T. Broda, Solution-s 1 Down Syndrome, Aging & Challenging Behaviors Terry Broda RN[EC], BScN, NP-PHC, CDDN AGING with DD – Some Key Issues Physical Health • Earlier development of some of the chronic conditions or diseases (dementia, arthritis); • More severe degrees of sensory impairment; • More severe loss of flexibility in joint function • Lack of basic knowledge about healthy lifestyle behaviors; • Receive less preventive health measures (e.g., Pap smears and mammograms) Preventative Health Care checklists • http://www.surreyplace.on.ca/Document s/Preventive%20Care%20Checklist%20 -%20Females.pdf • http://www.surreyplace.on.ca/Document s/Preventive%20Care%20Checklist%20 -%20Males.pdf AGING with DD – Key Issues Mental Health • 30-60% of older persons with moderate to severe DD have a mental disorder. • Challenge: differentiation between dementia, depression and behavioral conditions related to developmental disability. Why? • Seniors will DD will have difficulty in expressing their psychological problems. • Care providers’ lack of expertise AGING with DD – Key Issues Social Well-being • De-institutionalization & community living Challenge: Aging parents/siblings providing care to an aging family member with DD. • Support services for caregivers • Caregivers’ access to information • Community participation & leisure opportunities • Substitute decision makers • Abuse/Neglect AGING with DD – Key Issues Living Arrangements • There is no specific data on living arrangements of Canadian seniors with DD. • “Group Homes” are the most frequent type of residential services provided by the community- based agencies across Canada (Pedler et al., 2000). • More specialized LTC beds required for persons w/ DD
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T. Broda, Solution-s 1
Down
Syndrome,
Aging &
Challenging
Behaviors
Terry Broda RN[EC], BScN, NP-PHC, CDDN
AGING with DD –
Some Key Issues
Physical Health
• Earlier development of some of the chronic conditions or diseases (dementia, arthritis);
• More severe degrees of sensory impairment;
• More severe loss of flexibility in joint function
• Lack of basic knowledge about healthy lifestyle behaviors;
• Receive less preventive health measures (e.g., Pap smears and mammograms)
Preventative Health Care
checklists
• http://www.surreyplace.on.ca/Document
s/Preventive%20Care%20Checklist%20
-%20Females.pdf
• http://www.surreyplace.on.ca/Document
s/Preventive%20Care%20Checklist%20
-%20Males.pdf
AGING with DD – Key Issues
Mental Health
• 30-60% of older persons with moderate to severe
DD have a mental disorder.
• Challenge: differentiation between dementia,
depression and behavioral conditions related to
developmental disability. Why?
• Seniors will DD will have difficulty in expressing
their psychological problems.
• Care providers’ lack of expertise
AGING with DD – Key Issues
Social Well-being
• De-institutionalization & community living Challenge: Aging parents/siblings providing care to an aging family member with DD.
• Support services for caregivers
• Caregivers’ access to information
• Community participation & leisure opportunities
• Substitute decision makers
• Abuse/Neglect
AGING with DD – Key Issues
Living Arrangements
• There is no specific data on living arrangements of Canadian seniors with DD.
• “Group Homes” are the most frequent type of residential services provided by the community-based agencies across Canada (Pedler et al., 2000).
• More specialized LTC beds required for persons w/ DD
AGS BEERS CRITERIA FOR POTENTIALLY INAPPROPRIATE MEDICATION USE IN OLDER ADULTSFROM THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY
This clinical tool, based on The AGS 2012 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults (AGS 2012 Beers Criteria), has been developed to assist healthcare providers in improving medication safety in older adults. Our purpose is to inform clinical decision-making concerning the prescribing of medications for older adults in order to improve safety and quality of care.
Originally conceived of in 1991 by the late Mark Beers, MD, a geriatrician, the Beers Criteria catalogues medications that cause adverse drug events in older adults due to their pharmacologic properties and the physiologic changes of aging. In 2011, the AGS undertook an update of the criteria, assembling a team of experts and funding the develop-ment of the AGS 2012 Beers Criteria using an enhanced, evidence-based methodology. Each criterion is rated (qual-ity of evidence and strength of evidence) using the American College of Physicians’ Guideline Grading System, which is based on the GRADE scheme developed by Guyatt et al.
