Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition DOT/FAA/TC-xx/xx Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center Aviation Research Division Atlantic City International Airport New Jersey 08405 Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definitions December 16, 2016 This document is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Services (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. This document is also available from the Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center at actlibrary.tc.faa.gov. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration
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Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
DOT/FAA/TC-xx/xx
Federal Aviation
Administration
William J. Hughes Technical
Center
Aviation Research Division
Atlantic City International
Airport
New Jersey 08405
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision
Severity – Projectile and Target
Definitions
December 16, 2016
This document is available to the U.S. public
through the National Technical Information
Services (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This document is also available from the
Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes
Technical Center at actlibrary.tc.faa.gov.
U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
NOTICE
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of
Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States
Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The United
States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or
manufacturer's names appear herein solely because they are considered
essential to the objective of this report. The findings and conclusions in this
report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of
the funding agency. This document does not constitute FAA policy. Consult the
FAA sponsoring organization listed on the Technical Documentation page as to
its use.
This report is available at the Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes
Technical Center’s Full-Text Technical Reports page: actlibrary.tc.faa.gov in
Adobe Acrobat portable document format (PDF).
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No.
DOT/FAA/TC-xx/xx
2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
4. Title and Subtitle
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and
Target Definition
5. Report Date
December 16, 2016
6. Performing Organization Code
7. Author(s)
Douglas S. Cairns, Lysle A. Wood Distinguished Professor, Principal
Investigator
Graham Johnson, Graduate Research Assistant
8. Performing Organization
Report No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Montana State University as part of ASSURE (Alliance for System
Safety of UAS through Research Excellence
Bozeman, MT 59717
10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
11. Contract or Grant No.
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration
William J. Hughes Technical Center
Aviation Research Division
***BRANCH***
Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405
13. Type of Report and Period
Covered
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstract
This is the Volume I of the UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definitions from Montana
State University for Unmanned Aircraft Systems to Aircraft Air-to-Air Collision. This report is a study on
current unmanned aircraft systems as well as commercial and business jets operating within the National
Airspace System. As of early 2016, 3 lbs unmanned aircraft systems and below capture 60% of the FAA
Section 333 waivers, 80% are below 15 lbs, and only 1% are above 55 lbs.
This report is a catalog and justification of projectile and target selections for UAS Air to Air Collision studies.
Based on available data during the first quarter of 2016, the DJI Phantom 3 quad copter and Precision Hawk
fixed wing UAS were chosen as prototypical projectiles. The Boeing 737 is the most popular commercial
aircraft, and was chosen as the prototypical commercial aircraft target. A Lear 31A was chosen as the
prototypical business jet target as a consequence of its attributes and previous work.
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
17. Key Words
UAS Air to Air Collision, projectile, target,
commercial transport aircraft, business jet, impact
18. Distribution Statement
This document is available to the U.S. public through
the National Technical Information Service (NTIS),
Springfield, Virginia 22161. This document is also
available from the Federal Aviation Administration
William J. Hughes technical Center at
actlibrary.tc.faa.gov
19. Security Classif. (of this
report)
Unclassified
20. Security Classif. (of this page)
Unclassified
21. No. of
Pages
22. Price
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi
1.0 PHASE I PROJECTILE (UAS CLASS) DEFINITION 1
1.1 PROJECTILES AND QUANTITIES IN SERVICE 1
