Dos & Linux Commands & Ubuntu Insatll

8/18/2019 Dos & Linux Commands & Ubuntu Insatll

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Basic DOS Commands

DOS (Disk Operation System) is a tool which allows you to control the operation

of the IBM PC. DOS is software which was written to control hardware. ere is a

summary of some essential DOS commands.

Change Drive

!o chan"e the default dri#e indicated at the DOS prompt$ type the letter of the dri#e

followed %y a colon (&). 'or eample$ to chan"e the dri#e from * to +,-uot&

*&/ +& 0enter1

Change Directory

2se the CDI3 (CD) command to chan"e the directory. 'or eample$ to chan"e the

directory from C&Pro"ramsfolder to D&arcadefolder&

C&Pro"ramsfolder/ cd D&arcadefolder 0enter1

!hen$ to na#i"ate to di"du"$ a su%directory of D&arcadefolder&

D&arcadefolder/ cd di"du" 0enter1

4ikewise$ cd .. na#i"ates to the parent directory (i.e.$ up one le#el)$ while cd

na#i"ates to the root directory (typically the C dri#e).

Copy Something

!o copy a files or directories in DOS$ it is necessary to use the copy

command.!he default dri#e indicated in the DOS propmpt is of no concern when

copyin" an item. 'iles or folders may %e copied from anywhere to anywhere$ re"ardless

of the prompt dri#e. 'or eample$ to copy the file$ pacman.ee from the directory


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D&arcade to the directory C&pro"rams (notice that the location indicated for the

DOS prompt is different from %oth the source directory and the copy directory)&

C&different/ copy D&arcadepacman.ee C&pro"rams 0enter1

ere$ we repeat the pre#ious copy command$ while simultaneously renamin" the file toms5pacman.ee&

C&different/ copy D&arcadepacman.ee C&pro"ramsms5pacman.ee 0enter1

!he copy command may %e "enerali6ed as follows&

0prompt location1/ copy 0source item1 0tar"et location10optional rename1 0enter1

List Directory Contents

2se the dir (directory) command to list the contents of a directory. 'ile names and their

correspondin" si6es will %e displayed. 'or eample$ to list the contents of the C dri#e&

*&/ dir C& 0enter1

Similarly$ to list the contents of any directory$ anydir&

*&/ dir C&anydir 0enter1

4ikewise$ to list the contents of any su%directory of * (i.e.$ the current location as

indicated in the DOS prompt)&

*&/ dir su%dir 0enter1

ere are some more hot dir tips&

*&/ dir 0enter1 (lists contents of current directory$ *)

*&/ dir 7w 0enter1 (lists contents of current directory in wide format)

*&/ dir 7w 7p 0enter1 (lists contents of current directory in wide format$ one screen at a

time)

*&/ dir +&8.tt 0enter1 (lists all .tt files on dri#e +)

*&/ dir +&8.t99 0enter1 (lists all files with etension %e"innin" with t)


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Erase Something

!o delete an item$ use the deadly erase command. 'or eample$ if you want to delete

the file$ terminated.:p"$ located on the + dri#e&

*&/ erase +&terminated.:p" 0enter1

!o delete a file within the directory indicated in the DOS prompt$ no additional directory

information is needed&

*&/ erase terminated.:p" 0enter1

If you would like to erase all of the contents of a directory$ say$ +&

*&/ erase +&8.8 0enter1

Format Something

!o format a dri#e$ use the format command. 'ormattin" a disk in#ol#es error

checkin" and directory creation. 'or eample$ if you want to format the floppy disk in

dri#e ; (note& disk formattin" re-uires user input re"ardin" se#eral options presented

durin" the process)&

*&/ format ;& 0enter1

Create a Directory

!o create a new directory$ use the mkdir command. 'or eample$ to create a

directory called ry"ar within the +&arcade directory&

*&/ mkdir +&arcade&ry"ar 0enter1

!his is e#en easier if you wish to create a directory within the current directory (i.e.$ the

directory listed in the DOS prompt). 'or eample$ to create a ry"ar directory within

the +&arcade directory while in +&arcade&

+&arcade/ mkdir ry"ar 0enter1

Rename Something


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!o rename an item$ use the ren command. 'or eample$ to rename the file

atari.ee to nintendo.ee&

*&/ ren +&arcadeatari.ee nintendo.ee 0enter1

Reboot the Computer

!o re%oot the computer while in DOS$ use e#ery%odyho knew it.

