Dottorato di ricerca in Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento Telerilevamento – – XXII ciclo XXII ciclo Relazione dell Relazione dell ’ ’ attivit attivit à à di ricerca di ricerca svolta durante il II anno svolta durante il II anno Dipartimento INFOCOM – Roma, 21 Ottobre 2008 Carlo Bongioanni Multichannel Passive Radar: signal processing and experimental prototype development Tutor: Prof. Pierfrancesco Lombardo
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Dottorato di ricerca in Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento Telerilevamento –– XXII cicloXXII cicloRelazione dellRelazione dell’’attivitattivitàà di ricerca di ricerca svolta durante il II annosvolta durante il II anno
Dipartimento INFOCOM – Roma, 21 Ottobre 2008
Carlo Bongioanni
Multichannel Passive Radar: signal processing and experimental prototype development
Tutor: Prof. Pierfrancesco Lombardo
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
2
Outline
� Short summary of first year activity
� PBR processing scheme
� Wide-band prototypes development
� INFOCOM acquisition campaigns
� Experimental results validation: ATC data
� Multi-Frequency detection schemes
� Performance assessment of the Multi-Frequency approach
� A new acquisition device: ICS-554B
� Conclusions and future works
� Publications and conferences
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
3
Ref SurvDISTURBANCECANCELLATION
2D CROSS-CORRELATION
Surv’
CFAR THRESHOLD
Ref
PBR Processing scheme
REFERENCE CHANNEL
SURVEILLANCE CHANNEL
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
4
Time varying characteristics of the received FM radio signals
REFERENCE CHANNEL
SURVEILLANCE CHANNEL
DISTURBANCECANCELLATION
2D CROSS-CORRELATION
MULTIPATH REMOVAL
CFAR THRESHOLD
Instantaneous characteristics of the transmitted waveform
� Both range resolution and sidelobe level depend on the instantaneous transmitted waveform on the different FM radio channels (program content)
Instantaneous characteristics of the e.m. environment
� The instantaneous characteristics of the FM channels also depend on the presence/absence of multipath effects (propagation)
� Co- and inter- channel interferences can increase the system noise floor thus reducing the achievable detection performance
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
5
89.8 MHz 93.8 MHz
92.1 MHz 91.3 MHz 94.3 MHz
Experimental results on the single FM channels
Temporal sequence of three plots on the same Range-Velocity map
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
elo
city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
400
402
406410
413
422
425
428429
10.05.42
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
elo
city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
400
402
406410
413
422
425
428429
10.05.42
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-100
0
100
200
300
400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
elo
city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
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402
406410
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428429
10.05.42
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400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
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city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
400
402
406410
413
422
425
428429
10.05.42
10.06.05
10.06.29
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
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0
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300
400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
elo
city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
400
402
406410
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422
425
428429
10.05.42
10.06.05
10.06.29