The full document together with accompanying resources can be viewed online at www.americangeriatrics.org.
INTENDED USEThe goal of this clinical tool is to improve care of older adults by reducing their exposure to Potentially Inappropri-ate Medications (PIMs).
n This should be viewed as a guide for identifying medications for which the risks of use in older adults outweigh the benefits.n These criteria are not meant to be applied in a punitive manner.n This list is not meant to supersede clinical judgment or an individual patient’s values and needs. Prescribing and managing disease conditions should be individualized and involve shared decision-making.n These criteria also underscore the importance of using a team approach to prescribing and the use of non-pharmacological approaches and of having economic and organizational incentives for this type of model.n Implicit criteria such as the STOPP/START criteria and Medication Appropriateness Index should be used in a complementary manner with the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria to guide clinicians in making decisions about safe medication use in older adults.
The criteria are not applicable in all circumstances (eg, patient’s receiving palliative and hospice care). If a clinician is not able to find an alternative and chooses to continue to use a drug on this list in an individual patient, designation of the medication as potentially inappropriate can serve as a reminder for close monitoring so that the potential for an adverse drug effect can be incorporated into the medical record and prevented or detected early.
TABLE 1: 2012 AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older AdultsOrgan System/
Quality of Evidence (QE) & Strength of Recommendation (SR)Anticholinergics (excludes TCAs)First-generation antihistamines (as single agent or as part of combination products)n Brompheniramine n Carbinoxamine n Chlorpheniramine n Clemastine n Cyproheptadine n Dexbrompheniramine n Dexchlorpheniramine n Diphenhydramine (oral) n Doxylamine n Hydroxyzine n Promethazine n Triprolidine
Avoid.
Highly anticholinergic; clearance reduced with advanced age, and tolerance develops when used as hypnotic; increased risk of confu-sion, dry mouth, constipation, and other anticholinergic effects/toxicity.
Use of diphenhydramine in special situations such as acute treat-ment of severe allergic reaction may be appropriate.
QE = High (Hydroxyzine and Promethazine), Moderate (All others); SR = Strong
Quality of Evidence (QE) & Strength of Recommendation (SR)Antispasmodicsn Belladonna alkaloidsn Clidinium-chlordiazepoxiden Dicyclominen Hyoscyaminen Propanthelinen Scopolamine
Avoid except in short-term palliative care to decrease oral secretions.
Highly anticholinergic, uncertain effectiveness.
QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
AntithromboticsDipyridamole, oral short-acting* (does not apply to the extended-release combination with aspirin)
Avoid.May cause orthostatic hypotension; more effective alternatives available; IV form acceptable for use in cardiac stress testing.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Ticlopidine* Avoid.Safer, effective alternatives available.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Anti-infectiveNitrofurantoin Avoid for long-term suppression; avoid in patients with
CrCl <60 mL/min.Potential for pulmonary toxicity; safer alternatives available; lack of efficacy in patients with CrCl <60 mL/min due to inadequate drug concentration in the urine.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Avoid use as an antihypertensive.High risk of orthostatic hypotension; not recommended as routine treatment for hypertension; alternative agents have superior risk/benefit profile.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Avoid clonidine as a first-line antihypertensive. Avoid oth-ers as listed.High risk of adverse CNS effects; may cause bradycardia and orthostatic hypotension; not recommended as routine treatment for hypertension.QE = Low; SR = Strong
Avoid antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Data suggest that rate control yields better balance of benefits and harms than rhythm control for most older adults.
Amiodarone is associated with multiple toxicities, including thyroid disease, pulmonary disorders, and QT interval prolongation. QE = High; SR = Strong
Disopyramide* Avoid.Disopyramide is a potent negative inotrope and therefore may induce heart failure in older adults; strongly anticholinergic; other antiarrhythmic drugs preferred.QE = Low; SR = Strong
Dronedarone Avoid in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation or heart failure.