Change the Date

!o chan"e the system date simply type date and enter the desired date accordin"

to the format specified at the prompt.


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Change the Time

!o chan"e the system time simply type time and enter the desired time

accordin" to the format specified at the prompt.

Return to Windows

!o eit DOS mode and return to >indows$ type windows at the DOS command

prompt.

Eit DOS

!o eit DOS$ type eit at the DOS prompt.


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Basic Linu Commands

mkdir - make directories

Usage

mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY

Options

Create the DIRECTORY(ies), i the! do not a"read! e#ist$

%andator! arg&ments to "ong options are mandator! or short options too$

'm, mode%ODE set permission mode (as in hmod), not r*#r*#r*# ' &mask

'p, parents no error i e#isting, make parent diretories as needed

'+, +erose print a message or eah reated diretor!

'he"p disp"a! this he"p and e#it

'+ersion o&tp&t +ersion inormation and e#it

cd - change directories

Use d to hange diretories$ T!pe d o""o*ed ! the name o a diretor! to aess thatdiretor!$-eep in mind that !o& are a"*a!s in a diretor! and an na+igate to diretorieshierarhia""! ao+e or e"o*$

mv- change the name of a directory

T!pe m+ o""o*ed ! the &rrent name o a diretor! and the ne* name o the diretor!$

E#. m+ testdir ne*namedir

pwd - print working directory

*i"" sho* !o& the &"" path to the diretor! !o& are &rrent"! in$ This is +er! hand! to &se,espeia""! *hen perorming some o the other ommands on this page

rmdir - Remove an existing directory

rm -r

Remo+es diretories and i"es *ithin the diretories re&rsi+e"!$

chown - change file owner and group

Usage

ho*n [OPTION] O/NER[.[0ROUP]] 1I2E

ho*n [OPTION] .0ROUP 1I2E


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ho*n [OPTION] ''reereneR1I2E 1I2E

Options

Change the o*ner and3or gro&p o eah 1I2E to O/NER and3or 0ROUP$ /ith ''reerene, hangethe o*ner and gro&p o eah 1I2E to those o R1I2E$

', hanges "ike +erose &t report on"! *hen a hange is made

'dereerene aet the reerent o eah s!mo"i "ink, rather than the s!mo"i "ink itse"

'h, no'dereerene aet eah s!mo"i "ink instead o an! reerened i"e (&se&" on"! ons!stems that an hange the o*nership o a s!m"ink)

'romCURRENT4O/NER.CURRENT40ROUP

hange the o*ner and3or gro&p o eah i"e on"! i its &rrent o*ner and3or gro&p math thosespeiied here$ Either ma! e omitted, in *hih ase a math is not re5&ired or the omittedattri&te$

'no'preser+e'root do not treat 637 speia""! (the dea&"t)

'preser+e'root ai" to operate re&rsi+e"! on 637

', 'si"ent, '5&iet s&ppress most error messages

'reereneR1I2E &se R1I2E7s o*ner and gro&p rather than the spei!ing O/NER.0ROUP +a"&es

'R, 're&rsi+e operate on i"es and diretories re&rsi+e"!