1.1.1 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE UAS 1
1.1.2 PRIVATE USERS 3
1.1.3 FIXED WING UAS AIRCRAFT 5
1.2 PROJECTILE SERVICE SPECIFICATIONS 6
1.2.1 SERVICE MISSIONS 7
1.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 8
1.4 FUTURE STUDIES 9
1.5 REFERENCES 8
2.0 PHASE II TARGET (AIRCRAFT TYPE) DEFINITIONS 10
2.1 TARGETS 10
2.1.1 BUSINESS JET 10
2.1.2 COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT 11
2.2 TARGET SPECIFICATIONS 12
2.2.1 BUSINESS JET 12
2.2.2 COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT 14
2.3 BUSINESS JET AND TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT TARGET SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS 15
2.4 FUTURE WORK 16
2.5 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 16
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
ii
APPENDICES
Appendix Page
APPENDIX A UAS DATABASE (CURRENT AS OF EARLY 2016) A-1
APPENDIX B COMMERCIAL TRANSPORT AND BUSINESS JET DATABASE B-1
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure I.1 A3 Air to Air Collision Tasks (Montana State work is in blue) viii
Figure 1.1 Platform as a % of FAA Exemption References 1
Figure 1.2 FAA Exemptions Based On MGTOWS < 55lbs 2
Figure 1.3 AUVSI Database Based On MGTOWS < 55LBS 2
Figure 1.4 Typical DJI Phantom 3 Series Configuration 4
Figure 1.5 Typical Precision Hawk Configuration 5
Figure 1.6 FAA Form 333 Exemptions by Type 8
Figure 1.7 Most Popular UAS: Mass, Velocity Vs Altitude 9
Figure 2.1 20 Business Jets Most Commonly Registered With the FAA 10
Figure 2.2 2015 Business Jet Sales 11
Figure 2.3 In-Service Commercial Aircraft 12
Figure 2.4 Lear 31A Business Jet Aircraft 13
Figure 2.5 Boeing 737 Classic 15
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table I.1 Approximate Division of Labor for Air to Air Collision Studies ix
Table I.2 Montana State University Specific Tasks ix
Table 1.1 Range of UAS Specifications 7
Table 2.1 Most Commonly Registered Business Jets – Specifications 143
Table 2.2 2015 New Business Jet Sales – Specifications 154
Table 2.3 Commercial Aircraft Specifications 175
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
v
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AGL Above Ground Level
ASSURE Alliance for System Safety of UAS through Research Excellence
AUVSI Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International
COA Certificate of Waiver or Authorization
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
GA General Aviation
GAMA General Aviation Manufacturers Association
GCS Ground Control Station
GTOW Gross Take-Off Weight
JAA Joint Aviation Authority
MGTOW Maximum Gross Takeoff Weight
MSU Montana State University
NAS National Airspace System
NIAR National Institute for Aviation Research
NPIAS National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems
UA Unmanned Aircraft
UAH University of Alabama, Huntsville
UAS Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Montana State University would like to thank the FAA’s Center of Excellence for Unmanned
Aircraft Systems, ASSURE, for supporting this work. MSU would also like to thank AUVSI for
the use of their UAS database, enabled by Mike Toscano and administered by David Klein. The
AUVSI database is the most comprehensive UAS database in the world and without it, the
conclusions drawn in this report would not have been possible. MSU further appreciates the
collaboration with University of Alabama, Huntsville. Dave Arterburn is the team leader for Air
to Ground UAS collisions, and MSU and UAH share a common need for a database on impact
modeling.
Also appreciated is the work of Dr. Geraldo Olivares and the rest of the Crash Dynamics Lab &
Computational Mechanics Lab at the National Institute for Aviation Research at Wichita State
University. Their proactive development of the 737 and Learjet 31A models has saved substantial
development time and money for the UAS Airborne Collision Severity Evaluation. Drs. Kiran D’
Souza from the Ohio State University and Tom Lacy from Mississippi State University have been
important collaborators for this first year, and as we move forward.
Special thanks to those in the FAA who have been involved throughout include Sabrina Saunders-
Hodge, Chris Swider, Bill Oehlschlager, and Paul Campbell. Special thanks is due to Paul
Rumberger who has been instrumental for bridging the diverse operational cultures of universities
and the FAA into a working entity for ASSURE.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This work is a summary of initial projectile and target definitions for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
(UAS) to Aircraft Collision studies. The emphasis of the first work has been on UAS to
Commercial Transport and Business Jet collisions.
The work began with a survey of available UAS and FAA waivers for UAS operations. This is a
very dynamic field, and the data herein represent available data through the first quarter of 2016.
