Downloaded from Class 12... · clothe as gummy mass and cause hinderance to good washing 7. Antioxidant Chloramphenicol (G) ... 16.These are chemicals of low molecular masses (~100

XII Sc _UNIT-16: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE (3MARKS) by aditya kumar panda Page-1

I # Describe the following with one /two example* in each case :-*Artificial sweeteningagents

*Antioxidant *Antihistamines *Antacids *Analgesics

*broad spectrumantibiotics

*Tranquilizers Antipyretics *Antidepressantdrugs

Foodpreservatives

*narrow spectrumantibiotics

*Scum *Antifertility drugs *Antiseptics *Disinfectant

*limited spectrumantibiotics

Enzymes Receptors Chemotherapy Medicines

*biodegradable andnon-biodegradabledetergents

Drugs Competitiveinhibitors

Enzymeinhibitors

Chemicalmessengers

Antagonist andagonist

saponification *Cationic andanionic detergent

*Non-narcoticanalgesic

*NarcoticAnalgesics

II # Give one important use of each of the following:-

BithionalChloramphenicol Morphene Norethindrone 0.2 to 0.4 ppm Cl2 in water

Equanil Sodium benzoate Sucrolose Sodiumlaurylsulphate

Cetyltrimethyl ammoniumbromide

penicillinG

Iproniazid andphenelzine

Al(OH)3 +Mg(OH)2

Cemitidine andranitidine

chloroxylenol and terpineol

ofloxacin Noradrenaline 0.2% Phenol Furacine &soframicine

ethynylestradiol

salvarsan Saccharin NaHCO3 tetracycline Salts of sorbic acid andpropanoic acid

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1%Phenol

brompheniramine Terfenadine Luminal andseconal

Na and K –stearate/oleate/palmitate

III# FIND ODD-ONE OUT (with proper reasoning )1. Bitional, 0.2% phenol, Tincture Iodine, Chloramphenicol, Iodoform2. Aspirin, Paracetamol, Morphene, Phenacetin3. Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin, Penicillin.4. Sodium Benzoate, Saccharin, Sucralose, Aspartame, Alitame5. Ethynylestradiol, BHT, Progestrone derivative, norethindrone6. brompheniramine , terfenadine, soframicine , pseudopheniramine.7. Luminal, Seconal, Alkyl benzene sulphonate, Equanil,Calmpose.8. Omeprazole , Ethynylestradiol , Ranitidine , Mg(OH)2 , NaHCO3 , Al(OH)3 , MgCO3 ,MgSiO3 .9. Boric acid, tincture iodine , 1% Phenol , Iodoform, Bithional .10. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, Sodium palmitate, Alkylbenzene Sulphonate,Sodium dodecylbenzene Sulphonate11. Alitame , Salt of propionic acid and sorbic acid , Sodium benzoate .12. Iproniazid , phenelzine ,sulphanilamide , equanil , luminalIV# ANALOGICAL TEST :-1. Chloramphenicol : Broad-spectrum antibiotics :: Aspirin : ---------------------------------------2. Bithional: Anticeptics :: Seconal : ----------------------------------------3. Saccharin: artificial sweeteners : : Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide : -------4. Morphene : -------------------------------:: Equanil : Psychotherapeutic Drugs .5. Barbituirates :Hypnotic :: brompheniramine : -----------------------------------6. Progestrone Derivative : Oral Contraceptive :: Ranitidine: -------------------------------------7. Tetrazine : Edible colours :: Aspartame : -------------------------------------8. Ofloxacin : Bactericidal :: ------------------------------: Bacteriostatic9. Proteins which perform the role of biological catalyst : Enzyme::Proteins which are crucial to communication system in the body; -----------------------------10. Antipyretic: Brings down body temp. :: ---------------------: Alleviate pain .

