Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France

Chapter 4 – Official and Countervailing PowersLMAC

Mr. Wilson

Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in

New France

1534 Arrival of Jacques Cartier

Beginning of the French Regime?1608 - Champlain’s founding of

Quebec

Rights from the French King to do business in the fur trade.

These companies paid a “Governor” who was in control.

Context – Early

What happened in 1663?New France became a Royal Province.

Why?Because the King wanted a piece of the

action.

The King removed the companies from administration & replaced them with The Royal Government.

Context - Later

Political Power in New FranceKnown as: the Royal Government

The Royal Government established in 1663Inspired by administrative system in FrancePart of the French regime’s absolute monarchy

Political Power in New France

The Royal Government

King Louis XIVMinister of the

Marine

Governor General Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Political Power in New France

What was the Sovereign Council?

Highest court in New France

Certain legislative and executive power

Composed of Governor General, Intendant, Bishop , and a few councilors

Political Power in New FranceWhat did the Sovereign Council do?

Registered royal edicts (orders) and put them into effect

Listened to appeals (attempt to overturn a decision) on legal decisions from the lower courts

They also issued statutes (laws) E.g. 1685: Protestant sects were outlawed!

The Royal Government

King Louis XIVMinister of the

Marine

Governor General Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Political Power in New FranceWho was the Bishop?

Responsibilities: religious affairs

(education, hospitals)

Because he was on the Sovereign Council…Francois de Laval

The Royal Government

King Louis XIVMinister of the

Marine

Governor General Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Political Power in New France

Who was the Governor General?

Represented the king of France in New France

Responsibilities: MilitaryForeign relations

He reported back to and advised France on important colonial matters

Pierre de RigaudDe Vaudreuil

The Royal Government

King Louis XIVMinister of the

Marine

Governor General Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Political Power in New FranceWho was the Intendant?Responsibilities:

JusticeInternal affairsFinances (money!)

Most important person in the colony because he controlled the CASH

Jean Talon

What kinds of problems would exist in this sort of system?

Organization led to power struggles between the Governor and the Intendant

THINK…

The Governor General could establish treaties with the Intendant’s agreement

But, sometimes the Governor could overturn the decisions of the Intendant if he got permission from the King.

Ex: Governor Frontenac vs. Intendant Duchesneau

Power Struggles

But…The Intendant managed the budget which included military spending

Conclusion?Because the Intendant controlled money, he

had a lot of power over the Governor General

Power Struggles

The Royal Government

King Louis XIVMinister of the

Marine

Governor General Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Who were the Captains of the Militia?

They were named by the Governor General

Responsibilities:

military training in defence of the colonyinforming the population of the Intendant’s

decisions, the King’s edicts, and the statutes of the Sovereign Council

Political Power in New France

Relationship between Church and State

Why did the Bishop have so much Power?

He was on the Sovereign CouncilHe had pledged his Allegiance to the

KingHe controlled the titheHe nominated priests and

missionariesHe could talk directly to the KingHe controlled all education in the

province

The Church and the State

1694The Pope expanded the position of the Bishop to an ARCHBISHOP

Why?Population was growing – gave him even more influence.

The Church and the State

“Your majesty, I, François de Laval, first Bishop of Québec in New France, swear in the name of God, and promise your Majesty that I will serve him as long as I live, your faithful subject and humble servant[...].”

-François de Laval, 1674.

The Church and the State

Francois de Laval and his campaign against the Eau-de-Vie?

In the 18th century, the political power of the Catholic Church diminished when they no longer had a seat on the Sovereign Council.

The state that had the power to set the amount of the tithe

Authority the formation of new parishes and new religious communities

But…still had influence over the education system

The Church and the State

17th century: The French vs. The Amerindians

Their relationship included alliances and conflicts linked to the fur trade.

The First Nations provided furs to the French.

In return, the French gave gifts to the Indians.

This type of trade is known as bartering.

What was the relationship between the State and the Amerindians?

The State and the Amerindians

Trade – the backbone of the Province the Governor General had to work as

a diplomat and a strategist.

Diplomat = Negotiator for peaceStrategist = Military coordinator

Negotiations with the Amerindians often concluded with the exchange of prisoners.

The State and the Amerindians

Problems?E.G.: the conflict between the

Iroquois, the Huron and the Algonquians.

Bad for TradeThreatened the lives of the colonists Led to the building of forts, e.g.

Quebec and Ville-Marie.

The State and the Amerindians

The Great Peace of Montreal,

1701

The Governor, Louis Hector Calliere, organized an important meeting with the Iroquois to negotiate lasting peace.

It put an end to the Franco-Iroquois wars.

The Great Peace of Montreal

August 4, 170130 different Amerindian Nations were

present and 1300 people were in attendance.

End result:

The French recognized the Iroquois’ right to trade and the Iroquois vowed to stay neutral between the French and the British.

The Great Peace of Montreal

Excerpt from a speech by Governor General Louis Hector de Callières in front of 1300 Iroquois representatives:

"I hereby ratify the peace that we have made today[…] hoping that we never speak again of the troubles endured during the war, and for this reason, I have seized all of your axes and your other instruments of war, that I will place with mine in a hole so deep that no one will ever be able to use them again to ruin the tranquility that I have reestablished amongst you, my children […]. […] I attach my word of honor to the necklaces I give to each of your nations so that your elder may pass this lesson along to their young members. Now, I invite you all to smoke this peace pipe that I will now light […].

Document & Questions....

a) What event is taking place while de Callière is speaking? What year is it? 

b) What clue indicated de Callière's desire to recognize Amerindian customs?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25m93JVO7kw

Movie: The Great Peace of Montreal-

1701

Colony and the Mother Country

Who called the shots?The Mother Country (France)

Who had the final say?The King of France

France’s main interest in the colony?

Colony and the Mother Country

$$$

E.G. [Exempli Gratia] regarding the colony

Jean-Talon and the King had different ideas regarding the colony.

Jean-Talon wanted to populate New France & develop its economy

But the King did not allow it!

Colony and the Mother Country

E.G. #2 Even though the Governor was

responsible for foreign relations, the King had the final say on peace and war.

That’s why after years of fighting and economic tension with the British – the territories in New France were given away in the Treaty of Paris for peace.

The Colony and the Mother Country

What happened in 1763? Treaty of Paris = The start of the British

Regime

Power relationships in Canada were dramatically changed:The French Royal Government was eliminated

The Catholic Church suddenly had less influence

A new British administration was put into place

The Colony and the Mother Country

Review

In the colony of New France – what changed in 1663?

Review

Royal Government!

Who made up the Sovereign Council?

Review

Governor General IntendantBishop

True or False:One of Bishop François de Laval’s

responsibilities was to manage the budget.

Review

FALSE!!!!!

He enforced the tithe and nominated priests & missionaries

The main reason why France was interested in the colony (New France) was because it gave them: A) FishB) Diamonds and goldC) MoneyD) Chickens

Review

The Great _______of Montreal in _____ recognized the Iroquois’ right to ______ and the Iroquois vowed to stay _______ between the French and the British.

ReviewPeace

1701

tradeneutr

al

1. Fill out the organization of the Royal Government (1 pt – must get everything correct to get a mark)

Activity #1_______________

________________

_________________

_________________

_______ _______ _______

_________

2. What is the difference between the roles and responsibilities of the Governor General now and during the French Regime. Give examples.

3. Who was Francois de Laval and what were his responsibilities in the Sovereign Council?

Activity #1

4. Describe the event that is taking place in the following image and its significance (why was it important).

Activity #1

Ninja-Pirate Peace…?(it could happen)