Several findings were important. These are summarized below:
• The most popular platforms for FAA exemptions are also among the most popular in the
recreational market, i.e. recreational UAS very capable
• 3 lbs MTOW and below capture 60% of the FAA waivers, 80% are below 15 lbs, and only
1% are above 55 lbs
• Small UAS (3 lbs MTOW) are capable of flying to 18,000 MSL or above
• Rotorcraft type UAS numbers far exceed fixed wing
• DJI is the major player, with 60% of the exemptions being a Phantom type platform
• DJI is the largest supplier to the commercial and recreational market
• UAS types and applications are a dynamic situation
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
vii
The DJI Phantom 3 was chosen as the prototypical rotorcraft UAS for collision studies. A Precision
Hawk fixed wing aircraft was also chosen for UAS to Aircraft collision studies.
The next task was to determine typical targets for the studies. The Boeing 737 was chosen as the
prototypical commercial transport target. It is the most popular commercial transport aircraft in
the world. A Lear 31A business jet was chosen as the Business Jet target. Not coincidentally, the
National Institute for Aviation Research has previously developed detailed airframe finite element
models of these targets, saving 15,000-20,000 person-hours of work.
INTRODUCTION
The FAA project developed by the UAS Center of Excellence ASSURE (ASSUREuas.org) on
UAS to Aircraft Collision was conducted by Wichita State University, National Institution for
Aviation Research (NIAR, Lead), Mississippi State University, Montana State University, and the
Ohio State University. A high level overview from the proposal is shown in Figure I.1
During the course of the project, the approximate task and subtask responsibilities are shown in
Table I.1 and the specific tasks for Montana State University are shown in Table I.2.
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
viii
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Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
ix
Figure I.1 A3 Air to Air Collision Tasks (Montana State work is in blue)
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definition
x
Table I.1 Approximate Division of Labor for Air to Air Collision Studies
Table I.2 Montana State University Specific Tasks
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definitions
1
1.0 PHASE I PROJECTILE (UAS CLASS) DEFINITION
1.1 PROJECTILES AND QUANTITIES IN SERVICE
There are three main entities operating UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) in the NAS (National
Airspace System at this time in the U.S.:
1. Government Agencies, which are not considered in this report
2. Commercial entities for profit
3. Private, hobbyist users for recreational use
1.1.1 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE UAS
Commercial entity UAS use are monitored and governed by the FAA through the application and
award of a Form 333 Exemption which, if granted, results in a commercial entity being given a
COA (Certificate of Waiver or Authorization). Within each exemption request the entity must
identify the specific UAS platform they intend to use (multiple platforms can be referenced in the
same exemption request) as well as the industry with which they will be using the UAS.
As of early 2016, the Department of Transportation had granted 3,306 Form 333 Exemptions
across a wide range of industries [1.4]. Analyzing these exemptions shows that the most
commonly referenced UAS is the DJI Phantom 2 and 3 series of quad copters [1.3].
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definitions
2
Figure 1.1 Platform as a % of FAA Exemption References
Further analysis of the exemptions database shows some striking trends for the UAS being used in
commercial applications. While one might initially think that commercial applications would
involve UAS on the heavier side, but that is not the case. Figure 1.2 shows that over 1/3 of all
FAA Exemptions are under 5lbs. If this < 5lbs weight class is further broken down, it shows that
14% of exemptions (approx. 460 total exemptions) occur around the weight class of the most
common exempted aircraft, the DJI Phantom series. Furthermore, an additional 9% of all
exemptions occur below 2 lbs.
41%
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DJI Inspire1
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DJISpreading
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3DR IRIS DJISpreading
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3DR Solo 3DR X8+ YuneecQ500
Typhoon
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YAs mult iple platforms are referenced in a s ingle exemption,
the f requencies sum to more than 100%
Model / Platform
Volume I – UAS Airborne Collision Severity – Projectile and Target Definitions
3
Figure 1.2 FAA Exemptions Based On MGTOWS < 55lbs
The AUVSI data follows these trends for MGTOW’s. Figure 1.3 below shows the AUVSI
(Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International) database broken down in similar