11. Laundry soap: Sodium rosinate, Sodium silicate, borax and Sodium carbonateScouring soaps: -----------------------------------------------------------------------

V# MATCH THE FOLLOWING:-V# Explain / Give reason?????1# Why do soaps not work in hard water?2# Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogen carbonate ormagnesium or aluminum hydroxide?3# While antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with the function of histamines, why dothese not interfere with the function of each other?



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4# Sleeping pills are recommended by doctors to the patients suffering from sleeplessnessbut it is not advisable to take its doses without consultation with the doctor. Why?5# Why do we require artificial sweetening agents?6# Why do we need to classify drugs in different ways?7# Explain the term, target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.8# Why should not medicines be taken without consulting doctors?9# Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks?10# Explain the cleansing action of soaps.11# Why are detergents usually preferred to soaps for washing clothes.12# Why is ethanol is added to soap.13# Explain the term, target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.14# Why saving soaps contain glycerol in it?

Column-A Column-B Column-C

1.TranquilizersSodium benzoate (A) Reduce body temperature .

2.Antipyretics BHT ,BHA (B) Relieve pain3. Analgesic Ibuprofen

,Morphine,Sodium diclofenac.

(C) Medicine effective against several diff. types ofharmful micro-organisms . work against both grampositive and gram negative bacteria

4.Disinfectant Equanil, luminal.Seconal,barbiturates.

(D) Chemicals which kill or prevent the growth ofmicro-organisms

5.Alternativeantibiotics

Bithional, boric acid0.2% phenol.

(E) Substance used for the treatment of mentaldiseases.

6. Antiseptic AspirinParacetamol.

(F) The precipitate adheres onto the fibre of theclothe as gummy mass and cause hinderance togood washing

7. Antioxidant Chloramphenicol (G) Medicine effective against some specific micro-organisms work against both gram positive or gramnegative bacteria.

8.Narrow-SpectrumAntibiotics

Ca or Mg stearate (H) Act against micro-organisms like Antibiotics .

9. Broad-SpectrumAntibiotics

1% phenol, chlorine (I)Chemicals which Prevent undesirable changes inflavour,colour, texture& appetitic appeal during storagedue to microbial growth.

10. Preservatives Penicilline,Streptomycine,

(J) Retard the action of oxygen on the food &helps in preservation by acting as a sacrificialmaterials .These are more reactive towards oxygenthan are the materials they’re protecting.

11. Scum Sulphadiazine (K) Kill micro-organisms but are not safe forcontact with living tissue.



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VI # DO AS DIRECTED :-1# If water contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate, out of soaps and syntheticdetergents which one will you use for cleaning clothes? Give one advantage of soaps oversynthetic detergents.2# Which forces are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes?3 # Can you use soaps or synthetic detergents to check the hardness of water?4# Explain the following terms with suitable examples (i) cationic detergents (ii)anionic detergents and (iii) non-ionic detergents.5# How are synthetic detergents better than soaps?6# What problem arises in using (i) alitame as artificial sweetener? (ii) Aspartame asartificial sweetener?7# What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?8# What are the main constituents of dettol?9# Name a substance which can be used as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant.10# Name the macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.11# Name the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.12# Name a drug used (a) in case of mental depression (b) for effective treatmentfor syphilis13# Name the medicine which can act as analgesic as well as antipyretic. Give itschemical name.14# Name the place in India where penicillin is manufactured.15# How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants? Give one example of each.16# Low level of noradrenaline is the cause of depression. What type of drugs are neededto cure this problem? Name two drugs.17# Define the term chemotherapy. What are the criteria of classification of drugs?18# With reference to which classification has the statement, “ranitidine is an antacid”been given?19 # What is the constitutes of (i) Laundry soap (ii) Scouring soap20 # Write the chemical equation for preparing sodium soap from glyceryl oleate andglyceryl palmitate. Structural formulae of these compounds are given below.(i) (C15H31COO)3C3H5 – Glyceryl palmitate(ii) (C17H32COO)3C3H5 – Glyceryl oleate21# Following type of non-ionic detergents are present in liquid detergents, emulsifyingagents and wetting agents. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the molecule.Identify the functional group(s) present in the molecule.