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
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-100
0
100
200
300
400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
elo
city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
400
402
406410
413
422
425
428429
10.05.42
10.06.05
10.06.29
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
elo
city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
402
406410
413
422
425
428429
10.05.42
10.06.05
10.06.29
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
elo
city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
402
406410
413
422
425
428429
10.05.42
10.06.05
10.06.29
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
elo
city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
402
406410
413
422
425
428429
10.05.42
10.06.05
10.06.29
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Relative Bistatic Range [Km]
Bis
tatic V
elo
city [m
/s]
15
49 196
287
297
302
314315
316
331
337361
364
392
396
402
406410
413
422
425
428429
10.05.42
10.06.05
10.06.29
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
6
MULTI-FREQUENCY INTEGRATION
Multi-Frequency detection schemes (I)
Ref
REFERENCE CHANNEL
SURVEILLANCE CHANNEL
2D CROSS-CORRELATION
Doppler Shift
SurvDISTURBANCE CANCELLATION
Surv’
RefCFAR
THRESHOLD
0
1
n
N-1
zn,m n=0,..,N-1, m=0,..,M-1 R.V. z with pz(z) and Dz(z)
xm=f(z0,m, z1,m, …, zN-1,m) m=0,..,M-1 R.V. x with px(x) and Dx(x)
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
7
Multi-Frequency detection schemes (II)
� The availability of different FM radio channels can collect a huge amount and a large diversity of information
Integration strategies
� Decentralized (“L out of N” logic)
� Centralized Linear:
� SUM
� Centralized Non-Linear:
� MAX
� MIN
1,..,0
1
0
, −==∑−
=
Mmzx
N
n
mnm
{ } 1,..,0max1,..,0, −==
−=Mmzx
Nnmnm
{ } 1,..,0min1,..,0, −==
−=Mmzx
Nnmnm
� Slightly different integration times required
� Noise floor normalization before integration
0
1
n
N-1
zn,m n=0,..,N-1, m=0,..,M-1 R.V. z with pz(z) and Dz(z)
xm=f(z0,m, z1,m, …, zN-1,m) m=0,..,M-1 R.V. x with px(x) and Dx(x)
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
8
Multi-Frequency detection schemes (III)Theoretical Pfa expressions for the considered integration strategies:
CA-CFAR detection scheme
SUM
MAX
MIN
DECENTRALIZED
CENTRALIZED
nCASUM
nNM
CASUM
N
n
faM
G
MG
M
nnNM
P
+
−+
=−
+
−
−
=
∑ 11
0
M
CAMIN
faMG
MP
+=
−
MN
i CAMAX
iN
n
nfa
iMnG
iM
iN
nN
P
+−
−
= ∑∑
= −
+
=
+
1
1
1
1 )1()1(
∑=
−−
=
N
Li
iNSCfa
iSCfafa PP
iN
P )1(
M
CASC
SCfa
MG
MP
+=
−
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
9
Theoretical Pfa expressions for the considered integration strategies:
GO-CFAR detection scheme
SUM
MAX
MIN
DECENTRALIZED
CENTRALIZED
∑=
−−
=
N
Li
iNSCfa
iSCfafa PP
iN
P )1( ∑= −
+
+−
=
M
m GOSC
mSCfa
mG
m
mM
P1
1)1(
( )( )
( ) 110110
)(!!!!1
!11
110
1101
0
1
0
1
00−
−
++++−
−
−
−−
=
−
=
−
== +−
++++−−
= ∑∑∑∑
mm
kkkNGOSUM
NGOSUM
m
mN
k
N
k
N
k
mM
m
famG
G
kkkN
kkkN
mM
PLL
LL
∑∑= −
+
=
+
+−
−
=
NM
i GOMAX
iN
n
nfa
inG
i
iNM
nN
P1
1
1
1 )1()1(
∑= −
+
+−
=
M
m GOMIN
mfa
mG
m
mM
P1
1)1(
Multi-Frequency detection schemes (IV)
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
10
Theoretical Pfa expressions for the considered integration strategies:
SO-CFAR detection scheme
SUM
MAX
MIN
DECENTRALIZED
CENTRALIZED
∑=
−−
=
N
Li
iNSCfa
iSCfafa PP
iN
P )1(MG
MP
SOSC
SCfa
+=
−
MG
MP
SOMINfa
+=
−
lkGl
iNi
MkN
MNPSOMAX
likN
k
iN
l
M
i
fa+
−
−+
−
=
−
+++
=
−+
=
−
=
∑ ∑∑1
)1(1)1(1 1
1
1)1(
0
1
0
( ) 110110
1
1
0 110
1101
0
1
0 )(!!!!1
)!1(1
−−
++++−−
−−
= −
−−
=
−
= +−
++++−−= ∑∑∑
MM
kkkNGOSUM
NSOSUM
N
k M
MN
k
N
k
faMG
G
kkkN
kkkNP
LL
LL
Multi-Frequency detection schemes (V)
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
11
Wide-Band Prototypes development
RFIF
RF IF
LO
Dual channel
A/D Converter
RF Amp.Down Conv
MIXER
RF Amp.
IF Amp.
