Domination of the political, economic, and cultural life of one country or region by another Imperialism.

Domination of the political, economic, and cultural life of one country or region by

another

Imperialism

How might a nation force its political, economic, and cultural ways of life on

another country or region?

Why would they want to do this?

Answer these questions in your notebook

• Nationalism

• Industrial Revolution/Economic Competition

• Religious and Humanitarian (European Racism)

Causes

IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution

Source forRaw

Materials

Source forRaw

Materials

Markets forFinishedGoods

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalismEuropean

Nationalism

MissionaryActivity

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Popul.

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasons

HumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacism

EuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

SocialDarwinism

SocialDarwinism

• Sparks the desire to build overseas empires• Europeans viewed an empire as a measure

of national greatness• “All great nations in the fullness of their

strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands…”

• Each country was determined to plant its flag on as much of the world as possible

Nationalism

• Need for Markets and Materials

• Production of more good requires nations to look for sources of raw materials and places to sell their goods

• Cotton, coal, iron ore, oil, copper, rubber

Industrial Revolution / Economic Competition

• Christian Missionaries

• Civilize the uncivilized

• Spread western civilizations

• “White Man’s Burden”

• Duty to bring the knowledge of medicine, science, technology, and sanitation to the uncivilized

Religious and Humanitarian (Racism)

Which of the European motives do you believe was the most powerful?

Why?

Answer these questions in your notebook

Types of Colonial Rule

• France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium

• Officials and soldiers from conquering power administer colonies

• Impose their cultures and turn into that country’s province

• Colonial power controlled the local government at every level

• Appoint officials

Direct Control

• Britain

• Not enough officials to send to every colony

• Leave traditional leaders in place

• British officials make decisions and expect local rulers to enforce them

Indirect Control

• Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

• China/Latin America• State acquires an exclusive or even

preferential right to exploit and develop a backward region economically

• Other states have no right to claim or establish any form of control over another country’s sphere

Sphere of Influence

• Local rulers left in place

• Expected to follow advice from European advisors

• Trade and missionary

• Cost less than colonies to run

• Needed minimal military force

Protectorate

DO NOW: Imagine that intergalactic space aliens with cool futuristic weapons landed all of a sudden on planet earth. How would

you view them? How would you interact with them?

Imperialism in Africa

African Trade [15c-17c]

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

European Explorers in Africa

19c Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

Where Is Dr. Livingstone?

Dr. David Livingstone

DoctorLivingston

e,I Presume?

Sir Henry Morton Stanley

David Livingstone• Went to Africa as a

missionary but was a combination of missionary, doctor, explorer, scientist and anti-slavery activist.

• Reached and named Victoria Falls in 1855.

• In 1871 journalist Henry Stanley found him at Lake Tanganyika, greeting him with the famous words "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"

European Explorations in mid-19c:

“The Scramble for Africa”

What is the Source of the Nile?

John Speke Sir Richard Burton

Africa

1890

Africa

in

1914

Social Darwinism

The “White Man’s Burden”

Rudyard Kipling

The “White Man’s Burden”?

Remember “The White

Man’s Burden”???

Which one do you think is more accurate?

Many Africans gave up traditional agriculture to work for European companies. Some worked on rubber

plantations or in copper mines. Others built railroads to bring these natural resources to ports, where they could

be shipped to Europe and used in factories.

The Congo Free State or

The Belgian Congo

King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)

Africa: the Congo• In the 1870s King Leopold

II of Belgium employed Henry Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River

• Leopold said the Congo Free State would be a free-trade zone open to all European merchants in order to forestall competition from his more powerful European neighbors Leopold II

Africa: the Congo• In reality, Leopold ran

the Congo Free State as a personal colony and filled it with lucrative rubber plantations run under brutal conditions– Humanitarians

protested Leopold’s colonial regime

• In 1908 the Belgium government took control of the colony and it became known as Belgian Congo

Clearing tropical forests ate away at Leopold’s profit margins so

Congolese farming villages such as this one were leveled to make way for rubber tree plantations

Harvesting Rubber

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.)

It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Leopold’s Conscience??

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

Another point of view?

Who is missing from this picture???

Europeans: Carving up a Continent

• Tensions among the European powers seeking African colonies led to the Berlin West Africa Conference (1884-1885), during which delegates from 14 European states and the US (no Africans were present) devised the rules for the colonization of Africa

• Rules for conquest of Africa• The conference produced an agreement that any

European state could establish African colonies after notifying the others of its intentions and occupying previously unclaimed territory

• Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa

Africa: Berlin Conference• The Berlin Conference gave European diplomats the justification they needed to draw lines on maps and carve Africa into colonies

• By the turn of the century, all of Africa was divided into European colonies except for Ethiopia, where native forces had fought off Italian efforts at colonization, and Liberia, a small republic populated by freed slaves that was effectively a dependency of the US

“We have been engaged in drawing lines upon maps where no white

man’s foot has ever trod.

We have been giving away mountains and

rivers and lakes to each other, only hindered by

the small impediment that we never knew exactly

where the mountains and rivers were.”

-British Official

Diamond Mines

Raw Diamonds

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) De Beer

“The Colossus of Rhodes”

Cecil Rhodes• Went to south Africa in 1871 and by 1889 he controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production

• Also gained a healthy stake in the gold market

• Served as prime minister of the British Cape Colony from 1890-1896 and saw the Cape Colony as a base of operations for the extension of British control to all of Africa

South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902) Principal sponsor of the

Cape-to-Cairo dream where Britain would dominate the continent.

Diamonds and gold were discovered in the Transvaal and Rhodes wanted to extend his influence there but region controlled by Boers (descendents of Dutch settlers)

The Struggle for South Africa

Boer-British Tensions Increase

1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. - Paul Kruger becomes President. 1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

The Boer War: 1899 - 1900

The BoersThe British

South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902)Massive British force

eventually defeated Boers and in 1910 the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form the Union of South Africa.

Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls