tuccori, E. pp. 171-190. Springer Netherlands. 2014

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Lipid membranes

Membrane lipids: containment unit of a living cell.

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors

Keyfacts

• Serve as regulatory agents in cell growth and adhesion.

• Participate in biosynthesis of other molecules.

• Can serve to increase enzymatic activities of enzymes.

R. B. Gennis. Springer-Verlag, New York. 1989.

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Schematically…

http://goo.gl/Y0dm62

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Lipid membranes on graphene

Graphene-based Biomimetic Sensors

Direct writing of phospholipid membranes (DOPC) on graphene using dip-pen nanolithography.• High mobility on graphene vs common substrate.

• Can be used as a non-covalent approach to present functional groups Basis of biosensors

Hirtz, M., et al. Nature communications, 4. 2013