Donatello’s St. Mark – 1411-13 Is in a niche at the Orsanmichele in Florence 7’9” marble Draped in cloth ala that which had made the Florentine linen.

Donatello’s St. Mark – 1411-13

Is in a niche at the Orsanmichele in Florence

7’9” marble Draped in cloth ala that which had made

the Florentine linen weavers famous Carved veins on L. hand; contrappasto pose

w/ weight on R. foot; concentration on face Natural folds reveal structure of body – diff.

from medieval which was more concerned w/ surface than underlying structure

St. Mark Displayed in a niche

about 3 feet off ground, used foreshortening to make proportions seem correct

Niche created by Perfetto di Giovanni and Albizzo di Pietro in 1411

Of Donatello, Giorgio Vasari (1511-

74) said: “Donatello was such an

artist that he can be said to have been one of the first…to render illustrious the art of good design by his practice, good judgement, and knowledge.”

Brunelleschi’sOspendale degli Innocenti- 1419-24

Commissioned by silk workers’ guild Façade features a long loggia, a

gallery or arcade supported by columns

Series of rounded arches supported by Corinthian-like arches gives rhythm

Corinthian-LIKE because capitals are Brun’s own style playing on the ancient type

Brunelleschi’s Foundling Hospital

Ospedale…

Line drawn across capitals would give squares; height of each column = diameter of each arch

Arches are topped with a stringcourse –horizontal line – and then windows topped with pediments emphasize the symmetry

Important because it is evidence of the important role guilds played in art patronage an as philanthropic agents in the 15th century

pedimentcapitals proportions

stringcourse

Alberti’s Sant’ Andrea

Remodeled 11th century structure already on the site in Mantua

Based on ancient Roman architecture, it is an adaptation of a basilica floor plan

Basilica of St. Peter in Rome

Sant’ Andrea

Alberti rejected the typical long aisles and colonnades, instead employing piers to separate side chapels

Sant’ Andrea

Completed for Ludovico Gonzaga, marquis of Mantua

Contained an important relic: tradition says that St. Longinus, the

soldier who pierced the side of Jesus, brought with him the relic of the Precious Blood, preserved in a beautiful reliquary in the crypt of the church of Sant' Andrea.

Sant’ Andrea facade

Roman triumphal arch Roman

temple front

Coffered barrelvault

pilasterarchway

pediment

Da Sangallo’s Palazzo Farnese (Farnese Palace) Begun in 1517 by Alessandro

Farnese in Rome He became Pope Paul III in

1534, expanded his plans, and recruited da Sangallo as the palace’s chief architect

Da Sangallo died in 1546, before project was completed

Michelangelo took over until HIS death in 1564

FINALLY completed by Vignola & della Porta in 1589

Farnese Palace

Go to p. 24 & 25

Farnese Palace Ceiling

Farnese

According to Paolo Cortesi in On the Cardinalate, the cardinal’s palace had to be opulent to broadcast the Church’s power and to increase its control over the people

Van Eyck’s The Annunciation Commissioned by Duke Phillip the

Good of Burgundy Originally part of a triptych altar piece

Example ofA triptych

The Annunciation

Angel Gabriel Virgin Mary

“Ave Gratia Plena” “Ecce Ancilla Domini”

Reds & blues = patron was wealthy

Draws eye to perspective line

More perspective

Lines lines lines lines lines,Detail detail detail Holy Ghost (dove) agent

of the pregnancy

White for purity

M. has been readingThe Bible

Jehova

Windows =Trinity

“Heaven is my throne,the earth is my footstool”

Tiles depict Samson & David

The Annunciation

Annunciation now on display at National Gallery in DC

El Greco’s Madonna and Child with St. Martina & St. Agnes

Madonna and Child

El Greco (1547-1614) (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) arrived in Toledo in 1577

Probably trained as Greek Orthodox, finds himself in fervently Catholic Toledo, inspired to be there by the success of Italian artists in the Spanish court

El Greco

Heavenly realm

Earthly realmLion symbolizes MartinaLamb symbolizes Agnes

Position of the saints down here echoes

the relationship of the worshippers to the

holy figuresExaggerated style

called “mannerism”

Composition emphasizes

the hierarchical relationship

of the Catholic Church, which idea

the Protestants rejected.

Because of this arrangement,

the painting can be interpreted as

reinforcing the ideas of the

Counter Reformation.

counter reformation

n : the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation, reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Dictionary.com

Mannerism

An artistic style of the late 16th century characterized by distortion of elements such as scale and perspective*

Colors are unnatural (Mary’s face is blue)

Human figures’ limbs are elongated, thin, delicate

* dictionary.com

St. Martina St.