Worse outcomes have been reported in patients taking drone-darone who have permanent atrial fibrillation or heart failure. In general, rate control is preferred over rhythm control for atrial fibrillation.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Digoxin >0.125 mg/day Avoid.In heart failure, higher dosages associated with no additional benefit and may increase risk of toxicity; decreased renal clearance may increase risk of toxicity.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Table 1 (continued from page 2) Table 1 (continued from page 3)
Table 1 (continued on page 4) Table 1 (continued on page 5)PAGE 3 PAGE 4
TABLE 1: 2012 AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older AdultsOrgan System/
Quality of Evidence (QE) & Strength of Recommendation (SR)Nifedipine, immediate release* Avoid.
Potential for hypotension; risk of precipitating myocardial ischemia.QE = High; SR = Strong
Spironolactone >25 mg/day Avoid in patients with heart failure or with a CrCl <30 mL/min.
In heart failure, the risk of hyperkalemia is higher in older adults if taking >25 mg/day.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Central Nervous SystemTertiary TCAs, alone or in combination:n Amitriptylinen Chlordiazepoxide- amitriptylinen Clomipraminen Doxepin >6 mg/dayn Imipraminen Perphenazine-amitriptylinen Trimipramine
Avoid.
Highly anticholinergic, sedating, and cause orthostatic hypotension; the safety profile of low-dose doxepin (≤6 mg/day) is comparable to that of placebo.
QE = High; SR = Strong
Antipsychotics, first- (conventional) and sec-ond- (atypical) generation (see online for full list)
Avoid use for behavioral problems of dementia unless non-pharmacologic options have failed and patient is threat to self or others.
Increased risk of cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and mortality in persons with dementia.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
ThioridazineMesoridazine
Avoid.
Highly anticholinergic and greater risk of QT-interval prolongation.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
High rate of physical dependence; tolerance to sleep benefits; greater risk of overdose at low dosages.
QE = High; SR = Strong
BenzodiazepinesShort- and intermediate-acting: n Alprazolam n Estazolam n Lorazepam n Oxazepam n Temazepam n TriazolamLong-acting: n Chlorazepate n Chlordiazepoxide n Chlordiazepoxide-amitriptyline n Clidinium-chlordiazepoxide n Clonazepam n Diazepam n Flurazepam n Quazepam
Avoid benzodiazepines (any type) for treatment of insom-nia, agitation, or delirium.
Older adults have increased sensitivity to benzodiazepines and decreased metabolism of long-acting agents. In general, all ben-zodiazepines increase risk of cognitive impairment, delirium, falls, fractures, and motor vehicle accidents in older adults.
May be appropriate for seizure disorders, rapid eye movement sleep disorders, benzodiazepine withdrawal, ethanol withdrawal, severe generalized anxiety disorder, periprocedural anesthesia, end-of-life care.
QE = High; SR = Strong
Chloral hydrate* Avoid.Tolerance occurs within 10 days and risk outweighs the benefits in light of overdose with doses only 3 times the recommended dose.QE = Low; SR = Strong
Meprobamate Avoid.High rate of physical dependence; very sedating.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
TABLE 1: 2012 AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older AdultsOrgan System/
Quality of Evidence (QE) & Strength of Recommendation (SR)Nonbenzodiazepine hypnoticsn Eszopiclonen Zolpidemn Zaleplon
Avoid chronic use (>90 days)Benzodiazepine-receptor agonists that have adverse events similar to those of benzodiazepines in older adults (e.g., delirium, falls, fractures); minimal improvement in sleep latency and duration.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Avoid unless indicated for moderate to severe hypogonadism.Potential for cardiac problems and contraindicated in men with prostate cancer.QE = Moderate; SR = Weak
Desiccated thyroid Avoid.Concerns about cardiac effects; safer alternatives available.QE = Low; SR = Strong
Estrogens with or without progestins Avoid oral and topical patch. Topical vaginal cream: Ac-ceptable to use low-dose intravaginal estrogen for the management of dyspareunia, lower urinary tract infec-tions, and other vaginal symptoms.Evidence of carcinogenic potential (breast and endometrium); lack of cardioprotective effect and cognitive protection in older women.Evidence that vaginal estrogens for treatment of vaginal dryness is safe and effective in women with breast cancer, especially at dos-ages of estradiol <25 mcg twice weekly.QE = High (Oral and Patch), Moderate (Topical); SR = Strong (Oral and Patch), Weak (Topical)
Growth hormone Avoid, except as hormone replacement following pituitary gland removal.Effect on body composition is small and associated with edema, arthralgia, carpal tunnel syndrome, gynecomastia, impaired fasting glucose.QE = High; SR = Strong
Insulin, sliding scale Avoid.Higher risk of hypoglycemia without improvement in hyperglyce-mia management regardless of care setting.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Megestrol Avoid.Minimal effect on weight; increases risk of thrombotic events and possibly death in older adults.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Avoid.Chlorpropamide: prolonged half-life in older adults; can cause prolonged hypoglycemia; causes SIADHGlyburide: higher risk of severe prolonged hypoglycemia in older adults.QE = High; SR = Strong
GastrointestinalMetoclopramide Avoid, unless for gastroparesis.