C9H19-- --O(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH22# Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the following compounds.

(i) CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3ˉ Na+ (ii) CH3(CH2)15N+(CH3)3Br̄ (iii)CH3(CH2)10COO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH

23# Differentiate between(i) Antiseptic and disinfectant (ii) Soaps and Detergents (iii) Antagonist and agonists(iv) Enzymes and Receptors



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( 3 mark question)24# What are detergents? How are they classified, give one example in each case? Whyare detergents usually preferred to soaps for washing clothes? [ AI-2006, Foreign-2005]25# What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents? How do they differstructurally? Give one example of each. What are the consequence of using latter class ofdetergent?26# What are antihistamines? Give two examples. Explain how they act on the humanbody . (3M)27 # Account for the following:-(i) Aspirin drug helps in the prevention of heart attack (ii) Detergents are non-biodegradable while soaps are biodegradable (iii) Diabetic patients are advised to takeartificial sweeteners instead of natural sweeteners

XII Sc _ UNIT-16: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE (3 MARKS)BY A.K.PANDA,PGT(CHEM)

FILL IN THE BLANKS :- (coin the right word)

1. These are class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, and mildor even severe mental diseases. These relive anxiety, stress, irritability orexcitement by inducing a sense of well-being.

These are the drugs which act on the higher centers of the CNS and help in reducinganxiety. These are the constituent of sleeping pills .They are also calledpsychotherapeutic drugs.This class of drugs are called --------------------- : Examples: ---------------------------

---------------.2. Those chemicals which prevent undesirable changes in flavour, colour, texture and

appetite appeal during storage of food .These prevent spoilage of food due tomicrobial growth ---------------------------------------.

3. A non-carbohydrate food additives used for sweetening taste helpful for diabeticpeople who need to control intake of calories. --------------------------------------------------------------------.

4. Substances which remove the excess acid and raise the pH to appropriate level instomach ---------------------.

5. A class of chemical which kill micro-organisms but not safe for living tissues,applied in floors, drainage system, instruments etc. . -----------------------------------------.

6. Chemicals used to prevent oxidation of fats in processed foods such as potatochips, biscuits etc. These compounds retard the action of oxygen on the food &there by help in its preservation. These act as a sacrificial materials .These are more



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reactive towards oxygen than are the materials they are protecting. They are called---------------------------------------

7. When glyceryl ester of fatty acid are hydrolysed with NaOH or KOH, then the soapobtained remains in colloidal form was precipitated from the solution by addingNaCl ------------------------------------------------------

8. Proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body are called ----------------------------------------

9. Proteins which are crucial to communication system in the body are called --------------------------------------------

10.Use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called ------------------------------------------------------

11.In the body, message between two neurons and that between neurons to muscles iscommunicated through certain chemicals. These chemicals, known as --------------------------------------------------- are received at the binding sites of receptorproteins.

12.Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called -----------------------

13.There are other types of drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching onthe receptor, these are called ---------------------. These are useful when there is lackof natural chemical messenger.

14.Drugs which can block the binding site of the enzyme and prevent the binding ofsubstrate, or can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Such drugs are called --------------------------------------------------------

15.Drugs compete with the natural substrate for their attachment on the active sites ofenzymes. Such drugs are called------------------

16.These are chemicals of low molecular masses (~100 – 500u) which interact withmacromolecular targets and produce a biological response. These are called ----------------------------------

17. When the biological response of drug is therapeutic and useful, these chemicals arecalled --------------- and are used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment ofdiseases.

