Dossier 4: The Contemporary Period (1867 – Present)

Dossier 4: The Contemporary

Period(1867 – Present)

Chapter 3 – Currents of Culture & ThoughtMr. WilsonLMAC

Quick Review…

What brings about the end of the British Regime?

1867 - Confederation

What was the big event throughout the early Contemporary Period?

Industrialization

What does MacDonald promise?

A Trans-Canadian Railway

Imperialism? Conflict?

The mad Grab for AFRICA

The Great War

1914-1918

The _____________ 20’sRoaring

Followed by…

The Great Depression

Which was ended by…

World War II

(1939 – 1945)

The Cold War (1945-1991)

HiroshimaAug 6th 1945

NagasakiAug 9th 1945

264 000 Dead

And everyone holds their breath…

The Good Things?

Timeline18

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1945-1991 The Cold War

The

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The

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Modernization…

Part IConfederation to the Great Depression(1867 – 1939)

Mechanization (1918-1939)Define what an “Ideology” is?…a set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions… The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer either change in society or adherence to a set of ideals where conformity already exists… It is how society sees things.“Ideology.” Wikipedia. April 9th 2011. Web. April 12th 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology>

Mechanization (1918-1939)Define what a “Social

Movement” is?…a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change.“Social Movement.” Wikipedia. April 3rd 2011. Web April 12th 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement>

AgriculturalismConfederation to the Great Depression(1867 – 1939)

Industrialization (1850-1914)

When? Mid-1800s until WWI

What happened? The working world was transformed, how? The shift from Primary, to Secondary

Population? Urban populations GROW Rural populations shrink

Industrialization (1850-1914)

What Happens in Quebec? The Catholic Church still has a lot of

influence over the French Canadians, until when?

So if I asked you: “during the early days of Canadian Industrialization – what was the main type of ideology found in Quebec?”A Catholic Ideology

Industrialization (1850-1914)

As industrialization set in, many people moved to the cities in search of work: What does this do to the cities?▪ Overcrowded and poor

Solution?▪ The Clergy tried to promote rural life and a traditional

agriculture way of life as a possible solution.

So What happens?▪ This led to the settlement of the Laurentians, the

Lanaudière and the Lac-St-Jean regions.

Industrialization (1850-1914)

Agriculturalism: The Canadian and Quebec Governments

supported the idea, why? They even helped create specific groups

and magazines related to the agricultural life (Media)

Un Homme et son Péché by Claude Henri Grignon.

This movement remained extremely popular throughout the Great Depression.

Liberalism & CapitalismConfederation to the Great Depression(1867 – 1929)

Liberalism and CapitalismLiberalism and Capitalism

When and where did these ideas take shape?

How did they get to North America? How were these ideas circulated?▪ Newspapers; newsletters; government

officials; business owners - all championed these ideologies.

Individual rights, freedoms and private ownership were a big deal...

Liberalism and CapitalismMontreal:

The wealthy business class lived in a neighbourhood called the Mille Carré Doré.

Luxurious mansions were built, the English Bourgeoisie was thriving.

The French had a similar area – but it was less luxurious and further East.

Rene-Levesque

Pine StreetG

uyAve du Parc

Socialism, Communism and the Cooperativethe Great Depression(1929 – 1939)

Socialism, Communism &

the CooperativePrior to 1929, what kind of

ideologies were in place? VERY Liberal VERY Capitalist

What happened in October of 1929? BLACK OCTOBER = the stock market

crash The beginning of the Great Depression

The Dust Bowl

Socialism, Communism & the CooperativeNew ideologies started to be

explored: Communism Socialism The Cooperative

Because of poor working conditions, ideas like private ownership were replaced with things like Collective Property, Equality and Unions.

Capitalism Capitalism is based

on the idea of private ownership with NO GOVERNMENT intervention of any kind.

The economic principle is that if the market is left alone, prosperity will follow.

John Locke Adam Smith

CommunismKarl Marx

believed that systems like Capitalism led to internal struggle between the classes.

This could only be rectified through a more socialist approach.

So he came up with the idea of Communism.

The Communist Manifesto

1848

Socialism Socialism is a pretty

much the exact opposite of Capitalism.

Believes in direct worker ownership, with equal access to resources and compensation based on labour expended.Who is that?

The French Revolution

Left vs. Right

The Political Spectrum

The Cooperative The idea that a

company can share its profits with its workers.

The best example of a cooperative in Quebec is the DesJardins Banking system.

Unions A Union is a socialist

idea, where the interests of the workers are protected by a Union.

Through Unions, workers can put lots of pressure on their employer for things like wages, working conditions and benefits.

Socialism, Communism &

the Cooperative Ideas like Socialism, Capitalism and the

Cooperative were debated but were never wholly embraced in Canada or Quebec.

During the Great Depression: The Canadian Government definitely became more

socialist… E.G.: agriculture, unemployment insurance, family

allowances, pensions, etc. This Anti-Liberalist movement led to the

creation of Hydro-Quebec and the Welfare state of the 1960’s.

Socialism, Communism &

the CooperativeConclusion? Cooperatism was the only ideology that

really made some change in Quebec.

For the most part – Quebec and Canada remains a Liberalist Capitalist state…with some socialist influences

Socialism, Communism &

the CooperativeEffects on The Catholic Church?

Still very active during the Contemporary period Newspapers, radio broadcasts, literature and art. Banned books - but encouraged agriculturalism

and a return to “Christian” values. Basically, the Catholic church exerted a lot of

pressure on artists up until the 1960’s. It was only at the beginning of the 20th

century that ideas began to move away from the Church – especially with regards to education.

Part II1939 – 1960’s

World War II (1939-1945)

Liberation Movements Secularization Feminism The Nationalist Movement (Quebec)

After WWII, and all of the changes it brought about – In Quebec, many people were more comfortable speaking out against the Church and the government.

Secularization1939-1960

Maurice Duplessis

Le Grand Noirceur

Secularization The first major Quebec movement

involved he secularization of the Church and the State.

Although many government officials believed in traditional Catholic values – liberalist intellectuals felt let down.

The main goal was to remove the Church’s influence on education and hospital care.

Secularization Throughout the 1950’s and the 1960’s

the debate would continue: The Church’s authority on censoring books The patriarchal society and the submission

of women. The Church’s influence on learning and the

poor quality of learning. During the time the Church lost a lot of

followers (see tables 3.23 and 3.24)

SecularizationThe Quebec Ministry of Education was finally created in 1964: Increased school funding Student loans and bursaries Mandatory University training for teachers CEGEPs (1969) Mixed gender schools

The standard of education increased dramatically.

Secularization The Church was essentially removed

from having any influence over the government.

But by losing its control over the schools, it also lost its moral authority over the population – and so religious belief as a whole began to decline.

Free from the Church, art began to change – moving away from traditional subjects towards new original styles.

1920’sAmerican Art Gothic

1950’s

1960’s

The Feminist Movement1939-1960

British Suffragettes (1903-1918)

The 1920’s “Flappers”

The Dirty Thirties

Quote“The Depression did little to alter the role of women in the American workplace. According to the 1930 census almost eleven million women, or 24.3 percent of all women in the country, were gainfully employed. Three out of every ten of these working women were in domestic or personal service. Of professional women three-quarters were schoolteachers or nurses.”“Working Women in the 1930s.” eNotes.com. 2011. Web. April 18th 2011. <http://www.enotes.com/1930-lifestyles-social-trends-american-decades/working-women>

World War II (1939-1945)

During WWII – many women had to participate in the war effort…but for some reason the were expected to go back home once the war was over.

Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)

1949

The Feminist Movement Gaining momentum at the end of the

19th century, especially from the British Suffragettes (1903-1918), Canadian women set out to obtain equal political rights and access to education.

At first, feminism was not very demanding, but by the end of WWII women would demand equality on all fronts.

The Feminist Movement The first women’s groups organized

by French Canadian women were devoted to charity and education.

So – the Church approved…As long as they maintained the “traditional role of the woman.”

The Feminist Movement During WWII, many women had to

help with the war effort – working in factories no less!

When the war was over, and the men came home – the real question was “if we can do the same thing as you – why can’t we get paid the same as you?”

Although they had the right to work and vote, women were still treated as inferior.

The Feminist Movement Women were still being paid less then men

and women were unable to apply into certain University programs that were considered “male.”

By the 1960’s, Feminist groups were fighting against violence, discrimination and injustices towards women.

By the 1970’s, Feminism was much more radical – featuring the right to abortion, available childcare, remuneration for women who choose to stay home and pay equity.

Feminist Ninjas?Now go! My little culturally uninhibited Ninjas…

PART III1960’s – the Present….

What does this make you think

of?

French-Canadian NationalismNot exactly a new idea…

…involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. It is usually the belief that a nation has a right to statehood…Although there are various definitions for what constitutes a nation, which leads to several different strands of nationalism.“Nationalism.” Wikipedia.com April 24 2011. Web. April 25 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism>

Define “Nationalism…”

French Canadian Nationalism In Quebec, Nationalism is not just about

separation or the idea of sovereignty…. There are many ways of expressing the idea of

a collective identity. Language – The Jouale Quebecois Education – mandatory bilingualism Media – Art, theatre, Cinema, music, Etc.

As a result, many different representations of Quebec Nationalism have been expressed throughout the years.

French Canadian Nationalism1534-1763 (Dossier 2) Up until the treaty of Paris, “Canadian”

nationalism was free to develop on it’s own.

What was the biggest influence during these times? The Natives The Church The Mother Country?

The Coureur de Bois – The perfect example of the first “Canadian”

Not exactly French, Not exactly Native…but something in between.

French Canadian Nationalism1763-1867 (Dossier 3) After the Seven Years War / French Indian

War – Quebec started to see themselves as very distinct from the rest of the British Colonies.

Why? Well it was pretty obvious from their

language and Religion that they shared very little in the way of culture with the British.

The Quebec Act 1774 What does this have to do with

French Canadian Nationalism? The British wanted to keep the French

calm. Did it work? Apparently it did, because we don’t

really hear anything about Nationalism until…

French Canadian NationalismSo when did French Nationalism really begin? The arrival of the Loyalists? The Creation of Upper and Lower

Canada? New Liberalist ideas?

What did all this lead to?

Assemblée des Six-Comtés

The Parti Patriote

French Canadian NationalismLeading up to the Rebellions: The French Canadians are surrounded:

Ontario – The Loyalists (Upper Canada) South – The U.S.A. (Very new) East – New Brunswick and Nova Scotia North – not much…

…The Canadians suddenly realize they would need to protect their culture.

So they started to get into politics, or to make monuments and art commemorating French Canadian heroes.

Dollard – Battle of Long Sault 1660

French Canadian NationalismLeading up to The Rebellions of 1837-38 The United States The French Republic Haiti Paraguay Etc.

All were accomplished by military means – so these violent national liberations were nothing new...

French Canadian NationalismHow were the ideas of French Canadian Nationalism originally spread?

Le Devoir Le Nationalist L’Action

Henri Bourassa

Founder of Le Devoir and opponent of Canadian involvement in foreign military adventures, Bourassa inspired the growth of a vigorous Nationalism in Québec

French Canadian NationalismWhat kind of values did these Newspapers talk about?

Working the land Preserving the family Maintaining traditions Social and political stability

One of the biggest supporters of these traditional values was the Church – for example father Lionel Groulx.

Lionel-Groulx(1878-1967)

Lionel-Groulx called the Canadian Confederation of 1867 a failure and espoused the theory that French Canada's only hope for survival was to bolster a French State and a Roman Catholic Quebec as the means to emancipate the nation and a bulwark against English power…In 1928, the Université de Montréal insisted that Groulx sign a paper saying that he would respect Confederation and English-Canadian sensibilities as a condition of receiving a respectable salary for his teaching work. He would not sign, but finally agreed to a condition that he would limit himself to historical studies“Lionel-Groulx.” Wikipedia. Jan 31st 2011. Web. Apr 28th 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Groulx>

French Canadian NationalismThe Early 1900’s – How was this Nationalism expressed?

Art Literature Music

This kind of media became extremely popular with the invention of the Radio in the 1920’s, and late the rise of Television after WWII.

French Canadian Nationalism

After World War II After the 1950’s, Quebec

Nationalism changed and split between Federalism and Neo-Nationalism.

The ideas behind the Neo-Nationalist government sparked a huge national debate – which dominated the airwaves in the 1970’s.

Traditional Nationalism: (1)

Connected to traditions, Religion (2) Quebec

autonomy (3) believes in Capitalism and Economic

Liberalism

Neo Nationalism:

(1) Quebec Independence

(2) Mostly Francophones

Federalism: (1) Keeping Quebec

in Canada (2) Made up of

Anglophones and

Francophones

Canadian Nationalism and Imperialism

Imperialism and Canadian Nationalism In the late 19th Century, many English

Canadians were torn between their loyalty to the Canada or to Great Britain.

So much so that many worried Canada would be annexed by the United States!

But, most were confident that even though we shared the same language as the Americans, we did not necessarily share the same values.

Imperialism and Canadian Nationalism

This imperialist sentiment (loyalty to GB) was very much apparent during the two World Wars – where Canada readily went to England’s aid (much before the Americans ever did!)

N.B.: Quebec did not miss its chance to be heard, however, as many French Canadians refused to fight.

Imperialism and Canadian Nationalism But again, like in Quebec, Canadian

Nationalism changed in the 1960’s. The biggest change was how Canada

dropped its reference to Great Britain.

This sentiment was finalized in 1982 when Pierre Elliot Trudeau re-patriated the Constitution Act (formely known as the British North American Act of 1867)

Aboriginalism

Aboriginalism Just like the English and the French

Canadians – the Aboriginal people of Canada also began to assert their Nationalism.

They too recognize the distinctiveness of their society, and express it through their culture, their art and their traditions.

http://www.nfb.ca/film/sweater/

Activity #4 – The Sweater

500 words – with sources! How is “The Sweater” a good

reflection of Quebec Society and its distinctive culture?

What examples are there in the film related to the conflicts between French and English Canadians?

Why is the ending of the film so important and so “Quebecois?”

Canadian Ninja!