IF Amp.Down Conv
MIXER
Low-pass
Filter
Low-pass
Filter
SurveillanceAntenna
Dual channel
A/D Converter
External
Clock Source
1st Nyquist
FM Band
(88 ÷ 108 MHz) Fs 0 Fs/2
2nd Nyquist
ReferenceAntenna
Direct RF sampling
Signal down-conversion & baseband sampling
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
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� RX site: Riva di Traiano (Civitavecchia, ~70km north of Rome)
� Reference antenna steered toward Monte Argentario (pointing north-west)
� Surveillance antenna pointed at about 180° (standard arrival and departure routes to and from Leonardo Da Vinci airport in Fiumicino)
� Selection of a limited number of FM radio channels
� 300 data files covering 2 hours
� Single acquisition duration: about 1 sec
� Temporal spacing between acquisitions: about 23 sec
� Live ATC registrations available
INFOCOM Acquisition campaigns
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
Comparison between single frequency channels (SFC1-5) and the decentralized integration strategies (Pfa = 10-3)
CA-CFAR GO-CFAR
SO-CFAR
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
16
Performance assessment of the MF approach (III)
False alarm rates obtained with the different centralized integration strategies in conjunction with the different CFAR detection schemes (nominal Pfa = 10-3)
� CA-CFAR and GO-CFAR: proper control of the Pfa with all the considered integration schemes
� SO-CFAR: false alarm rate comparable with the nominal one only in few cases
� MAX approach (both with CA and GO-CFAR) yields slightly higher false alarm rates at short ranges: disturbance residuals in Range-Velocity map
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
17
Performance assessment of the MF approach (IV)
Comparison among the different centralized integration strategies (Pfa = 10-3)
CA
-CF
AR
GO
-CF
AR
MFC2 MFC3 MFC4aMFC4b MFC5 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Multi-Frequency Configurations
Dete
ction R
ate
LINEAR
MFC2 MFC3 MFC4aMFC4b MFC5 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Multi-Frequency Configurations
Dete
ction R
ate
MAX
MFC2 MFC3 MFC4aMFC4b MFC5 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Multi-Frequency Configurations
Dete
ction R
ate
MIN
∆R1
∆R2
∆R3
MFC2 MFC3 MFC4aMFC4b MFC5 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Multi-Frequency Configurations
Dete
ction R
ate
LINEAR
MFC2 MFC3 MFC4aMFC4b MFC5 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Multi-Frequency Configurations
Dete
ction R
ate
MAX
MFC2 MFC3 MFC4aMFC4b MFC5 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Multi-Frequency Configurations
Dete
ction R
ate
MIN
∆R1
∆R2
∆R3
� MIN approach always yields worst performance
� SUM (LINEAR) and MAX integration strategies show similar performance
� SUM has slight advantage at far range
� MAX is slightly better than SUM in detection probability when using a small number of integrated channels
� CA-CFAR seems preferable with respect to GO-CFAR (slight performance improvement)
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
18
Performance assessment of the MF approach (V)
Detection performance comparison of the best performing integration strategies using a CA-CFAR detection scheme (Pfa = 10-3)
MFC2 MFC3 MFC4aMFC4b MFC5 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Multi-Frequency Configurations
Dete
ction R
ate
∆R1
MFC2 MFC3 MFC4aMFC4b MFC5 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Multi-Frequency Configurations
Dete
ction R
ate
∆R2
MFC2 MFC3 MFC4aMFC4b MFC5 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Multi-Frequency Configurations
Dete
ction R
ate
∆R3
SUM
MAX
DEC
SC2
SC1
SUM
MAX
DEC
SC2
SC1
SUM
MAX
DEC
SC2
SC3
� Detection capability limited due to the long baseline between the TX and RX site
� Proposed multi-frequency approaches yield a remarkable performance improvement with respect to the best single-channels case for all the considered surveillance regions
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
19
ICS-554B: main features
� Simultaneous down-conversion of up to 16 arbitrary signal bands (e.g. 16 FM channels): onboard decimation, software selectable
Technical Specifications:� 4 analog input channels (4 ADCs)
� ADC resolution: 14 bits
� Input impedance: 50Ohm
� Full scale input: 1.2 Vpk-pk (about 5.5dBm)
� Input Signal Bandwidth: 2MHz ÷ 200MHz
� Internal or external clock and trigger
� Max. Sampling Rate: 100MHz for 4 channels, simultaneous
� Min. Sampling Rate: 30MHz for 4 channels, simultaneous
� Internal Sample Clock Oscillator: 100MHz fixed frequency crystal
� Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR): > 85dB
� Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): > 71dB
� User Programmable FPGA (1 million gates)
� SMA coaxial connectors
� ADC outputs are applied to a bank of 4 digital down-converter (DDC) modules (Graychip GC4016 devices)
� Each GC4016 device includes 4 independent DDC channels
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
20
ICS-554B: block diagram
� Several operation modes available
� Examples of acquisition configurations:
� 2 antennas (2 ADC channels), 16 FM channels (8+8)
� 4 antennas (4 ADC channels), 16 FM channels (4+4+4+4)
� …
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
21
ICS-554B: GC4016 block diagrams
� Each GC4016 device can be configured for 4, 2 or 1 output channel
� Each DDCs can have independent frequency, phase and gain controls
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
22
Conclusions and future works (I)
� The development of wideband experimental prototypes allowed us to apply a multi-frequency approach which enhances the surveillance capabilities of PBR.