'+, '+erose o&tp&t a diagnosti or e+er! i"e proessed

The o""o*ing options modi! ho* a hierarh! is tra+ersed *hen the 'R option is a"so speiied$ Imore than one is speiied, on"! the ina" one takes eet$

'8 i a ommand "ine arg&ment is a s!mo"i "ink to a diretor!, tra+erse it

'2 tra+erse e+er! s!mo"i "ink to a diretor! eno&ntered

'P do not tra+erse an! s!mo"i "inks (dea&"t)

chmod - change file access permissions

Usage

hmod ['r] permissions i"enames

r Change the permission on i"es that are in the s&diretories o the diretor! that !o& are&rrent"! in$ permission 9peiies the rights that are eing granted$ :e"o* is the dierentrights that !o& an grant in an a"pha n&meri ormat$i"enames 1i"e or diretor! that !o& areassoiating the rights *ith Permissions

& ' User *ho o*ns the i"e$


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g ' 0ro&p that o*ns the i"e$

o ' Other$

a ' ;""$

r ' Read the i"e$

* ' /rite or edit the i"e$

# ' E#e&te or r&n the i"e as a program$

N&meri Permissions.

C8%OD an a"so to attri&ted ! &sing N&meri Permissions.

= *rite ! gro&p

==> *rite ! an!od!

?== e#e&te ! o*ner

=?= e#e&te ! gro&p

==? e#e&te ! an!od!

ls - Short listing of directory contents

'a "ist hidden i"es

'd "ist the name o the &rrent diretor!

'1 sho* diretories *ith a trai"ing 737

e#e&ta"e i"es *ith a trai"ing 7@7

'g sho* gro&p o*nership o i"e in "ong "isting

'i print the inode n&mer o eah i"e

'" "ong "isting gi+ing detai"s ao&t i"es and diretories

'R "ist a"" s&diretories eno&ntered

't sort ! time modiied instead o name


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cp - Copy files

p m!i"e !o&ri"e

Cop! the i"es Am!i"eA to the i"e A!o&ri"eA in the &rrent *orking diretor!$ This ommand *i""reate the i"e A!o&ri"eA i it doesn7t e#ist$ It *i"" norma""! o+er*rite it *itho&t *arning i it e#ists$

p 'i m!i"e !o&ri"e

/ith the A'iA option, i the i"e A!o&ri"eA e#ists, !o& *i"" e prompted eore it is o+er*ritten$

p 'i 3data3m!i"e

Cop! the i"e A3data3m!i"eA to the &rrent *orking diretor! and name it Am!i"eA$ Prompt eoreo+er*riting the i"e$

p 'dpr srdir destdir

Cop! a"" i"es rom the diretor! AsrdirA to the diretor! AdestdirA preser+ing "inks ('poption), i"eattri&tes ('p option), and op! re&rsi+e"! ('r option)$ /ith these options, a diretor! and a"" itontents an e opied to another dir

ln - Creates a symbolic link to a file.

"n 's test s!m"ink

Creates a s!mo"i "ink named s!m"ink that points to the i"e test T!ping A"s 'i test s!m"inkA *i""sho* the t*o i"es are dierent *ith dierent inodes$ T!ping A"s '" test s!m"inkA *i"" sho* thats!m"ink points to the i"e test$

locate ' ; ast dataase dri+en i"e "oator$

slocate -u

This ommand &i"ds the s"oate dataase$ It *i"" take se+era" min&tes to omp"ete thisommand$This ommand m&st e &sed eore searhing or i"es, ho*e+er ron r&ns thisommand periodia""! on most s!stems$"oate *hereis 2ists a"" i"es *hose names ontain thestring A*hereisA$ diretor!$

more - ;""o*s i"e ontents or piped o&tp&t to e sent to the sreen one page at a time

less - Opposite o the more ommand

cat ' 9ends i"e ontents to standard o&tp&t$ This is a *a! to "ist the ontents o short i"es to the

sreen$ It *orks *e"" *ith piping$

whereis ' Report a"" kno*n instanes o a ommand

wc - Print !te, *ord, and "ine o&nts

bg

g Bos P"aes the &rrent Bo (or, ! &sing the a"ternati+e orm, the speiied Bos) in theakgro&nd, s&spending its e#e&tion so that a ne* &ser prompt appears immediate"!$ Use