Martina is patron saint of nursing mothers

St. Martina

St. Martina

Wealthy daughter of a Christian Roman consul. On her parent's death, she gave away her riches to the poor and devoted herself to prayer. Tortured and martyred in the persecution of Alexander Severus for refusing to sacrifice to pagan gods.

Agnes is patron saint of… Affianced

couples; betrothed couples; bodily purity; chastity; girls; rape victims; Girl Scouts

St. Agnes

St. Agnes At age 12 or 13 Agnes was ordered to sacrifice

to pagan gods and lose her virginity by rape. She was taken to a Roman temple to Minerva (Athena), and when led to the altar, she made the Sign of the Cross. She was threatened, then tortured when she refused to turn against God. Several young men presented themselves, offering to marry her, whether from lust or pity is not known. She said that to do so would be an insult to her heavenly Spouse, that she would keep her consecrated virginity intact, accept death, and see Christ.

Raphael’s The Small Cowper Madonna

•Called the “Small Cowper Madonna” after its 18th century owner, Earl Cowper, who purchased it in 1780.

Raphael’s The Small Cowper

Madonna Oil on wood Chiaroscuro emphasizes folds and

volume, giving figures solid forms Influenced by da Vinci’s works,

esp. preparatory sketches of the Virgin, the Chirst child, St. Anne, and St. John, which were on public display in Florence

Raphael’s The Small Cowper

Madonna The strong colors of

Mary’s dress of red, her blue mantel lined in green, are typical of the period.

Thin haloes indicate divinity, but are obviously NOT the focus of the composition

Contemplative, human features

Pastoral background

Raphael’s The Small Cowper

Madonna

Pastoral background is NOT Tuscan, even though Raphael was living in Florence at the time

Background contains convent and church of San Bernadino, in Umbria, which would seem to indicate that Rafael was working for an Unbrian patron at the time of this piece.

Giotto’s vs Raphael’s Madonna

Giotto’s Madonna emphasizing abstract

realm of heaven; Virgin is remote and

inaccessable

Emph.on

halo

Emph. On humanism

Depiction of human qualities result of the changing focus on of Catholic practice into daily life

Bronzino’s The Holy Family

•Long thought to be the work of Bronzino’s master, Pontormo.

•Figures: Mary; Christ child; young John the Baptist (lower right);Adult John the Baptist (lower right); Joseph

Bronzino’s Holy Family Oil on wood Smooth finish adds to peculiar

quality of the work Shadows are harsh Mary is the focus Triangular composition Space is compressed, little

indication of depth Figures’ multiple directions lead

to dynamism and unbalance Mannerist demonstrated by

child’s twisting, semi-twisted pose

Angelico & Filippo Lippo’s Adoration of the Magi

Angelico & Filippo Lippo’s Adoration of the Magi

Tempera on wood panel Attribution based on style analysis

(Filippo Lippi) and Medici inventory (Angelico).

Both worked for Cosimo de’ Medici Painting is in the format of a circle

- TONDO

Adoration Depicts Holy Family, Magi,

endless line of visitors, whose expressions range from awe to boredom. Infant, on Mary’s lap, blesses visitor; Joseph looks on.

Look at the Holy Family – Mary is huge. Why???

Haloes echo shape of tondo panel.

Adoration Stable: People top left (nearly

naked figures,etc) indicate everyday life.

Exotic animals – camels, feline-like thing in foreground, peacock,etc – contrast w/garb of contemporary Florentines

Naturalistic work is reminiscent of Gentile da Fabriano (crowded figures, jewel tones)

Adoration of the Magi

Della Robbia’s The Nativity

Della Robbia’s The Nativity

Rectangular ceramic sculpture in high relief, may have adorned exterior of a building

Glazed terracotta allows for incorporation of vivid colors

Brown & green used to draw attention to child in cradle

Mary shows emotion – different from Medieval remote images in the Greek manner (“maniera greca”)

Masaccio’s Holy Trinity

Masaccio’s Holy Trinity – 1428?

Crucifixion In the church of Santa Maria Novella Revealed in the 1860s when the stone

tabernacle in front of it was removed May have been commissioned by

Domenico Lenzi Fresco technique – pigment applied

directly to wet plaster

Holy Trinity Depicts a small chapel w/

barrel vault, coffered ceiling, rounded arch, modified ionic columns

Crucified Christ, God the Father behind Him, and the Holy Ghost, in the form of a dove, hovers below God’s chin, above Christ‘s halo

Holy Trinity Mary, in blue on left, motions the

viewers’ eyes toward her son John the Evangelist, on right,

prays. He is NOT John the Baptist. Outside the “chapel” are the

figures of the patrons who commissioned the work, the colors of their robes unifying the separate spaces.