Can cause extrapyramidal effects including tardive dyskinesia; risk may be further increased in frail older adults.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Mineral oil, given orally Avoid.Potential for aspiration and adverse effects; safer alternatives avail-able.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Trimethobenzamide Avoid.One of the least effective antiemetic drugs; can cause extrapyrami-dal adverse effects.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
TABLE 2: 2012 AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults Due to Drug-Disease or Drug-Syndrome Interactions That May Exacerbate the Disease or SyndromeDisease or Syndrome
Drug(s) Recommendation, Rationale, Quality of Evidence (QE) & Strength of Recommendation (SR)
CardiovascularHeart failure NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors
Nondihydropyridine CCBs (avoid only for systolic heart failure)n Diltiazemn Verapamil
Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone
CilostazolDronedarone
Avoid.
Potential to promote fluid retention and/or exacer-bate heart failure.
QE = Moderate (NSAIDs, CCBs, Dronedarone), High (Thia-zolidinediones (glitazones)), Low (Cilostazol); SR = Strong
Table 2 (continued from page 5)
Table 2 (continued on page 6)
Table 1 (continued from page 4)
Table 2 (continued on page 7)PAGE 5 PAGE 6
TABLE 1: 2012 AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older AdultsOrgan System/
Avoid chronic use unless other alternatives are not effec-tive and patient can take gastroprotective agent (proton-pump inhibitor or misoprostol).
Increases risk of GI bleeding/peptic ulcer disease in high-risk groups, including those ≥75 years old or taking oral or parenteral corticosteroids, anticoagulants, or antiplatelet agents. Use of pro-ton pump inhibitor or misoprostol reduces but does not eliminate risk. Upper GI ulcers, gross bleeding, or perforation caused by NSAIDs occur in approximately 1% of patients treated for 3–6 months, and in about 2%–4% of patients treated for 1 year. These trends continue with longer duration of use.
QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
IndomethacinKetorolac, includes parenteral
Avoid.Increases risk of GI bleeding/peptic ulcer disease in high-risk groups (See Non-COX selective NSAIDs)Of all the NSAIDs, indomethacin has most adverse effects.QE = Moderate (Indomethacin), High (Ketorolac); SR = Strong
Pentazocine* Avoid.Opioid analgesic that causes CNS adverse effects, including confu-sion and hallucinations, more commonly than other narcotic drugs; is also a mixed agonist and antagonist; safer alternatives available.QE = Low; SR = Strong
Avoid.Most muscle relaxants poorly tolerated by older adults, because of anticholinergic adverse effects, sedation, increased risk of fractures; effectiveness at dosages tolerated by older adults is questionable.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
*Infrequently used drugs. Table 1 Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CNS, central nervous system; COX, cyclooxygenase; CrCl, creatinine clearance; GI, gastroin-testinal; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SIADH, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion; SR, Strength of Recommendation; TCAs, tricyclic antidepressants; QE, Quality of Evidence
TABLE 2: 2012 AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults Due to Drug-Disease or Drug-Syndrome Interactions That May Exacerbate the Disease or SyndromeDisease or Syndrome
Drug(s) Recommendation, Rationale, Quality of Evidence (QE) & Strength of Recommendation (SR)
Syncope Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs)Peripheral alpha blockers n Doxazosinn Prazosinn Terazosin
Tertiary TCAs
Chlorpromazine, thioridazine, and olan-zapine
Avoid.