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the Bos ommand to diso+er the identities o akgro&nd Bos$

cal month year ' Prints a a"endar or the speiied month o the speiied !ear$

cat files ' Prints the ontents o the speiied i"es$

clear - C"ears the termina" sreen$

cmp file1 file2 - Compares t*o i"es, reporting a"" disrepanies$ 9imi"ar to the di ommand,tho&gh the o&tp&t ormat diers$

diff file1 file2 ' Compares t*o i"es, reporting a"" disrepanies$ 9imi"ar to the mp ommand,tho&gh the o&tp&t ormat diers$

dmesg - Prints the messages res&"ting rom the most reent s!stem oot$

fg

g Bos ' :rings the &rrent Bo (or the speiied Bos) to the oregro&nd$

file files - Determines and prints a desription o the t!pe o eah speiied i"e$

find path -name pattern -print

9earhes the speiied path or i"es *ith names mathing the speiied pattern (&s&a""! en"osedin sing"e 5&otes) and prints their names$ The indommand has man! other arg&ments and&ntions see the on"ine do&mentation$

finger users - Prints desriptions o the speiied &sers$

free - Disp"a!s the amo&nt o &sed and ree s!stem memor!$

ftp hostname

Opens an 1TP onnetion to the speiied host, a""o*ing i"es to e transerred$The 1TP program pro+ides s&ommands or aomp"ishing i"e transers see the on"inedo&mentation$

head files - Prints the irst se+era" "ines o eah speiied i"e$

ispell files - Cheks the spe""ing o the ontents o the speiied i"es$

kill processids

ki"" ' signa" proess4ids

ki"" '"

-i""s the speiied proesses, sends the speiied proesses the speiied signa" (gi+en as a n&meror name), or prints a "ist o a+ai"a"e signa"s$

killall program

ki""a"" ' signa" program


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-i""s a"" proesses that are instanes o the speiied program or sends the speiied signa" to a""proesses that are instanes o the speiied program$

mail - 2a&nhes a simp"e mai" "ient that permits sending and reei+ing emai" messages$

man title

man setion tit"e ' Prints the speiied man page$

ping host ' 9ends an eho re5&est +ia TCP3IP to the speiied host$ ; response onirms that thehost is operationa"$

reboot ' Reoots the s!stem (re5&ires root pri+i"eges)$

shutdown minutes

sh&tdo*n 'r min&tes

9h&ts do*n the s!stem ater the speiied n&mer o min&tes e"apses (re5&ires root pri+i"eges)$The 'r option a&ses the s!stem to e reooted one it has sh&t do*n$

sleep time - Ca&ses the ommand interpreter to pa&se or the speiied n&mer o seonds$

sort files - 9orts the speiied i"es$ The ommand has man! &se&" arg&ments see the on"inedo&mentation$

split file - 9p"its a i"e into se+era" sma""er i"es$ The ommand has man! arg&ments see theon"ine do&mentation

sync - Comp"etes a"" pending inp&t3o&tp&t operations (re5&ires root pri+i"eges)$

telnet host ' Opens a "ogin session on the speiied host$

top - Prints a disp"a! o s!stem proesses that7s ontin&a""! &pdated &nti" the &ser pressesthe 5 ke!$

traceroute host ' Uses eho re5&ests to determine and print a net*ork path to the host$

uptime - Prints the s!stem &ptime$

w - Prints the &rrent s!stem &sers$

wall - Prints a message to eah &ser e#ept those *ho7+e disa"ed message reeption$ T!pe Ctrl-! to end the message


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2%untu ?@.?A Desktop Installation uide

• Boot Computer with 2%untu?@.?A installation DD ?@.?A

• >elcome screen of 2%untu ?@.?A


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• Preparin" to install 2%untu$ select options and click continue.

• Installation type selection.


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• Select nearest city in your time 6one.

• ey%oard selection.


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• 'ill information and continue.

• Installation is in pro"ress. !his may take se#eral minutes.


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• Installation is completed$ e:ect CD7DD and restart.

• Bootin" your 2%untu Bo.


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• 4o"in screen.

• 2%untu Desktop.


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• 2%untu Desktop with system settin"s.

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