Domain IV - Ecology. Ecology The study of the interactions between living things and their environment Biotic factors – living organisms in an ecosystem.
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Domain IV - Ecology
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Ecology The study of the interactions between living things and
their environment Biotic factors living organisms in an ecosystem
Plants, animals, bacteria Abiotic factors nonliving factors in an
ecosystem Climate, light, soil, water
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Organization of Life Organism an individual A cow Population a
group of organisms of the same species A herd of cows Community
several different species living in the same area A herd of cows,
insects, grass, trees Ecosystem all of the living and nonliving
components of an area Cows, insects, grass, trees, rain, streams,
rocks Biosphere the entire planet
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Populations Population density the number of organisms living
in a given area Growth rate change in population size Exponential
growth under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources, the
population increases exponentially J-shaped curve Logistic growth
as resources become less available, the growth of a population
slows or stops S-shaped curve Carrying capacity the maximum number
of individuals an environment can support
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Population Graphs
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Limiting Factors Density-dependent limiting factors The more
organisms there are, the greater the impact Ex. Competition,
predation, parasitism, crowding Density-independent limiting
factors The impact is the same regardless of population size Ex.
Weather, fires, droughts, floods, human activities
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Energy Flow Producers (autotrophs) organisms that make their
own food Plants, photosynthetic bacteria, algae Consumers
(heterotrophs) organisms that need to feed on other organisms
Trophic levels each step in a food web or food chain First level is
producers, second level is primary consumers, third level is
secondary consumers, etc.
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Consumers Herbivore eats plants Ex. deer Carnivore eats other
animals Ex. lion Omnivore eats both plants and animals Ex. raccoon
Decomposer breaks down dead organisms bacteria
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Food Chains and Food Webs Show the flow of energy and matter
through an ecosystem
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Question #1 In the food chain below, which population will most
likely decrease if snakes are removed from the food chain? a. grass
b. grasshopper c. frog d. hawk
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Energy Pyramids Show how energy decreases at each trophic level
The total energy transfer from one level to the next is only about
10% Some of the energy is used by the previous organism Some of the
energy is lost as heat
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Other Ecological Pyramids
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Water Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle
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Ecological Succession Primary succession occurs on surfaces
where no soil exists (no previous life) Glaciers, lava Usually
lichens and mosses are the first organisms (pioneer species) to
move in Secondary succession occurs when a disturbance changes the
existing community without removing the soil Tornado, clear-cutting
Climax community the final, stable community
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Ecological Succession
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Resources Renewable resource a natural resource that is
replaced or replenished by natural processes plants, water
Nonrenewable resource a natural resource that is available only in
limited amounts Soil, fossil fuels, metals Reduce, reuse,
recycle
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Extinction Extinction the complete disappearance of a species
Threatened species species that are declining rapidly Endangered
species when a species numbers drop so low that extinction is
almost inevitable
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Pollution The contamination of soil, water, or air and is the
result of human activity Pollutant any substance that is harmful or
is a waste product Air pollution caused primarily by the burning of
fossil fuels Acid rain rain with a pH lower than 5 Caused by air
pollutants
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Pollution Water pollution caused by contaminants from sewers,
industries, farms, and homes Enters water sources such as lakes,
rivers, groundwater, and oceans Sewage, chemical wastes,
fertilizers
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Greenhouse effect Earths atmosphere traps solar radiation Keeps
Earth at a livable temperature An increase in the greenhouse effect
(due to excessive greenhouse gases) is believed to be the cause of
global warming Ozone layer prevents lethal doses of UV radiation
from getting to Earth The ozone layer is being depleted by
CFCs
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Question #2 The theory of global warming suggests that a trend
toward warmer temperatures on Earth will cause glaciers to lose
mass. A major consequence of glacial melting is a. flooding coastal