Holy Trinity Below the figures is a painted altar,

the front of which shows a skeleton and states: “I was once what you are and am what one day you will be.”

Remarkable for its naturalism and linear perspective creating a 3-D space on a 2-D surface through CHIAROSCURO, distribution of light and shadow to create an illusion of volumn.

Masaccio’s Holy Trinity

Durer’s Adam and Eve Durer 1st European artist to

achieve international reputation during his lifetime

Born in Nuremberg, stronghold of the Reformation

His works testify to his support of Luther’s ideas

Durer’s Adam and Eve Apprenticed to Michael Wolgemut in

the production of woodblock prints. Printmaking was affordable and thus an

accessable artform for the middle class Worked in woodblock printing and

engraving, painted in oils and watercolor

Completed first Latin and German edition of the Apocalypse Book, popular because it was the end of the 15th cent.

St. Michael and The Dragon

Dragon with 7 heads

Durer

•Contrapposto pose (The position of a figure in painting or sculpture in which the hips and legs are turned in a different direction from that of the shoulders and head; the twisting of a figure on its own vertical axis)reveals influence of ancient art•Demonstrates Durer’s familiarity

with Roman theorist Vitruvius, whose text on ideal body proportions inspired da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man

•Engraving

Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man

Durer

Adam’s pose is reminiscent of ancient Roman sculpture, Apollo Belvedere

Eve’s pose inspired by the Medici

Venus

Snake

Foreshadows

modesty

Artist’s signature, in Latin, but stating that he is from Nuremberg

Elk

Cat

Ox

parrot

4 humors: melancholic

elk, choleric cat, lethargic ox, lusty rabbit rabbitParrot = false knowledge

Michelangelo’s David

•Commissioned by the Opera del Duomo in Florence•Contemplative David, relaxed before challenging Goliath•Slingshot over his shoulder, preparing for battle•Marble; 13 feet, 5 inches tall•Carved from block called “The Giant” which had been abandoned in the 1460s after being damaged by previous sculptors.

Michelangelo’s David

Cellini said of Michelangelo’s technique:“The best method…after having drawn

the principal view on the block, one begins to remove the marble from this side as if one were working a relief and in this way, step by step, one brings to light the whole figure.”

Michelangelo’s David Contrapposto,

classical pose Veins and muscles

denote tension Displayed in the

Piazza della Signoria, symbolizing a new era following the devastating effects of the social and political upheaval during the Medici’s exile from Florence.

Other Davids

Donatello’s David Verrochio’s David

Verrocchio’s Giuliano de’Medici Made of terracotta (clay) Depicts younger sibling of Lorenzo

the Magnificent May have been commissioned to

commemorate a joust Confident, proud, strong,

fashionable Armor w/ winged head implies

strength Represents revival of portrait bust

as an artform in the Renaissance

Guiliano d’ Medici

daVinci’s Ginevra de’ Benci 1474 – 1480 (?) “Ginevra” pun on

ginepro – juniper – which is pictured behind her

Foreshadows techniques used in the Mona Lisa

Oil on wood panel Thin layers of glaze

= subtle luminosity

daVinci’s Ginevra de’ Benci Very thin brushes = fine

details Can see beginnings of

sfumato (smoky haze technique) in background

Naturalistic landscape secondary

Lower section cut off; may have been intended to include her hands, ala the Mona Lisa

Called “first psychological portrait..”

Holbein the Younger’s Sir Brian Tuke Holbein son of Holbein the Elder,

also a painter Born in Augsberg, Germany, moved

to Basel, Switzerland In Basel, friend to humanist writer

Erasmus of Rotterdam Thru Erasmus, met Thomas More

(Utopia) Converted to Protestantism to

avoid persecution Had to move to England because

Basel’s religious environment made it difficult for artists to work freely

Holbein the Younger’s Sir Brian Tuke Appointed court

painter to Henry VIII in 1532

Painted portraits of Henry, several of Henry’s wives, and Edward IV, Henry’s heir

Sir Brian Tuke 1527

Restrained elegance and

wealth

Pointing to paper

“Are not my days few? Cease then, and let me

alone, that I may take comfort

a little”

A momento mori, reminder of

death,reminiscent

of Masaccio’s Holy Trinity

skeleton

Tuke’s personal motto:“Upright and forward”

Oil on canvas Subtle gradations of light &

shadow create illusion of volumetric forms

Use of light and color is VENETIAN, distinguished from central Italian style

Titian’s Venus with a Mirror

Titian’s Venus with a Mirror

Goddess of loveHer son, Cupid

A putto placing floral wreath

on head, hand on

her arm for support

“Wow, I’m beautiful!” and modest

Fabric a tribute to Venetian

textile industry

Dark setting puts focus on Venus

TA DAAAAA

!