� The proposed approach yields improved performance w.r.t. the single FM radio channels, since it makes the detection robust w.r.t. both the content of transmitted radio broadcast channel and the channel multipath conditions.
� The performance improvement is paid in terms of computational load
� In the specific considered case, a significant increase in the number of integrated channels does not yield a further performance improvement (poorer characteristics of additional channels).
� Further improvement expected by adding good-performing channels (when available).
� Detection performance is still limited by interferences due to other FM radio transmissions…
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
23
Conclusions and future works (II)
Different strategies can be considered to improve the detection performance:
� Automatic selection of the FM radio channels
� Direct signal-to-Noise Ratio (DNR): this parameter allows to identify high power transmissions and strongly affects theoretical cancellation and detection performance
� Reference to Surveillance Power Ratio (Front-to-Back ratio)
� Program content
� Interference rejection based on the exploitation of different polarizations
� different FM radio channels transmitted with different polarizations, even from the same transmitter: use of more than two receiving channels
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
24
Conclusions and future works (III)
Different strategies can be considered to improve the detection performance:
� Antenna based interference rejection using multiple receiving channels
� Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation
� example: one reference channel and two surveillance channels toperform detection and DOA estimation based on phase differences evaluation (monopulse)
� DOA estimation with a multi-channel and multi-frequency configuration
� Track initiation
� Multi-temporal analysis (used together with multi-frequency approach)
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
25
Conclusions and future works (IV)
Exploitation of different opportunity waveforms: digital TV signals
� Frequency range:
� 52 ÷ 88 and 174 ÷ 230 MHz VHF
� 470 ÷ 870 MHz UHF
� Wider bandwidth: 7 ÷ 8 MHz increased range resolution
� High power transmissions
� Wide coverage:
� switch-off of analogical transmissions already started
� Lazio: II semester of 2009
� OFDM modulation
� Presence of deterministic peaks
Carlo Bongioanni – Dottorato di ricerca in Telerilevamento (XXII ciclo) Relazione dell’attività di ricerca svolta durante il II anno
26
Publications and conferences
� A. Lauri, F. Colone, R. Cardinali, C. Bongioanni, P. Lombardo, “Analysis and emulation of FM radio signals for passive radar”, 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky (MT), USA, 3-10 March 2007
� C. Bongioanni, F. Colone, S. Bernardini, L. Lelli, A. Stavolo, P. Lombardo, “Passive radar prototypes for multifrequency target detection”, Signal Processing Symposium 2007, Jachranka Village (Poland), 24-26 May 2007
� F. Colone, P. Lombardo, C. Bongioanni, “Track initiation for FM-based passive radar using multi-frequency and multi-temporal integration”, 5th Multi-National Passive Covert Radar Conference, Shrivenham, Swindon (UK), 13-15 November 2007
� P. Lombardo, F. Colone, C. Bongioanni, “Comparison of different approaches for a Multi-Frequency FM Based Passive Bistatic Radar”, Sensors and Technology for Defence Against Terrorism, Mannheim, Germany, 22-25 April 2008
� P. Lombardo, F. Colone, C. Bongioanni, A. Lauri, T. Bucciarelli, “PBR activity at INFOCOM: adaptive processing techniques and experimental results”, 2008 IEEE Radar Conference, Rome (Italy), 26-30 May 2008
� C. Bongioanni, F. Colone, P. Lombardo, “Performance Analysis of a Multi-Frequency FM Based Passive Bistatic Radar ”, 2008 IEEE Radar Conference, Rome (Italy), 26-30 May 2008 (Best student paper award)
� F. Colone, C. Bongioanni, P. Lombardo, “Multi-Frequency target detection in FM Radio Based Passive Bistatic Radar”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems (attualmentein revisione)