regions b. destruction of fossil records c. increased saltiness of
the ocean d. increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
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Plant Adaptations Tropism a plants response to their
environment Geotropism response to gravity Phototropism response to
light Thigmotropism response to touch
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Plant Adaptations Hormones chemical messengers Auxin causes
cell elongation Gibberellins growth hormone Causes plants to grow
taller, increases rate of germination and bud development, larger
fruit Flowers and cones are adaptations that aid in plant
reproduction
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Question #3 What characteristic of some pine trees allows the
species to survive disasters? a. modified leaves form needle
bundles b. seeds that germinate after fires c. pollen that is
easily carried by wind d. bark that is lightly colored
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Animal Adaptations Behavior anything an animal does in response
to stimuli in its environment Innate behavior inherited behavior
Reflexes automatic responses that require no thinking Instincts may
take longer and may be a combination of behaviors (ex. Mating
rituals) Territorial protecting or defending your territory (which
contains breeding grounds, feeding areas, shelter, etc.) Reduces
conflict, controls populations, decreases competition
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Animal Adaptations Migration instinctive, seasonal movement of
a species Hibernation the body temperature drops, oxygen
consumption decreases, breathing rates decrease Estivation animals
reduce the rate of their metabolism due to extreme heat, lack of
food or long periods of drought
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Animal Adaptations Mechanical defenses physical structures such
as claws, sharp tusks, stingers, and shells Chemical defenses
chemicals such as poisons or toxins Camouflage enable the organism
to blend into its environment or appear to be something they are
not
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Question #4 A group of organisms of a certain species that is
in one area at a given time is known as a(n) a. ecosystem b.
community c. population d. trophic level
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Question #5 As energy flows through an ecosystem, at each
trophic level it a. increases b. decreases c. fluctuates d. remains
the same
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Question #6 Predators often feed on weak or sick animals in an
ecosystem. The role of the predator is described as its a.
community b. habitat c. niche d. population
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Question #7 The dodder is a land plant that parasitizes other
plants. It grows in long thin strands that penetrate the host plant
and absorb water, minerals and carbohydrates. Unlike other land
plants, the mature dodder does not require a. nutrients b. water c.
air d. sunlight
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Question #8 The state of California has several large cities
and very productive croplands that divert and use large amounts of
water from rivers. What is one damaging effect of this use of water
from the rivers? a. Increased amounts of solid waste pollution in
the oceans b. Decreased amounts of fresh water in marshes and
estuaries c. Changes in local rainfall amounts d. Changes in
upstream water tables
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Question #9 Plants that live in the rainforest have many
adaptations to their environment. Some plants such as vines have
adaptations which allow them to attach themselves to the trunks of
trees. These adaptations allow vines to successfully compete for
which of the following limiting resources in the rainforest? a.
sunlight b. water c. carbon dioxide d. oxygen
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Question #10 Lightning causes a fire that destroys all the
plants in a forest community. Which of the following is most likely
to be the first to occupy the burned area? a. oak seedlings b. pine
trees c. grasses and annual plants d. woody shrubs
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Question #11 Pilot fish and sharks have a relationship where
the pilot fish eats bits of food that the shark drops or leaves
behind. The shark is unaffected by the pilot fish behavior. Which
of the following best roles describes the pilot fish? a. predator
b. herbivore c. scavenger d. parasite
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Question #12 Birds have been observed puffing up their feathers
under certain conditions. By trapping air between the feathers,
this behavior helps the bird a. hide from enemies b. expend less
energy during flight c. shelter offspring d. trap body heat
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Answers 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C 11.
C 12. D
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Information and Images Obtained From:
http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/ci_testing.aspx?P
ageReq=CI_TESTING_EOCT&SubPageReq= GUIDES
http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/ci_testing.aspx?P
ageReq=CI_TESTING_EOCT&SubPageReq= GUIDES Google image search
Campbell, Neil A. and Reece Jane B (2001). "6". Biology. Benjamin
Cummings. Miller, Kenneth R. and Levine Joseph S. (2002). Biology.
Prentice Hall.