Increases risk of orthostatic hypotension or brady-cardia.
QE = High (Alpha blockers), Moderate (AChEIs, TCAs and antipsychotics); SR = Strong (AChEIs and TCAs), Weak (Alpha blockers and antipsychotics)
Central Nervous SystemChronic seizures or epilepsy
Lowers seizure threshold; may be acceptable in patients with well-controlled seizures in whom alter-native agents have not been effective.
QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Delirium All TCAsAnticholinergics (see online for full list)BenzodiazepinesChlorpromazineCorticosteroidsH2-receptor antagonistMeperidineSedative hypnoticsThioridazine
Avoid.
Avoid in older adults with or at high risk of delirium because of inducing or worsening delirium in older adults; if discontinuing drugs used chronically, taper to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Dementia & cognitive impairment
Anticholinergics (see online for full list)BenzodiazepinesH2-receptor antagonistsZolpidemAntipsychotics, chronic and as-needed use
Avoid.Avoid due to adverse CNS effects.Avoid antipsychotics for behavioral problems of dementia unless non-pharmacologic options have failed and patient is a threat to themselves or others. Antipsychotics are associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and mortality in persons with dementia.QE = High; SR = Strong
Avoid unless safer alternatives are not avail-able; avoid anticonvulsants except for seizure.
Ability to produce ataxia, impaired psychomotor function, syncope, and additional falls; shorter-acting benzodiazepines are not safer than long-acting ones.
Avoid.Dopamine receptor antagonists with potential to worsen parkinsonian symptoms.
Quetiapine and clozapine appear to be less likely to precipitate worsening of Parkinson disease.
QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
TABLE 3: 2012 AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medications to Be Used with Caution in Older Adults
Drug(s) Recommendation, Rationale, Quality of Evidence (QE) & Strength of Recommenda-tion (SR)
Aspirin for primary preven-tion of cardiac events
Use with caution in adults ≥80 years old.
Lack of evidence of benefit versus risk in individuals ≥80 years old.QE = Low; SR = Weak
Dabigatran Use with caution in adults ≥75 years old or if CrCl <30 mL/min.
Increased risk of bleeding compared with warfarin in adults ≥75 years old; lack of evidence for efficacy and safety in patients with CrCl <30 mL/minQE = Moderate; SR = Weak
Prasugrel Use with caution in adults ≥75 years old.
Greater risk of bleeding in older adults; risk may be offset by benefit in highest-risk older patients (eg, those with prior myocardial infarction or diabetes).QE = Moderate; SR = Weak
May exacerbate or cause SIADH or hyponatremia; need to monitor sodium level closely when starting or changing dosages in older adults due to increased risk.
QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Vasodilators Use with caution.
May exacerbate episodes of syncope in individuals with history of syncope.QE = Moderate; SR = Weak
The American Geriatrics Society gratefully acknowledges the support of the John A. Hartford Foundation, Retirement Research Foundation and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETYGeriatrics Health Professionals.Leading change. Improving care for older adults.
40 Fulton Street, 18th Floor New York, NY 10038
800-247-4779 ot 212-308-1414 www.americangeriatrics.orgAGS
TABLE 2: 2012 AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults Due to Drug-Disease or Drug-Syndrome Interactions That May Exacerbate the Disease or SyndromeDisease or Syndrome
Drug(s) Recommendation, Rationale, Quality of Evidence (QE) & Strength of Recommendation (SR)
First-generation antihistamines as single agent or part of combination productsn Brompheniramine (various)n Carbinoxaminen Chlorpheniraminen Clemastine (various)n Cyproheptadinen Dexbrompheniraminen Dexchlorpheniramine (various)n Diphenhydraminen Doxylaminen Hydroxyzinen Promethazinen Triprolidine
Anticholinergics/antispasmodics (see online for full list of drugs with strong anticholinergic properties)n Antipsychoticsn Belladonna alkaloidsn Clidinium-chlordiazepoxiden Dicyclominen Hyoscyaminen Propanthelinen Scopolaminen Tertiary TCAs (amitriptyline, clomip-ramine, doxepin, imipramine, and trimip-ramine)
Avoid unless no other alternatives.
Can worsen constipation; agents for urinary incon-tinence: antimuscarinics overall differ in incidence of constipation; response variable; consider alternative agent if constipation develops.
QE = High (For Urinary Incontinence), Moderate/Low (All Others); SR = Strong
History of gastric or duodenal ulcers
Aspirin (>325 mg/day)Non–COX-2 selective NSAIDs
Avoid unless other alternatives are not ef-fective and patient can take gastroprotective agent (proton-pump inhibitor or misoprostol).
May exacerbate existing ulcers or cause new/addi-tional ulcers.QE = Moderate; SR = Strong
Kidney/Urinary TractChronic kid-ney disease stages IV and V
NSAIDs
Triamterene (alone or in combination)
Avoid.
May increase risk of kidney injury.
May increase risk of acute kidney injury.
QE = Moderate (NSAIDs), Low (Triamterene); SR = Strong (NSAIDs), Weak (Triamterene)
Urinary incontinence (all types) in women
Estrogen oral and transdermal (excludes intravaginal estrogen)
Avoid in women.
Aggravation of incontinence.
QE = High; SR = Strong
TABLE 2: 2012 AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults Due to Drug-Disease or Drug-Syndrome Interactions That May Exacerbate the Disease or SyndromeDisease or Syndrome
Drug(s) Recommendation, Rationale, Quality of Evidence (QE) & Strength of Recommendation (SR)
Name of person: (3) First_________________________ (4) Last: ____________________________________ (5) Date of birth: _______________________________ (6) Age: ____________________________________ (7) Sex:
Female
Male
(8) Best description of level of intellectual disability
No discernible intellectual disability
Borderline (IQ 70-75)
Mild ID (IQ 55-69)
Moderate ID (IQ 40-54)
Severe ID (IQ 25-39)
Profound ID (IQ 24 and below)
Unknown
(9) Diagnosed condition (check all that apply)
Autism
Cerebral palsy
Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Intellectual disability
Prader-Willi syndrome
Other:
Instructions: For each question block, check the item that
best applies to the individual or situation.
The NTG-Early Detection Screen for Dementia, adapted from the DSQIID*, can be used for the early detection screening of those adults with an intellectual disability who are suspected of or may be showing early signs of mild cognitive impairment or dementia. The NTG-EDSD is not an assessment or diagnostic instrument, but an administrative screen that can be used by staff and family caregivers to note functional decline and health problems and record information useful for further assessment, as well as to serve as part of the mandatory cognitive assessment review that is part of the Affordable Care Act’s annual wellness visit for Medicare recipients. This instrument complies with Action 2.B of the US National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease.
It is recommended that this instrument be used on an annual or as indicated basis with adults with Down syndrome beginning with age 40, and with other at-risk persons with intellectual or developmental disabilities when suspected of experiencing cognitive change. The form can be completed by anyone who is familiar with the adult (that is, has known him or her for over six months), such as a family member, agency support worker, or a behavioral or health specialist using information derived by observation or from the adult’s personal record.
The estimated time necessary to complete this form is between 15 and 60 minutes. Some information can be drawn from the individual’s medical/health record. Consult the NTG-EDSD Manual for additional instructions (www.aadmd.org/ntg/ screening).
Current living arrangement of person: □ Lives alone □ Lives with spouse or friends
□ Lives with parents or other family members
□ Lives with paid caregiver
□ Lives in community group home, apartment,
supervised housing, etc.