18.Some drugs do not bind to the enzyme’s active site .These bind to a different site ofenzyme which is called ----------------------------------

19.These are chemical substances (i.e antibacterial) which prevent the growth ofmicroorganisms and may even kill them. They are safe to be applied on livingtissues. Applied on wounds, cuts, ulcers etc. They are called ------------------------------------------------------- Examples: --------------------------------

20.These are the drugs used for reducing pain (pain reliever). They abolish painwithout causing reduction of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination orparalysis or some other disturbances of nervous system. They are called ------------------------- e.g. ---------



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21.These are class of drugs which interfere with the natural action of histamine bycompeting with histamine for binding sites of receptor where histamine exert itseffect. They are called ------------------------------ e.g ----------

22.These are class of chemical messengers produced in ductless glands, aretransported by blood circulation to target tissues for producing inhibitory orstimulatory effect. Name the chemical messengers ---------------------------------

Answers:-1. Tranquilizers

2. Food preservatives

3. Artificial sweeteners: (saccharin , sucralose , aspartame(unstable at high temp), alitame (diificult to control sweetness)

4. Antacids: water soluble : NaHCO3

Weakly soluble: Mg(OH)2 , Al(OH)3 gel , Aluminum phosphate, MagnesiumtrisilicateAntihistaminic antacid:- Ranitidine , Cimetidine5. Disinfectant :- 1% phenol , bleaching powder

6. Antioxidant: BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene) , BHA (Butylated hydroxylanisole)

7. Saponification

8. Enzymes

9. Receptors

10.Chemotherapy

11.Chemical messengers

12.Antagonists

13.Agonists

14.Enzyme Inhibitors

15.Competitive Inhibitors

16.Drugs

17.Medicines

18.Allosteric site.

19.Antiseptics: Dettol- (chloroxylenol + terpineol) , Bithional(added in soap),Boric acid , iodoform ,

Tincture iodine – (2—3% solution of iodine in alcohol and water)20.Analgesics : Non-narcotic --Aspirin ,Paracetamol, Diclofenac sodium ,

Ibuprofen

Narcotic – Morphine, codeine , Heroine (Habit forming)

Aspirin –A wonder drug :1) Antipyretic(brings down body temp)



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2) Effective in reliving skeletal pain (due to arthritis) [****Aspirin inhibits thesynthesis of chemical called prostaglandin which stimulate inflammation in thetissue and caused pain]

3) Prevent platelet coagulation( because of its anti-blood clotting action , it finds usein prevention of heart attack)

ANTIOXIDANTSAntioxidants are one of the important and necessary food additives. These compoundsretard the action of oxygen on food thus reducing its speed of decomposition byoxidation. Hence they help in the preservation of food. These act as sacrificial materials,i.e. these are more reactive towards oxygen than are the materials they are protecting.They also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the aging process.

Examples: The two most familiar antioxidants used are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) (Figure 1). These phenolic compounds are added topreserve fats in packaged food. Oxygen reacts preferentially with BHA or BHT ratherthan oxidizing fats or oils, thereby protecting them from spoilage. The addition of BHA tobutter increases its storage life from months to years. Sometimes, BHT and BHA areadded in combination with citric or ascorbic acids to produce a more active synergeticeffect.Figure 1: Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) Sulphurdioxide and sulphites ( such as sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite and sodiummetabisulphite) are useful antioxidants for wine and beers, sugars syrups and cut, peeledor dried fruits and vegetables. They prevent or reduce their discoloration.EXERCISE1. Name one antioxidant commonly used to increase the storage life of butter.2. Name one antioxidant used in wine and beers.Tone-up your memory (Biomolecules , Polymers , chemistry in everyday life)-10M

Pick out the correct answer/ Fill in the blanks1) Antacid (ranitidine , equanil , aspirin, morphene)

2) Effective treatment for syphilis ( chloramphenicol , salvarsan , Penicilin)

3) Antiseptic (Erythromicine , soframicine , saccharin)

4) Food preservative ( Sodium lauryl sulphate , Novestrol , Sodium benzoate)

5) Antifertility drugs ( Aspartame , chloroxylenol , Ethynylestrdiol , prontosil)

6) Broadspectrum bactreriostatic antibiotics ( Penicilin , Chloramphenicol , bithional)