□ Lives in senior housing
□ Lives in congregate residential setting
□ Lives in long term care facility
□ Lives in other: ________________________
(10) General characterization of current physical health: (15) Seizures
Recent onset seizures
Long term occurrence of seizures
Seizures in childhood, not occurring in adulthood
No history of seizures
(11) Compared to one year ago, current physical health is:
Much better
Somewhat better
About the same
Somewhat worse
Much worse
(12) Compared to one year ago, current mental health is:
Much better
Somewhat better
About the same
Somewhat worse
Much worse
(13) Conditions present (check all that apply)
Vision impairment
Blind (very limited or no vision)
Vision corrected by glasses
Hearing impairment
Deaf (very limited or no hearing)
Hearing corrected by hearing aids
Mobility impairment
Not mobile – uses wheelchair
Not mobile – is moved about in wheelchair
(14) Significant recent [in past year] life event (check all that apply)
Death of someone close
Changes in living arrangement, work, or day program
Changes in staff close to the person
New roommate/housemates
Illness or impairment due to accident
Adverse reaction to medication or over-medication
Interpersonal conflicts
Victimization / abuse
Other:
Excellent
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
(16) Diagnostic History Mild cognitive impairment [MCI] or dementia previously diagnosed (Dx)?: [ ] No [ ] Yes, MCI Date of Dx: [ ] Yes, dementia Date of Dx: Type of dementia: Diagnosed by: □ Geriatrician □ Neurologist □ Physician □ Psychiatrist □ Psychologist □ Other:
(18)Comments / explanations about dementia
suspicions:
(17)Reported date of onset of MCI/dementia [When suspicion of dementia first arose]
Note approximate year and month:
If MCI or dementia is documented complete 16, 17, &18
NTG-EDSD - page 2
NTG-EDSD - page 3
[Check column option as appropriate]
Always been the
case
Always but
worse
New symptom
in past year
Does not
apply
(19)Activities of Daily Living
Needs help with washing and/or bathing
Needs help with dressing
Dresses inappropriately (e.g., back to front, incomplete, inadequately for weather)
Undresses inappropriately (e.g., in public)
Needs help eating (cutting food, mouthful amounts, choking)
Needs help using the bathroom (finding, toileting)
Incontinent (including occasional accidents)
(20)Language & Communication
Does not initiate conversation
Does not find words
Does not follow simple instructions
Appears to get lost in middle of conversation
Does not read
Does not write (including printing own name)
(21)Sleep-Wake Change Patterns
Excessive sleep (sleeping more)
Inadequate sleep (sleeping less)
Wakes frequently at night
Confused at night
Sleeps during the day more than usual
Wanders at night
Wakes earlier than usual
Sleeps later than usual
(22)Ambulation
Not confident walking over small cracks, lines on the ground, patterned flooring, or uneven surfaces
Unsteady walk, loses balance
Falls
Requires aids to walk
NTG-EDSD - page 4
Always been the
case
Always but
worse
New symptom
in past year
Does not
apply
(23)Memory
Does not recognize familiar persons (staff/relatives/friends)
Does not remember names of familiar people
Does not remember recent events (in past week or less)
Does not find way in familiar surroundings
Loses track of time (time of day, day of the week, seasons)
Loses or misplaces objects
Puts familiar things in wrong places
Problems with printing or signing own name
Problems with learning new tasks or names of new people
(26)Notable Significant Changes Observed by Others
In gait (e.g., stumbling, falling, unsteadiness)
In personality (e.g., subdued when was outgoing)
In friendliness (e.g., now socially unresponsive)
In attentiveness (e.g., misses cues, distracted)
In weight (e.g., weight loss or weight gain)
In abnormal voluntary movements (head, neck, limbs, trunk)
NTG-EDSD - page 5
[Check column option as appropriate]
(27)Chronic Health Conditions* Recent condition (past year)
Condition diagnosed in last 5 years
Lifelong condition
Condition not present
Bone, Joint and Muscle
1 Arthritis
2 Osteoporosis
Heart and Circulation
3 Heart condition
4 High cholesterol
5 High blood pressure
6 Low blood pressure
7 Stroke Hormonal
8 Diabetes (type 1 or 2)
9 Thyroid disorder
Lungs/breathing
10 Asthma
11 Chronic bronchitis, emphysema
12 Sleep disorder
Mental health
13 Alcohol or substance abuse
14 Anxiety disorder
15 Attention deficit disorder
16 Bipolar disorder
17 Dementia/Alzheimer’s disease
18 Depression
19 Eating disorder (anorexia, bulimia)
20 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
21 Schizophrenia
22 Other:
Pain / Discomfort
23 Back pain
24 Constipation
25 Foot pain
26 Gastrointestinal pain or discomfort
27 Headaches
28 Hip/knee pain
29 Neck/shoulder pain
Sensory
30 Dizziness / vertigo
31 Impaired hearing
32 Impaired vision
Other
33 Cancer – type:
34 Chronic fatigue
35 Epilepsy / seizure disorder
36 Heartburn / acid reflux
37 Urinary incontinence
38 Sleep apnea
39 Tics/movement disorder/spasticity
40 Dental pain *Items drawn from the Longitudinal Health and Intellectual Disability Survey (University of Illinois at Chicago)
NTG-EDSD - page 6 (28) Current Medications
Yes No Indicate type □ □ Treatment of chronic conditions □ □ Treatment of mental health disorders or behavior problems □ □ Treatment of pain For reviews, attach list of current medications, dosage, and when prescribed
□ List is attached for reviews
Form completion information
(31)Date completed
(32) Organization / Agency
Name of person completing form
Relationship to individual (staff, relative, assessor, etc.)