7) Antihistamin ( phenelzine , Morphene , noradrenaline, Terfenadine )



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8) Cationic detergent ( sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate , Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide )

9) Soap ( Glyceryl palmitate , Norethindrone , iproniazid , brompheniramine )

10) Anti blood clotting action – used in prevention of heart attack ( morphine ,aspirin , 1% Phenol)

11) Which suppresses ovulation (Ethynylestrdiol , terpineol , iodoform)

12) Paracetamol is used as ( antibiotics , antiseptic , analgesic )

13) Not stable at cooking temperature ( Aspartame , alitame )

14) Which stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain ( Aspirin ,prostaglandin , paracetamol )

15) Proteins which are crucial to the communication system of the body are (enzymes , receptors )

16) Used in hair conditioner (Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide , esters of stearicacid and polyethylene glycol)

17) Thermosetting polymer ( Buna-S , Nylon-6 , Bakelite , Dacron)

18) Co-polymer ( Teflon , polyisoprene , nylon-6,6 , polyacrylonitrile )

19) Non- Cross-linking polymers ( Bakelite , melamine , polystyrene )

20) Caprolactum is the monomer of ( Nylon-66 , nylon-6 , nylon-2-nylon-6 )

21) Used in making oil seals and gaskets and also used for non-stick surface coatedutensils .( Nylon , Teflon , natural rubber )

22) Rubber has low water absorption, insoluble in non-polar solvents non-resistant toattack by oxidizing agent .( Natural rubber , vulcanized rubber )

23) Addition polymer ( PHBV , PTFE , Nylon-2—nylon-6 , terylene )

24) Not a co-polymer ( Buna-S , Buna-N , Neoprene , Novolac)

25) Biodegradable polymer ( PHBV , polyacrylonitrile , nylon-2-nylon-6, cellulose )

26) Polymers where polymer chains are held together by the van der waal’s force .(PVC , Neoprene , ,Bakelite , terylene )

27) Ziegler –Natta catalyst is used for the preparation of ( LDP , HDP)

28) Not a polyamides (nylon-2-nylon-6, Nylon-66 , nylon-6 , Dacron)



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29) Adipic acid and hexamethyl diammine are the monomers of ( nylon-2-nylon-6,Nylon-66 , nylon-6)

30) --------------------- is used in making sheets , bristles for brushes , and in textiles(Nylon-66 , terylene ,Nylon-6)

31) Phenol and formaldehyde are monomers of ( polyisoprene , Bakelite , Dacron ,polyacrylonitrile)

32) Polythene which is used in manufacture of buckets , dustbins , bottles and pipes (HDP , LDP)

33) A co-polymer elastomer which is used for the manufacture of auto tyres , floortiles, footwear components ( Buna-N , Buna –S)

34) The IUPAC Name of monomer of neoprene is ( 2-methyl but1,3-diene , 2-chlorobut1,3-diene )

35) Which has the highest intermolecular force of attraction ( Neoprene , Nylon-6 ,Bakelite , Teflon)

36) --------------------- is a process consists of heating a mixtures of raw rubber withsulphur and appropriate additive at a temp. range between 373K to 415K .

37) Which molecule are held together by weak van der waal’s force has coiledstructure and can be stretched like a spring and exhibits elastic properties. ( cis-polyisoprene , trans- polyisoprene)

38) Valine and leucine are examples of (non-essential amino acids, essential aminoacids)

39) Glucose and galactose are hydrolysis product of ( Sucrose , lactose , maltose )

40) Beta glycosidic linkage exists in ( Amylopectin , amylose , cellulose , glycogen)

41) Nucleotides are joined together by --------------------- linkage between 5’ and 3’carbon atoms of the pentose sugar. ( Glycosidic, peptide , phosphodiester ,hydrogen bond)

42) Which nitrogenous base is present in RNA but not present in DNA ( Adenine ,Guanine , uracil , cytosine , thymine )

43) The non-reducing sugar is ----( glucose , lactose , sucrose , maltose )

44) The class of protein which are generally water insoluble is ---- ( Globular , fibrous)

45) Alpha helix and beta sheet are common types of which structures of protein (primary , secondary , tertiary)



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46) The water insoluble vitamins are ( A,B,C,D,E,K)

47) When D-Glucose is treated with bromine water , the product formed is --------(glutamic acid , gluconic acid, saccharic acid)

48) The two important functions of nucleic acids are -1) -----------------------------------------2) -----------------------------------------

49) The three types of RNA are – 1) --------------------------- 2) ------------------------------- 3) -------------------------------------

50) The sugar present in nucleotide of DNA is ---------------------------------------- andin RNA is --------------------------------------

51) The deficiency of Vit-B-12 causes ----------------------------------and Vit-K causes--------------------------------------------------

52) The type of bonding helps in stabilizing the alpha helix structures of proteins is -----------------------------------------------------

53) The vitamins responsible for coagulation of blood is ------------------ ( Vit-D, Vit-K, Vit- E , Vit-A , Vit-C)

54) Insulin and albumins are common types of (Globular protein, fibrous protein)

55) The main forces which stabilize the 20 and 30 structures of protein are 1) ----------------------------- 2) ----------------- 3---------------------------- 4) -----------------------------------------------------------

56) Two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the configuration of thehydroxyl group at C-1. The two isomers , α-and β- forms are called ------------------------------------------

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF DIFFERENT DRUGSDrugs Action Example

Analgesics Relieving pain Aspirin Analgin, Seridon, Anacine,Analgesics(Narcotic )

Reduce tension and pain.produce unconsciouness.

Opium, Heroin , Pethidine , Codeine,Morphine

Antibiotics Produced by micro –organism, that can inhibit thegrowth or destroy other micro-organism.

Penicillin G(Narrow Spectrum)Streptomycin, Ampicillin , AmoxycillinChloramphenicol Vancomycin, ofloxacin,



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CHEMICALS IN FOOD

Antiseptics Prevent the growth of micro-organism or kill them but notharmful to the living tissues.

Dettol(Chloroxylenol +Terpineol),Bithional(in soap)Tincture iodine, 0.2% phenol,

Disinfectants Kills micro-organisms, notsafe for living tissues. It isused for toilets, floors ,instruments.

1% phenol,chlorine (Cl2) ,Sulphurdioxide ( SO2)

Antacids Reduce or neutralise theacidity. Mg(OH)2

MgCO3

AlPO4

Al(OH)3 gelNaHCO3

Antihistamines Reduce release of acid.

It is also used to treat allergy

Cimetidine(Tegamet), Ranitidine (Zantac),

Brompheniramine ( Dimetapp)Terfenadine ( Seldane)

Tranquilizers Reduce the mental anxiety,stress, (sleeping pill)

Valium, Serotonin, Veronal,Equanil,Amytal,Nembutal,Luminal,Seconal

Antipyretics Reduce body temperature Aspirin, Paracetamol, Analgin,Phenacetin.

Antifertilitydrugs

These are the steroids used tocontrol the pregnancy

Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol(novestrol )

SweeteningAgent

Saccharine, Aspartme(for cold foods) AlitameSucrolose(stable at cooking temp)

FoodPreservative

Salt, sugar, veg. oils, sodium benzoate

CLEANSING AGENTSSoap Na / K –salt of long chain fatty

acidsNot work in hard water becoz with Ca andMg salt soap produce insoluble scum

Anaionicdetergen

Sodium laurylsulphate Used in household work / in tooth paste

Cationicdetergent

Cetyltrimethyl ammoniumbromide

Hair conditioner / germicidal properties

Non ionicdetergent

Ester of stearic acid andpolyethylene glycol

Liquid dishwashing

Detergents with highly branched hydrocarbon parts are non biodegradable and hence waterpollutants so branching is minimized which are degradable and pollution is prevented.



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