Date(s) form previously completed
Acknowledgement: Derived from the DSQIID (*Dementia Screening Questionnaire for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities; Deb, S., 2007) as adapted into the Southeast PA Dementia Screening Tool (DST) – with the assistance of Carl V. Tyler, Jr., MD – and the LHIDS (Longitudinal Health and Intellectual Disability Survey; Rimmer & Hsieh, 2010) and as further adapted by the National Task Group on Intellectual Disabilities and Dementia Practices as the NTG Early Detection Screen for Dementia for use in the USA.
(29)Comments related to other notable changes or concerns:
(30) Next Steps / Recommendations
□ Refer to treating physician for assessment
□ Review internally by clinical personnel
□ Include in annual review / annual wellness visit
□ Repeat in ______ months
Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada Institut pour l’utilisation sécuritaire des médicaments du Canada
Drug-Drug Interactions in the Geriatric Population – Summary of Selected Pharmacoepidemiological Studies in Ontario (Nested Case-Control, Retrospective Cohort, and Case Cross-Over Studies)*
*The information in this chart was taken from the individual drug interaction studies and does not necessarily represent the opinion of ISMP Canada. Healthcare organizations are encouraged to critically appraise these studies to determine the applicability to their specific practice settings. References 1. Juurlink DN, Mamdani M, Kopp A, Laupacis A, Redelmeier DA. Drug-drug interactions among elderly patients
hospitalized for drug toxicity. JAMA. 2003;289(13):1652-1658. 2. Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, Rochon PA, Shulman KI, Redelmeier DA. Drug-induced lithium toxicity in the
elderly: a population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(5):794-798. 3. Battistella M, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN, Rabeneck L, Laupacis A. Risk of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in
warfarin users treated with nonselective NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(2):189-192. 4. Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN. Macrolide-induced digoxin toxicity: a population-based study. Clin Pharmacol
Ther. 2009;86(4):383-386. 5. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, Szmitko PE, Austin PC, Tu JV, et al. A population-based study of the drug interaction
between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel. CMAJ. 2009;180(7):713-718. 6. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Loutfy MR, Glazier RH, Mamdani MM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced
hyperkalemia in patients receiving inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(12):1045-1049.
7. Fischer HD, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, Laupacis A. Hemorrhage during warfarin therapy associated with cotrimoxazole and other urinary tract anti-infective agents: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(7):617-621.
8. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin PC, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. 2010;340:c693.
9. Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Horn JR, Juurlink DN. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. 2011;183(3):303-307.
10. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani M, Juurlink DN. Ciprofloxacin-induced theophylline toxicity: a population-based study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67(5):521-526.
11. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani M, Juurlink DN. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced phenytoin toxicity in the elderly: a population-based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(4):544-549.
12. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Yao Z, Hellings C, Garg AX, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced hyperkalemia in elderly patients receiving spironolactone: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2011;343:d5228.